A Novel Design Method for SOGI-PLL for Minimum Settling Time and Low Unit Vector Distortion

Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are necessary in grid connected systems to obtain information about the frequency, amplitude and phase of the grid voltage. In stationary reference frame control, the unit vectors of PLLs are used for reference generation. It is important that the PLL performance is not affected significantly when grid voltage undergoes amplitude and frequency variations. In this paper, a novel design for the popular single-phase PLL topology, namely the second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) based PLL is proposed which achieves minimum settling time during grid voltage amplitude and frequency variations. The proposed design achieves a settling time of less than 27.7 ms. This design also ensures that the unit vectors generated by this PLL have a steady state THD of less than 1% during frequency variations of the grid voltage. The design of the SOGI-PLL based on the theoretical analysis is validated by experimental results.

Characterization and Space-Time Downscaling of the Inundation Extent over the Inner Niger Delta Using GIEMS and MODIS Data

The objective in this work is to develop downscaling methodologies to obtain a long time record of inundation extent at high spatial resolution based on the existing low spatial resolution results of the Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites (GIEMS) dataset. In semiarid regions, high-spatial-resolution a priori information can be provided by visible and infrared observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The study concentrates on the Inner Niger Delta where MODIS-derived inundation extent has been estimated at a 500-m resolution. The space-time variability is first analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA). This is particularly effective to understand the inundation variability, interpolate in time, or fill in missing values. Two innovative methods are developed (linear regression and matrix inversion) both based on the PCA representation. These GIEMS downscaling techniques have been calibrated using the 500-m MODIS data. The downscaled fields show the expected space-time behaviors from MODIS. A 20-yr dataset of the inundation extent at 500 m is derived from this analysis for the Inner Niger Delta. The methods are very general and may be applied to many basins and to other variables than inundation, provided enough a priori high-spatial-resolution information is available. The derived high-spatial-resolution dataset will be used in the framework of the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission to develop and test the instrument simulator as well as to select the calibration validation sites (with high space-time inundation variability). In addition, once SWOT observations are available, the downscaled methodology will be calibrated on them in order to downscale the GIEMS datasets and to extend the SWOT benefits back in time to 1993.

Use of polydispersity index as control parameter to study melting/freezing of Lennard-Jones system: Comparison among predictions of bifurcation theory with Lindemann criterion, inherent structure analysis and Hansen-Verlet rule

Using polydispersity index as an additional order parameter we investigate freezing/melting transition of Lennard-Jones polydisperse systems (with Gaussian polydispersity in size), especially to gain insight into the origin of the terminal polydispersity. The average inherent structure (IS) energy and root mean square displacement (RMSD) of the solid before melting both exhibit quite similar polydispersity dependence including a discontinuity at solid-liquid transition point. Lindemann ratio, obtained from RMSD, is found to be dependent on temperature. At a given number density, there exists a value of polydispersity index (delta (P)) above which no crystalline solid is stable. This transition value of polydispersity(termed as transition polydispersity, delta (P) ) is found to depend strongly on temperature, a feature missed in hard sphere model systems. Additionally, for a particular temperature when number density is increased, delta (P) shifts to higher values. This temperature and number density dependent value of delta (P) saturates surprisingly to a value which is found to be nearly the same for all temperatures, known as terminal polydispersity (delta (TP)). This value (delta (TP) similar to 0.11) is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 0.12, but differs from hard sphere transition where this limiting value is only 0.048. Terminal polydispersity (delta (TP)) thus has a quasiuniversal character. Interestingly, the bifurcation diagram obtained from non-linear integral equation theories of freezing seems to provide an explanation of the existence of unique terminal polydispersity in polydisperse systems. Global bond orientational order parameter is calculated to obtain further insights into mechanism for melting.

Los índices de democracia y la política argentina : sobre la validez de las mediciones

Resumen: Entre quienes han emprendido estudios para medir el fenómeno de la democracia, no existe hoy un acuerdo acerca de cuál es la definición operativa sobre la que deben construirse los índices, ni tampoco sobre cuáles son los atributos que deben medirse o la regla de agregación más adecuada a fin de reflejar las similitudes y las diferencias entre regímenes en el tiempo y el espacio. Es precisamente por estas diferencias que los diferentes índices disponibles pueden bien describir historias distintas acerca de un mismo fenómeno histórico. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo comparar la manera en que algunos de estos índices relatan la evolución de la democracia, a la luz de una serie de hitos en la historia política argentina durante el siglo XX y la primera década del siglo XXI. En este trabajo se revisan cuatro de los índices más conocidos de democracia: el Índice Democracia-Dictadura de Przeworski, extendido por Cheibub; el Índice de Democracia de Vanhanen; el índice Polity IV; y el índice de Freedom House. Sobre la base de diferentes sucesos de la política argentina, desde 1900 hasta 2011, este trabajo analiza la evolución de la democracia que cada uno de estos índices relata para evaluar cuál de ellos refleja de manera más fiel los hechos que han moldeado la historia democrática Argentina.

Las ciudades castellanas bajomedievales a través de sus paisajes sonoros

Resumen: El análisis de los sonidos que envuelven a las actividades realizadas por el hombre en un momento y espacio concreto, facilita una visión renovada sobre los comportamientos de sus productores como así también de aspectos culturales. Para ello es posible utilizar, tal como proponemos aquí, testimonios históricos exhaustivamente estudiados, como son las ordenanzas municipales castellanas bajomedievales. El objetivo del presente artículo será percibir las representaciones sonoras de las ciudades castellanas bajomedievales-Ávila, Piedrahíta y Plasencia– a través de sus Ordenanzas Municipales y, con ello, delinear los paisajes sonoros urbanos, revalorizando esta fuente documental, planteando sus alcances y limitaciones, a la luz de las nuevas aportaciones historiográfi cas (Historia Cultural) y los cruces interdisciplinarios, en este caso, la Antropología de los sentidos.

Life Expectancy, Schooling Time and Endogenous Growth

Published as an article in: Economic Inquiry, 2004, vol. 42, issue 4, pp. 602–617.

Extended ageing time and temperature effects on quality of sub-primal cuts of boxed beef

[EN]Most of the information indicating ageing improves tenderness has been collected on the loin and rib-eye muscles over relatively short ageing times, assuming that all muscles will react similarly. In the present study, the effect of extended ageing times on instrumental texture (56 d) and sensory characteristics (42 d) of six different beef sub-primals [striploin (SL), inside round (IR), outside round (OR), eye of round (ER), blade eye (BE) and chuck tender (CT)] was studied. The effects of two ageing temperatures (1and 58C) were also compared. In general, ageing increased tenderness (P<0.05) of SL, BE, ER and CT sub-primals, although BE shear force increased after 42 d of ageing. On the other hand, ageing had no effect on IR tenderness (P<0.05) and resulted in a decrease in tenderness of OR (P<0.05) until day 35, with a later increase after 42 d of ageing. Increasing ageing temperature (58C) had limited effect on tenderness, but ageing time and temperature increases led to lower flavour and higher off-flavour intensity (P<0.05) of the studied sub-primals. These results suggest that cutspecific maximum ageing times and rigid adherence to temperature maximums would be of benefit to optimize postslaughter processes and meat quality

Time and tide wait for no man: pioneers and laggards in the deployment of CCS

19 p.

Generation time and utilization of energy by aquatic bacteria. [Translation from: Trudy Instituta Biologii Vnutrennykh Vodnany 11(14), 198-202, 1966.]

Recent research has shown that the biomass of bacteria in lakes and other water-bodies can attain significant values. The huge production of bacteria is brought about by their great rate of reproduction. In a series of cases their biomass exceeds the biomass of phytoplankton. Therefore in a study of the biological productivity of water bodies it is necessary to calculate the biomass and production not only of the phyto- and zooplankton, but also of bacteria.The authors uses different methods and formulae to to compare the time of one generation of the bacteria.

Individual weight, development time and yield of different stages of Tropodiaptomus incognitus (Crustacea: Copepoda). [Translation from: Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Hydrobiologie 4(1) 63-70, 1970. ]

Observations of individual weight, duration of development and production of different stages of Tropodiaptomus incognitus are presented. The study is based on data gathered from Lake Chad in 1968.

Time and Fate in Shakespeare’s Othello and Cinthio’s "The Moor of Venice"

[Introduction]Giraldi Cinthio’s short story "The Moor of Venice" forms the basis for William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello. In addition to altering a number of minor aspects of the original tale, Shakespeare also introduces several overarching changes to the narrative by shortening the time frame of the story and excluding fate as a primary driving force of the plot. By diminishing the consequences of time and fate, Shakespeare allows the characters and their inner motivations to be at the forefront of the action.

Água viva: imagens no tempo do olhar

Analisar a ficção Água Viva, de Clarice Lispector, é o desafio desta dissertação, que integra autor, texto e leitor em uma discussão acerca de experiência estética e estrutura textual. Partindo de conceitos desenvolvidos pela Teoria do Efeito Estético, de Wolfgang Iser, o objetivo a ser atingido é o de identificar as ferramentas utilizadas pela autora Clarice Lispector que fazem de seu texto potência estética a ser desencadeada pelo leitor no ato da leitura. Ao investigar a estrutura desta obra, encontram-se elementos que tornam vulneráveis concepções pré-estabelecidas acerca da literatura, abrindo-se em vazios constitutivos que convidam o leitor a participar da criação de significações e da experimentação dos sentidos. A aproximação entre texto e artes plásticas, principalmente à pintura, tem forte presença nesta obra, que provoca a formação de imagens no momento do contato com o texto, acontecimento em que se fundem tempo e espaço para a irrupção do instante-já. Procurou-se, ainda, identificar tendências comuns entre a produção deste texto de Clarice Lispector e os questionamentos presentes em outras manifestações artísticas da época, notadamente quanto ao caráter transitório que a arte dos anos 70 assume, fazendo com que o próprio movimento, a própria transformação, tornem-se estrutura da arte de então

Effects of lunar cycle and fishing operations on longline-caught pelagic fish: fishing performance, capture time, and survival of fish

Commercial longline fishing data were analyzed and experiments were conducted with gear equipped with hook timers and timedepth recorders in the Réunion Island fishery (21°5ʹS lat., 53°28ʹE long.) to elucidate direct and indirect effects of the lunar cycle and other operational factors that affect catch rates, catch composition, fish behavior, capture time, and fish survival. Logbook data from 1998 through 2000, comprising 2009 sets, indicated that swordfish (Xiphias gladius) catch-per unit of effort (CPUE) increased during the first and last quarter of the lunar phase, whereas albacore (Thunnus alalunga) CPUE was highest during the full moon. Swordfish were caught rapidly after the longline was set and, like bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), they were caught during days characterized by a weak lunar illumination—mainly during low tide. We found a significant but very low influence of chemical lightsticks on CPUE and catch composition. At the time the longline was retrieved, six of the 11 species in the study had >40% survival. Hook timers indicated that only 8.4% of the swordfish were alive after 8 hours of capture, and two shark species (blue shark [Prionace glauca] and oceanic whitetip shark [Carcharhinus longimanus]) showed a greater resilience to capture: 29.3% and 23.5% were alive after 8 hours, respectively. Our results have implications for current fishing practices and we comment on the possibilities of modifying fishing strategies in order to reduce operational costs, bycatch, loss of target fish at sea, and detrimental impacts on the environment.