206 resultados para Rootstocks


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O conhecimento da interferência do porta-enxerto no desenvolvimento da copa é muito importante, pois tais interações para cada combinação porta-enxerto e cultivar copa adotada pode variar. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência dos porta-enxertos \'IAC 766\', \'IAC 572\', \'IAC 313\', \'IAC 571-6\' e \'Ripária do Traviú\', no desenvolvimento e fertilidade das gemas da cultivar copa \'Niagara Rosada\'. O estudo foi realizado em videira \'Niagara Rosada\' conduzida sob o sistema de espaldeira, na região de Jundiaí - SP. As avaliações foram realizadas em três ciclos de produção, destes, dois foram realizados no ciclo tradicional, em que a poda de produção é realizada no inverno e a colheita no fim da primavera e início de verão, e um foi realizado na denominada safrinha, em que a poda de produção ocorre no verão e a colheita no fim do outono e início do inverno. Para os ciclos de produção tradicionais avaliou-se a fertilidade da primeira até a quarta ou quinta gema, o número de brotação, o número de cacho e o comprimento final dos ramos em 2014 e 2015. No ciclo de produção safrinha avaliou-se a fertilidade da quinta até a oitava gema e os demais dados biométricos durante o cultivo. Nesse ciclo de produção avaliou-se a produção e qualidade de frutos da videira. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcela subdividida para fertilidade de gemas, e em blocos casualizados para as demais variáveis. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e quando significativo, os dados foram submetidos ao teste de comparação de médias Tukey a 0,05 de probabilidade. Não foi observado efeito dos diferentes porta-enxertos na fertilidade de gemas, no desenvolvimento da planta, na produção e qualidade dos frutos de videira \'Niagara Rosada\'.

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Sclerotinia smilacinae E.J.Durand, determined by R. P. Korf

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Inconsistent internal fruit quality in Hass avocados affects consumer confidence. To determine the influence of individual trees on fruit quality, Hass avocado fruit were harvested from adjacent trees of similar external appearance in 3 commercial orchards in 1998 and 1 orchard in 1999. The trees in each orchard were grown with similar commercial practices and in similar soil types. Within each location, there were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the mean ripe fruit quality between trees with respect to fruit body rot severity ( mainly anthracnose) with and without cold storage, internal disorders severity due to diffuse discolouration and vascular browning ( after cold storage), days to ripen, percentage dry matter, and the percentage of the skin area with purple-black colour when ripe. These effects were also noted in the same orchard in 1999. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in fruit flesh calcium, magnesium, potassium, boron and zinc concentrations between trees. Significant (P < 0.05) correlations were observed between average fruit mineral concentrations in each tree ( particularly calcium, magnesium and potassium) and body rot severity, percentage dry matter and fruit mass. There was little conclusive evidence that characteristics such as the growth of the non-suberised roots or the degree of scion under- or overgrowth was involved in these tree effects; however, differences between trees with respect to other rootstock characteristics may be involved. The inconsistency of the correlations across sites and years suggested that other factors apart from tree influences could also affect the relationship between fruit minerals and fruit quality.

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Phytophthora cinnamomi is a major pathogen of cultivated macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, Macadamia tetraphylla and their hybrids) worldwide. The susceptibility of the two non-edible Macadamia species (Macadamia ternifolia and Macadamia jansenii) to P. cinnamomi is not well-understood. Commercial macadamia trees are established on grafted seedling (seed propagation) or own-rooted cutting (vegetative propagation) rootstocks of hybrids of the cultivated species. There is little information to support the preferential use of rootstock propagated by either seedling or own-rooted cutting methods in macadamia. In this study we assessed roots of macadamia plants of the four species and their hybrids, derived from the two methods of propagation, for their susceptibility to P. cinnamomi infection. The roots of inoculated plant from which P. cinnamomi was recovered showed blackening symptoms. The non-cultivated species, M. ternifolia and M. jansenii and their hybrids were the most susceptible germplasm compared with M. tetraphylla and M. integrifolia. Of these two species, M. tetraphylla was less susceptible than M. integrifolia. Significant differences were observed among the accessions of their hybrids. A strong association (R2 > 0.75) was recorded between symptomatic roots and disease severity. Root density reduced with increasing disease severity rating in both own-rooted cuttings (R2 = 0.65) and germinated seedlings (R2 = 0.55). P. cinnamomi severity data were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the two methods of plant propagation. The significance of this study to macadamia breeding and selection of disease resistant rootstocks is discussed.

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Field trials evaluating several parameters of growth, fruit yield and quality of 'Hass' avocado grafted to different rootstocks were established in 2004-2005 in four different growing regions of Australia. Fruit were harvested in three seasons from 2008, ripened and assessed for severity and incidence of anthracnose and stem end rot diseases. Peel samples were collected at harvest and analysed for concentrations of the cations (N, K, Ca, Mg). Rootstock significantly affected marketability of fruit (no stem end rot and less than 5% anthracnose) in 58% of the total number of trials evaluated, with better quality fruit harvested from 'Hass' grafted to Guatemalan or West Indian rootstocks such as 'A10' or 'Velvick'. Fruit quality was frequently poor from trees grafted to Mexican race rootstocks, regardless of growing location. Correlation analyses showed that fruit from rootstocks with superior fruit quality was often associated with lower skin N and higher Ca concentrations. There were significant positive correlations between anthracnose and skin N or N:Ca ratio in 75% of trials evaluated. There was a significant negative correlation between anthracnose and Ca in 42% of trials. The correlations between stem end rot and skin N (positive) or Ca (negative) were each significant in 42% of trials. Based on the results in this project, N:Ca ratios in the skin of unripe avocado fruit at harvest may provide one of the best indicators of potential postharvest disease in ripe fruit, and may have implications for fertiliser regimes.

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The response of "Kerman" pistachio trees budded on three different rootstocks (Pistacia terebinthus, Pista-cia atlantica and Pistacia integerrima) to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) in shallow soils was studied for3 years. The trees were either fully irrigated (C treatment) or subjected to deficit irrigation during Stage IIof fruit growth with two water stress thresholds (T1 and T2). The irrigation scheduling for fully-irrigatedtrees and water-stressed trees was managed by means of midday stem water potential (?stem) measure-ments. The use of direct measurements of the water status allowed estimating accurately the irrigationrequirements for pistachio trees, with water reductions ranging from 46 to 205 mm in fully-irrigatedtrees. The combination of the ?stemuse and the RDI regime saved 43?70% in T1 and 48?73% in T2 ofwater compared to the calculated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for fully irrigated treatment (C).Deficit irrigation during Stage II significantly reduced the vegetative growth of the trees. Yield and fruitquality were not affected by any irrigation regime, except during the first year of the study. Thus, theresults indicate that full irrigation scheduling and RDI can be achieved successfully using ?stemtool onpistachio trees growing in shallow soils. A ?stemthreshold of ?1.5 MPa during stage II (T1) was suggestedfor RDI scheduling, as it did not reduce the yield or the production value. However a ?stemthresholdof ?2.0 MPa (T2) resulted in a significant reduction and an extensive delay in the recovery of stomatalconductance (gl),with negative effects on long-term pistachio production.P. integerrima showed a weaker capacity of adaptation to the study conditions compared to P. atlanticaand P. terebinthus, having a tendency to get more stressed and to produce a lower quality crop.

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Among the four commercial chestnut species the C. dentata (Marsh.) Boskh. and C. sativa P. Mill. has excellent quality but more susceptible to diseases when compared to C. mollissima Blume and C. crenata Siebold & Zucc. which has inferior quality but can be used as rootstocks. This work aimed to evaluate the behavior of chestnut varieties grafted in different rootstocks under São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo, Brazil condition. In 1986, eleven chestnut cultivars and hybrids - Ibuki (IB), Izumo (IZ), Kinchu (KI), KM1 (KM2), KM(2) KM(2), Moriowase (MO), Okuni (OK), Taishowase (TAI), Tamatsukuri (TAM), Tiodowase (TIO) and Senri (SEN) (only graft) ? were grafted each other resulting in hundred ten combinations. Fifteen-year later grafted trees with minimum of three plants were evaluated for tree height, trunk diameter above and below graft union and graft compatibility. Randomized blocks with three replications were submitted to analysis of variance for tree height and trunk diameter. Grouping analysis using the PROC CLUSTER ? SAS system was used to describe the pattern of variance among different combinations. Seventy eight combinations in hundred ten showed perfect grafting compatibility 6 months after grafting. Forty seven combinations showed incompatibility after transplanting and the dieback rate in each combination ranged from 25 to 100%. Among seventy eight combinations established in the field twenty six had enough plants for evaluation fifteen-year later. Tree height and trunk diameter showed highly significant difference among the combinations. The highest plant (6 m) was grafted on Moriowase and Tamatsukuri which showed the highest compatibility as rootstock. The harvesting season is from November to May where MOR, IB, TAM, OK and TAI behave as early-season-cultivar and SEN the latest one.

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In the Northeast of Brazil, vines can produce twice a year, because annual average temperature is 26ºC, with high solar radiation and water availability for irrigation. Many cultivars have been tested according to their adaptation to the climate and soil, and the main variety used for red wines is Syrah. This work aimed to evaluate five clones of Syrah, grafted on two rootstocks, in two harvests of the second semester of 2009 and 2010, according to the chemical analyses of the wines.The clones evaluated were 100, 174, 300, 470 and 525, the rootstocks were Paulsen 1103 and IAC 313 (Golia x Vitis caribeae). Grapes were harvested in November 2009 and 2010 and the yield was evaluated. Climate characteristics of each harvest was determined and correlated to the results. Wines were elaborated in glass tanks of 20 L, with alcoholic fermentation at 25ºC for seven days, then wines were pressed and malolactic fermentation was carried out at 18ºC for 20 days. The following parameters were analyzed: alcohol content, dry extract, total anthocyanins, total phenolic index. High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine tartaric, malic, lactic and citric organic acids. Results showed that wines presented different concentrations of classical analyses, phenolics and organic acids according to the harvest date, rootstocks and clones. Principal component analysis was applied on data and clusters with wine samples were formed, explaining the variability, and results are discussed.

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No processo de formação de mudas, um dos pré-requisitos para se obterem plântulas com precocidade para enxertia é uma adequada recomendação de fertilizantes. Deste modo, com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio adequados para a produção de plantas aptas para enxertia em viveiro de seringueira, foi conduzido um experimento em área de produtor, localizado em Açailândia, MA, em solo classificado como Podzólico Vermelho-amarelo, textura média. Os tratamentos correspondentes a quatro doses de nitrogênio (0; 120; 240; e 360kg.ha-1 de N) na forma de sulfato de amônia; fósforo (0; 160; 320; e 480kg.ha-1 de P2O5) na forma de superfosfato triplo, potássio (0; 140; 280 e 420kg.ha-1 de K2O) na forma de cloreto de potássio; e de magnésio (0; 50; 100 e 150kg.ha-1 de MgO) na forma de sulfato de magnésio. Pelos resultados obtidos recomendam-se as doses de 98,3kg.ha-1 de N, 130kg.ha-1 de P2O5, 188kg.ha-1 de K2O e 44kg.ha-1 de MgO, por terem proporcionado o índice de aproveitamento de 85% de plantas aptas para enxertia e a produção de 64.600 porta-enxertos comerciais por hectare.

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In field conditions two experiments were carried out in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002, to evaluate potassium (K) content in berries, and pH and total soluble solid values in the must. The experiment 1 was carried on a Udorthent soil and the experiment 2 on a Haplumbrept soil, both at Southern Brazil, Bento Gonçalves city. The Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine was grafted on different rootstocks (Rupestris Du Lot, R. 99, R. 110, SO4, 420 A, 1103, 101-14 and 3309). At full ripening, berries were collected and potassium concentration (2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons), pH and total soluble solids (2001/2002 season) were determined. Rootstock didn?t affect potassium content of berries, and pH and total soluble solid values in the must.

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The lack of pear-compatible rootstocks in Brazil calls for the application of classical genetic techniques. Therefore, in order to obtain select suitable material, the search for genetic segregation must be continuous, being used as alternative scion cultivars. This study aims to assess fruit set, number of seeds, fruit weight and fruit diameter according to crosses between pear cultivars. The trial was carried out from September 2008 to February 2009 in a commercial orchard in the city of Vacaria/RS, Brazil. For the pollination process, pollen was extracted from flowers at full-white stage in the same orchard. The cultivars used were 'Packham's Triumph' and 'Clapps Favorite'. The crossings were defined as: open pollination; selfpollination of 'Packham's Triumph' and 'Packham's Triumph' × 'Clapps Favorite'. The pollinations were done manually in flowers at full-white stage, which were opened, emasculated and then pollinated. Each pollinated flower was then isolated with a fine nylon bag. Open pollination and cross pollination between 'Packham's Triumph' × 'Clapps Favorite' provided higher fruit set (17 and 18%, respectively). Fruit weight and diameter did not differ between treatments. Open pollination provided fruits with a higher number of seeds.