Utilização de lama vermelha para oxidação eletrolítica assistida por plasma de liga de alumínio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da obtenção de cerâmica composta de alumina e beta alumina sódica utilizando-se resíduo cerâmico de velas de ignição e pó químico de extintores de incêndio

Ceramic materials the alumina base are large industrial applications. They are required for these products, specific characteristics obtained by following strict criteria during the manufacturing process. However, after life, not always these products are reused by a suitable waste management process. In ceramist context, advance research aimed at the reuse of waste aimed at obtaining ceramics and composite materials, with marked reduction of conventional raw materials. Aiming to generate scientific, technological and environmental contribution, this work studied to obtain a composite of alumina ceramic (Al2O3) and sodium beta alumina (NaAl11O17 ), and as starting materials the residue of the ceramic insulator of spark plugs, as a source alumina (Al2O3) powder and unusable sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) of fire extinguishers, as a source of sodium oxide (Na2O). The final ceramic product was obtained from a conventional mixture of sodium aluminum oxide in appropriate molar proportions. Sample spark plugs were obtained, discarded by lifetime, specific to a manufacturer, which, after passing through mechanical stress (grinding, magnetic purification, washing, drying and grinding the high energy), which resulted in residue powder with ceramic content of 84.34 % alumina (Al2O3), found by FRX chemical analysis, the phases present and identified by DRX. The dry chemical fire extinguisher, baking soda-based (NaHCO3) with expired, was obtained through direct collection of the waste generated during maintenance. Subjected to heat treatment at 120 °C , the NaHCO3 powder was decomposed in sodium oxide ( Na2O), which, subjected to chemical analysis (FRX) and mineralogical (DRX) revealed a content of 86.62 % sodium oxide (Na2O) . In the following steps the experimental procedure, chemical formulations were made on a molar basis of the starting material (1:9, 1:10 and 1:11 de Na2O/ Al2O3) inclusion of additives, milling parameters, sieve analysis, dilatometry, conformation of specimens, sintering in firing steps at 800 °C , 1000 °C and 1.200 °C with varying stays 30 , 60 and 120 minutes in each of the levels. The characterization of the final product was made by the following physical tests: water absorption, porosity, linear shrinkage, mineralogical analysis by DRX and microstructural analysis by MEV. A higher formation of sodium beta alumina (NaAl11O17), in sintered specimens in levels of 1.200 °C and 120 minutes, despite the prevailing coexistence of alpha phase alumina (Al2O3). From the results obtained opens up prospects for the reuse of waste studied in this work, the potter context and in other technological areas.

Estudo da obtenção de cerâmica composta de alumina e beta alumina sódica utilizando-se resíduo cerâmico de velas de ignição e pó químico de extintores de incêndio

Ceramic materials the alumina base are large industrial applications. They are required for these products, specific characteristics obtained by following strict criteria during the manufacturing process. However, after life, not always these products are reused by a suitable waste management process. In ceramist context, advance research aimed at the reuse of waste aimed at obtaining ceramics and composite materials, with marked reduction of conventional raw materials. Aiming to generate scientific, technological and environmental contribution, this work studied to obtain a composite of alumina ceramic (Al2O3) and sodium beta alumina (NaAl11O17 ), and as starting materials the residue of the ceramic insulator of spark plugs, as a source alumina (Al2O3) powder and unusable sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) of fire extinguishers, as a source of sodium oxide (Na2O). The final ceramic product was obtained from a conventional mixture of sodium aluminum oxide in appropriate molar proportions. Sample spark plugs were obtained, discarded by lifetime, specific to a manufacturer, which, after passing through mechanical stress (grinding, magnetic purification, washing, drying and grinding the high energy), which resulted in residue powder with ceramic content of 84.34 % alumina (Al2O3), found by FRX chemical analysis, the phases present and identified by DRX. The dry chemical fire extinguisher, baking soda-based (NaHCO3) with expired, was obtained through direct collection of the waste generated during maintenance. Subjected to heat treatment at 120 °C , the NaHCO3 powder was decomposed in sodium oxide ( Na2O), which, subjected to chemical analysis (FRX) and mineralogical (DRX) revealed a content of 86.62 % sodium oxide (Na2O) . In the following steps the experimental procedure, chemical formulations were made on a molar basis of the starting material (1:9, 1:10 and 1:11 de Na2O/ Al2O3) inclusion of additives, milling parameters, sieve analysis, dilatometry, conformation of specimens, sintering in firing steps at 800 °C , 1000 °C and 1.200 °C with varying stays 30 , 60 and 120 minutes in each of the levels. The characterization of the final product was made by the following physical tests: water absorption, porosity, linear shrinkage, mineralogical analysis by DRX and microstructural analysis by MEV. A higher formation of sodium beta alumina (NaAl11O17), in sintered specimens in levels of 1.200 °C and 120 minutes, despite the prevailing coexistence of alpha phase alumina (Al2O3). From the results obtained opens up prospects for the reuse of waste studied in this work, the potter context and in other technological areas.

Uso de resíduo e de minerais de pegmatito da região do seridó RN e de argilas portuguesas em formulações de grês porcelanato

In the State Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, the most significant deposits of minerals in the production of granite and pegmatite are Seridó region. Municipalities of Parelhas and Equador are the main responsible for the production of feldspar, quartz, kaolin and granite. The ceramic industries are always in search of competitiveness by investing in new products or improving existing techniques. The stoneware is a type of pottery that stands in the market because it presents technical and aesthetic characteristics superior to other existing products. Characteristics of the raw materials initially obtained with chemical analysis and mineralogical analysis are crucial in getting a product that satisfies the conditions in a manufacturing process and is, in principle, directly related to the firing cycle. This research aimed at developing new formulations for the mass production of ceramic stoneware. The raw materials initially characterized were feldspar, quartz, kaolin and granite. As part of the research was developed at the University of Aveiro, in Portugal, we used two clays used in the production of Portuguese ceramics. The raw material Brazilian and Portuguese and the final product, both in Portugal and Brazil, were analyzed for X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, granulometric analysis, dilatometric analysis, thermal analysis and analysis of scanning electron microscopy (MEV). The specimens prepared at the University of Aveiro (DECV) were sintered at 10000C and 12000C and the specimens prepared in UFRN were sintered at 10000C, 10500C, 11000C, 11500C, 12000C, 12500C and 13000C, but the best results and demonstrating the presence of the mineral mullite were at temperatures of 12000C, 12500C and 13000C. The results showed that the granite waste used may be considered raw material of excellent quality for use in the ceramic industry and coating floors and more accurately by the industry of stoneware. Physical and mechanical tests conducted on samples of the formulations F01 and F02 developed in UFRN showed a water absorption and mechanical strength suitable for the stoneware

Efeito da incorporação de resíduo da indústria petrolífera nas propriedades mecânicas de argamassas

O presente artigo apresenta resultados preliminares de um projeto, em curso, no qual o objetivo final é investigar a viabilidade da utilização de um resíduo produzido na refinação do petróleo em materiais à base de cimento. Os valores do Índíce de Atividade - determinados com base nos valores da resistência à compressão de argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento pelo resíduo - mostraram que, ao fim de 7 dias de hidratação, o resíduo já apresenta atividade pozolânica em argamassas com incorporação de resíduo até 15%, e que esta atividade é também evidente nas argamassas com incorporação de 20% de resíduo ao fim de 28 dias de hidratação.

Propriedades físicas e químicas de solos incubados com resíduo alcalino da indústria de celulose

A indústria de celulose e papel descarta toneladas de resíduos com composição química variada. Certos resíduos estão sendo utilizados por produtores rurais para correção da acidez do solo, pois apresentam hidróxido em sua composição. Contudo, nenhum critério é adotado para quantificar a dose a ser utilizada, bem como para sua reaplicação, o que pode acarretar problemas de dispersão da argila, redução da estabilidade dos agregados e desbalanço de nutrientes, comprometendo, dessa forma, propriedades físicas e químicas dos solos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades físicas e químicas de dois solos incubados com resíduo alcalino (dregs) da indústria de celulose. Foram utilizadas amostras da camada superficial de um Latossolo Bruno distrófico e de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico incubadas com doses de resíduo alcalino equivalentes a 0, 12, 25, 35 e 50 % de carbonato de cálcio necessário para elevar o pH da camada de 0-20 cm para 6,0. Foram analisados: a estabilidade de agregados, argila dispersa em água, cátions trocáveis, pH e o ponto de efeito salino nulo (PESN). O resíduo alcalino reduziu o teor e a saturação por alumínio e aumentou o pH e os teores de cálcio, magnésio, potássio e sódio trocáveis. Aumentou o potencial elétrico negativo de ambos os solos, mas reduziu o grau de floculação da argila apenas do Cambissolo Húmico alumínico. Nesse solo, o grau de floculação foi negativamente relacionado com o potencial elétrico negativo (r = -0,93**). A redução do grau de floculação da argila se deve, provavelmente, à maior repulsão das partículas que apresentam carga variável com o pH. A estabilidade dos agregados não foi alterada pela adição do resíduo alcalino.

Argilas especiais: o que são, caracterização e propriedades

Special clays are a group of clays different from the large volume of clay mineral products named "Industrial Clays": kaolins, ball clays, refractory clays, bentonites, fuller's earths, common clays. Two groups of special clays exist: rare, as in the case of hectorite and sepiolite and restricted areas, as in the case of white bentonite, halloysite and palygorskite (attapulgite). A review is given of the most important producers of the special clays and their properties in the Western World, as well as a discussion of the occurrence of these types of clays in Brazil.

Composição e propriedades fisiológico - nutritivas de uma farinha rica em fibra insolúvel obtida do resíduo fibroso de fecularia de mandioca

As indústrias brasileiras de processamento de fécula produzem, como descarte, grandes quantidades de bagaço ou farelo de mandioca que é jogado fora, poluindo o meio ambiente, ou é utilizado na alimentação de animais. A proposta desta pesquisa consiste na utilização do bagaço, descarte da fecularia, como produto para consumo na alimentação humana. Foi preparado, a partir do bagaço coletado na fecularia um produto farináceo identificado como "farinha de mandioca teste", a qual apresentou, em comparação com as farinhas comerciais, alta quantidade (43,1%) de fibra alimentar e baixa quantidade (47,1%) de amido. Os teores de proteína, lipídeo e cinzas foram semelhantes ao das farinhas comerciais. A "farinha teste" foi usada no preparo de dietas semi-sintéticas para ratos em crescimento nas concentrações de 11,6 , 34,8 e 58,0%; farinhas adquiridas no comércio foram usadas como referência. A freqüência de defecações, o peso das fezes úmidas e secas e o volume das fezes secas foram maiores para os grupos supridos com dietas contendo a "farinha teste", em comparação com os grupos que receberam a farinha do comércio, mas, com relação aos valores dos quocientes de eficiência alimentar (QEA) e protéica (PERop) não houve diferença significativa entre as duas farinhas. Uma redução no ganho de peso corpóreo dos animais, resultante de diminuição da ingestão de alimento, foi observado para os tratamentos contendo a farinha teste. Tais resultados permitiram concluir que a "farinha de mandioca teste" apresentou propriedades fisiológicas, em nível intestinal, características da fibra alimentar insolúvel e, em vista disso, constitui-se numa fonte potencial de fibra para a alimentação humana. O bagaço de mandioca produzido como descarte nas fecularias poderá ser aproveitado como matéria-prima para a produção de uma farinha de mandioca rica em fibra alimentar insolúvel, característica distinta das farinhas de mandioca existentes no comércio.

Verificação da influência do uso de metacaulim de alta reatividade nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto de alta resistência

Atualmente, tem-se cada vez mais adotado o uso de pozolanas de alta reatividade como ferramenta para a obtenção do concreto de alta resistência (CAR). As pozolanas de alta reatividade dividem-se em sílica ativa, cinza de casca de arroz e o metacaulim de alta reatividade (MCAR). O estudo focalizando o efeito da sílica ativa e cinza de casca de arroz no concreto já se encontra em estado adiantado, principalmente quando se refere à sílica ativa. Contudo, esta situação não se repete quando se focaliza o uso do MCAR, visto que o estudo em relação ao efeito deste material no concreto encontra-se em um estágio inicial, principalmente quando refere-se ao Brasil. O MCAR é oriundo do processo de calcinação em temperaturas entre 400ºC e 950ºC e posterior processo de moagem de argilas com altos teores de caulinita, como a argila caulinítica e o caulim. A elevada finura obtida no MCAR é o principal diferencial deste material em relação ao metacaulim. Além destas argilas, tem-se também buscado atualmente o uso de outros materiais, como os resíduos provenientes da indústria do papel, para a produção do MCAR. Esta nova opção, além do resultado técnico, ainda apresenta como vantagem o caráter ecológico decorrente do uso de um resíduo industrial. Assim sendo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso do MCAR, decorrente de resíduo industrial, nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto, mais especificamente na resistência à compressão, resistência à tração na compressão diametral, resistência à tração na flexão, módulo de elasticidade e coeficiente de Poisson. Na realização deste trabalho variou-se os teores de substituições de MCAR, as relações água/cimento e as idades de rompimento dos corpos-de-prova. A metodologia baseou-se em ensaios laboratoriais e no uso de ferramentas estatísticas para validação dos resultados Em paralelo realizou-se um estudo da microestrutura utilizando-se o microscópio eletrônico de varredura, a difração de raios-x, a análise termodiferencial e termogravimétrica, a titulometria e a porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio, visando um melhor entendimento do comportamento obtido nos ensaios mecânicos. Com base nesses ensaios, foram propostas equações a partir dos parâmetros estudados, que indicaram, em todos os ensaios mecânicos realizados, melhorias decorrente do efeito pozolânico e filer do MCAR. A ratificação destes efeitos foi obtida nos ensaios realizados na microestrutura. Na comparação com os resultados relatados com o uso da cinza de casca de arroz e com a sílica ativa, obtidos em ensaios com metodologia e materiais semelhante, verificou-se um comportamento similar a estes materiais. Conclui-se com um resumo dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho que evidenciam claramente a possibilidade do uso do MCAR na produção do CAR.

Propriedades antioxidante, anti-hemostástica e antiproliferativa de galactanas sulfatadas da alga vermelha hypnea musciformis (wulfen) j. V. Lamouroux

Marine algae are one of the major sources of biologic compounds. In extracellular matrix of these organisms there are sulfated polysaccharides that functions as structural components and provides protection against dehydration. The fraction 1.0 (F1.0) rich in sulfated galactans obtained from red seaweed Hypnea musciformis was physicochemical characterized and evaluated for pharmacologic activity through antioxidant activity, cytotoxic action on erythrocytes, anticoagulant, stimulatory action under antithrombotic heparan sulfate synthesis and their effects on cell proliferation and cycle cell progression. The main components of F1.0 were carbohydrates (49.70 ± 0.10%) and sulfate (44.59 ± 0.015%), presenting phenolic compounds (4.79 ± 0.016%) and low protein contamination (0.92 ± 0.001%). Fraction 1.0 showed polidisperse profile and signs in infrared analysis in 1262, 1074 and 930, 900 and 850 attributed to sulfate esters S=O bond, presence of a 3,6- anidrogalactose C-O bond, non-sulfated β-D-galactose and a C-O-SO4 bond in galactose C4, respectively. The fraction rich in sulfated galactans exhibited strong antioxidant action under lipid peroxidation assay with IC50 of 0.003 mg/mL. Besides the inhibition of hemolysis induced by H2O2 in erythrocytes treated with F1.0, this fraction did not promote significant cytotoxity under erythrocytes membranes. F1.0 exhibited low anticoagulant activity causing moderate direct inhibition of enzimatic activity of thrombin. This fraction promoted stimulation around of 4.6 times on this synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) by rabbit aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) in culture when was compared with non treated cells. The fraction of this algae displayed antiproliferative action under RAEC cells causing incresing on cell number on S fase, blocking the cycle cell progression. Thus F1.0 presented cytostatic and no cytotoxic action under this cell lineage. These results suggest that F1.0 from H. musciformis have antioxidant potential which is a great effect for a compound used as food and in food industry which could be an alternative to food industry to prevent quality decay of lipid containing food due to lipid peroxidation. These polysaccharides prevent the lipid peroxidation once the fraction in study exhibited strong inhibitory action of this process. Furthermore that F1.0 present strong antithrombotic action promoting the stimulation of antithrombotic HS synthesis by endothelial cells, being important for thrombosis preventing, by its inhibitory action under reactive oxygen species (ROS) in some in vitro methods, being involved in promotion of hypercoagulability state.

Análise de propriedades térmicas e mecânicas de compósitos de argamassa e resíduo de borracha

Although already to exist alternative technique and economically viable for destination of used tires, quantitative data on properties of constructive elements that use the rubber waste as aggregate still are restricted. In the present work, the waste proceeding from industry of retreading as material for manufacture of composite destined to the production of constructive elements was considered. Mechanical and thermal properties of mortar had been analyzed Portland cement with addition of waste without treatment, in the ratios of 10%, 20% and 30% in mass in relation to the mass of the cement, substituting the aggregate in the trace in mortar 1:5 mass cement and sand. The size of the used residue varied between 0,30mm and 4,8mm (passing in the bolter 4,8mm and being restrained in the one of 0,30mm), being it in the formats fibers and granular. The influences of the size and the percentage of residue added to the mortar (in substitution to the aggregate) in the thermal and mechanical properties had been considered. Assays of body-of-test in thestates had been become fullfilled cool (consistency index) and hardened (absorption of water for capillarity, strength the compression, traction and strength flexural). The work is centralized in the problem of the relation thermal performance /strength mechanics of used constructive systems in regions of low latitudes (Been of the Piauí), characterized for raised indices of solar radiation.

Estudo do comportamento plástico, mecânico, microestrutural e térmico do concreto produzido com resíduo de porcelanato

Population growth experienced in major cities, allied to society s need of infra-structure, especially ones related to habitational demands, increases the consumption of construction materials. As a consequence, consumption of natural resources itself. Thus, due to this process, concrete is one of the most produced materials in civil construction. This is also due to the great diversity of its application, easiness in its execution and adequate mechanical performance, as well as low production costs. Following the same tendencies in construction development, the ceramic industry has intensified the production of porcelain ceramic tiles and floors. These are achieved by a fine finishing and receive polishing at the end of the fabrication process. This work researched the use of porcelain residues in polishing for the production of concrete. All of which; due to economical and environmental issues. This process aims to prove adequate destiny for this type of residue, due to environmental issues, incorporating it to the concrete itself; all of which provides economy in consumption of the materials that constitute concrete. Thus, the main characteristics of concrete were investigated through the inclusion of different concentration of the porcelain residue as additional trait element. The residue rates incorporated to the trait varied from 10% to 50% in relation to the cement mass, in the traits with plastic additives and without plastic additives. It is observed that the inclusion of porcelain residue produced a meaningful alteration in the consistency of fresh concrete. This residue has a fine granulometry and it considerably absorbed the water used in the concrete spreading, influencing the way this material is dealt with. Thus, the value of cement striking decreases with the increase of residues present in trait. The maximal incorporation of the residue was of 50%, massively, for the same factor water/initial cement. The use of residues in concrete results in an 40% increase in the compression resistance. It is also proportional to residue concentration of porcelain in the trait. The microstructure was also favored once porosity and concrete absorption decreases with the use of this residue. The parameters demonstrate the quality and durability of the concrete produced with this residue. The use of porcelain residue in concrete composition has not produced meaningful thermal behavior changes. Thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity have been maintained basically constant

Adição de subprodutos da cinza da casca de café (coffea canephora) em massa cerâmica para porcelanato

To produce porcelain tiles fluxing agents are used in order to obtain a liquid phase during firing. This liquid phase fills the pores decreasing porosity, water absorption and contributes to material densification. In the porcelain tiles industry, feldspar is the main flux material used, with quantities ranging between 35 and 50%. Studies focus on the discovery of materials with flux characteristics that can reduce the consumption of feldspar by porcelain tiles industry. In this context, the coffee husk ashes, a residue obtained when coffee husks are burned to produce heat for the dryers during the processing of the green fruit, have as main chemical constituents potassium, calcium and magnesium, giving them characteristics of fluxing material. Brazil is the largest coffee producer in the world and is responsible for over 30% of the world s production. In this work a physical treatment of coffee husk ash was carried out in order to eliminate the organic matter and, after this, two by-products were obtained: residual wastes R1 and R2. Both residues were added separately as single fluxes and also in association with feldspar in mixtures with raw materials collected in a porcelain industry located in Dias d Ávila-Ba. The addition of these residues aimed to contribute to the reduction of the consumption of feldspar in the production of porcelain tiles. Specimens were produced with dimensions of 60 mm x 20 mm x 6 mm in an uniaxial die with compacting pressure of 45 MPa. The samples were heated to a temperature of 1200 °C, for 8 minutes. Tests were performed to characterize the raw materials by XRF, XRD, particle size analysis, DTA and TGA and, additionally, the results of the physical properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, density, dilatometry, flexural strength and SEM of sintered body were analyzed. Additions of less than 8% of the residue R1 contributed to the decrease of porosity, but the mechanical strength of the samples was not satisfactory. Additions of 5% the R2 residue contributed significantly to decrease the water absorption and apparent porosity, and also to increase the mechanical strength. Samples with addition of feldspar associated with the R2 residue, in proportions of 6.7% of R2 and 6.7% of feldspar, led to results of water absorption of 0.12% and mechanical strength of 46 MPa, having parameters normalized to the manufacture of porcelain stoneware tiles

Efeito de argilas organofílicas na estrutura e propriedades de nanocompósitos de poli(metacrilato de metila)

Nacomposites of polymers and lamellar clayminerals, has generated high scientific and technological interest, for having mechanical properties and gas barriers differentiated of polymers and conventional composites. In this work, it was developed nanocomposites by single screw extruder and injection, utilizing commercial raw material, with the goal to investigate the quality of new developed materials. It was evaluated the influence of the content and the kind of clay in the structure and in the nanocomposites properties. It was used regular and elastomeric poly (methyl methacrylate) (Acrigel LEP 100 and Acrigel ECP800) and six montmorillonites (Cloisite 10A, 11B, 15A, 20A, 25A e 30B) at the concentration of 1% e 3% in weight. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), colorimetric, optical transparency, flexural and tensile tests, Rockwell hardness and esclerometry. It was founded that is possible to obtain intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites PMMA/MMT, and the top results was obtained in the materials with 1%in clay weight organophilizated with 2M2HT (Cloisite 15A and 20A) presented intercalate and hybrid morphology (exfoliated and flocullated). The ones that was produced with organophilizated clay with 2MHTL8 (Cloisite 30B) had excellent visual quality, but the majority presented hybrid morphology. In the materials processed with organophilizated clay with MT2ETOH (Cloisite 30B), there were color change and loss of transparency. It occurs improvement in a few mechanical properties, mainly in the materials produced with PMMA elastomeric (Acrigel ECP800), being more significant, the increase in the resistance to stripping in those nanocomposites

Estudo do efeito da substituição de caulim por resíduo de caulim na fabricação de cerâmica de revestimento

Companies involved in kaolin mining and treatment represent an important area of industrial development in Brazil, significantly contribution to the worldwide production of such mineral. As a result, large volumes of kaolin residue are constantly generated and abandoned in the environment, negatively contributing to its preservation. In this scenario, the objective of the present study was to characterize the residue generated from kaolin mining as well as to assess its potential use as raw material for the production of ceramic tiles. Ceramic mixtures were prepared from raw materials characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis and thermal analysis. Three compositions were prepared using kaolin residue contents of 10%, 20% and 30%. Samples were uniaxially pressed, fired at 1200ºC and characterized aiming at establishing their mineralogical composition, water absorption, apparent porosity, specific mass, linear retraction and modulus of rupture. The results showed that the residue basically consisted of kaolinite and successfully replaced raw kaolin in the preparation of ceramic title formulations without significantly affecting the properties of the fired material