Determination of variable dependence information through abstract interpretation

Traditional schemes for abstract interpretation-based global analysis of logic programs generally focus on obtaining procedure argument mode and type information. Variable sharing information is often given only the attention needed to preserve the correctness of the analysis. However, such sharing information can be very useful. In particular, it can be used for predicting run-time goal independence, which can eliminate costly run-time checks in and-parallel execution. In this paper, a new algorithm for doing abstract interpretation in logic programs is described which infers the dependencies of the terms bound to program variables with increased precisión and at all points in the execution of the program, rather than just at a procedure level. Algorithms are presented for computing abstract entry and success substitutions which extensively keep track of variable aliasing and term dependence information. The algorithms are illustrated with examples.

Efecto de la fertilización orgánica y mineral en las propiedades del suelo, la emisión de los principales gases de efecto invernadero y en las diferentes fases fenológicas del cultivo de café (Coffea arabica L.)

El cultivo de café es de gran importancia a nivel mundial (ICO, 2011), y en el Ecuador ha sido uno de los cultivos más importantes en la generación de divisas (COFENAC, 2011). Sin embargo en los sistemas productivos de este país se puede apreciar el uso inapropiado de fertilizantes, lo que conlleva a una pérdida de nutrientes, por lo que es importante estudiar las dosis adecuadas para la fertilización tanto mineral como orgánica. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la fertilización mineral y orgánica en diferentes dosis en un monocultivo de café en la provincia de Loja, sobre las propiedades del suelo, la emisión de los principales gases que provocan el efecto invernadero y la fenología y productividad del cultivo. En la provincia de Loja (Ecuador) se seleccionó un área de 2.520 m2 en la que se establecieron 21 parcelas de café arábigo (Coffea arabica L.) var. caturra y se aplicó tres tratamientos con tres repeticiones de fertilización mineral y tres orgánicos con dosis: bajas minerales (MIN 1= 157 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer año y 425 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el segundo año), medias minerales (MIN 2= 325 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer año y 650 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el segundo año) y altas minerales (MIN 3= 487 y 875 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer y segundo año respectivamente), bajas orgánicas (ORG 1= 147 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el primer año y 388 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el año dos), medias orgánicas (ORG 2= 265 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer año y 541 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el segundo año), altas orgánicas (ORG 3= 368 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer año y 727 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el segundo año) y fertilización cero (TES = sin fertilización). Se usó urea, roca fosfórica y muriato de potasio en la fertilización mineral y humus (Bioabor) en la orgánica, más un tratamiento testigo, cada tratamiento tuvo tres repeticiones. El tiempo de evaluación de los fertilizantes aplicados fue de dos años consecutivos, la fertilización se la realizó dos veces por año y en base a análisis del suelo y demandas nutricionales del cultivo. para determinar las características del suelo se realizó muestreos de suelos en cada parcela a una profundidad de 20 cm de estas muestras los parámetro iniciales determinados fueron: color (Munsell), textura (método del hidrómetro), pH (relación 1:2,5 suelo-agua), Materia orgánica (Walkey y Black), Nitrógeno (Micro Kjendahl), Fósforo (Bray y Kurtz), Potasio (Olsen), estos procesos se repitieron cada seis meses para poder evaluar los cambios de que se producen debido a la fertilización mineral y orgánica en el cultivo. Las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero desde el suelo al ambiente se determinaron por el método de cámara cerrada (Rondón, 2000) y la concentración por cromatografía de gases. Las mediciones fisiológicas (altura de planta, ancho de copa, grosor de tallo y producción) se las evaluó cada dos meses, a excepción de la producción que fue anual al término de cada cosecha. Además se realizó el análisis económico de la productividad del cultivo. El análisis estadístico de datos se lo realizó con el programa SPSS v. 17.0. Las medias fueron comprobadas mediante ANOVAS de un factor con test de Tukey (P < 0,05). El beneficio económico se estimó en términos de ingresos y gastos totales que se presentaron en el ensayo. Los resultados obtenidos al término del ensayo indican que los tratamientos MIN 2 y MIN 3 produjeron cambios más significativos en comparación con los otros tratamientos establecidos en la mejora de fertilidad del suelo, el pH ha sido menos afectado en la acidificación en comparación con los tratamientos orgánicos que se han acidificado mayormente; la materia orgánica (MO) tuvo incrementos considerablemente bueno en estos dos tratamientos, sin embargo fueron superados por los tratamientos de fertilización orgánica; el nitrógeno total (Nt )y el potasio (K) también presentaron mejores valores al termino del ensayo y el fósforo (P) mostro incrementos buenos aunque un poco menores que los de los tratamientos ORG 2 y ORG 3. En lo que respecta a las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, los flujos acumulados de óxido nitroso (N2O) en los dos años han aumentado en todos los tratamientos en comparación con el tratamiento Testigo, pero de manera considerable y con mayores flujos en el tratamiento MIN 3 y MIN 2 que se podrían considerarse los de mayor contaminación por N2O al ambiente lo que se le atribuye a las dosis de fertilización mineral aplicadas en el periodo de investigación, los tratamiento MIN 1 y todos los tratamientos orgánicos muestran menores emisiones al ambiente. Las emisiones de metano (CH4) no muestran mayores diferencias de emisiones entre tratamientos, siendo los mayores emisores los tratamientos ORG 3 y ORG 2 posiblemente debido al abono orgánico y añadido al suelo; para las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) de manera similar al CH4 el tratamiento ORG 3 fue el que presento mayores emisiones, los flujos de CO2 al ambiente de los otros tratamientos fueron menores y no presentaron diferencias significativas entre ellos. La variables fisiológicas en todos los casos apoyaron al desarrollo de las plantas de café, esto al ser comparadas con el tratamiento Testigo, sin embargo las que alcanzaron las mayores altitudes, anchos de copas y diámetro de tallo fueron las plantas del tratamiento MIN 3, seguido del MIN 3, no mostrando significancia entre ellos, y para los tratamientos orgánicos el que presento muy buenos resultados en estas variables ha sido el ORG 3, el cual no presento diferencias significativas con el MIN 2, lo cual comprueba que la fertilización mineral es más efectiva en este caso frente a la orgánica. Para el primer año de producción el tratamiento mineral con fertilización MIN 3 es el que obtuvo mayor producción no presentando diferencia estadística con el tratamiento con el MIN 2, no obstante fueron significativamente mayores que los otros tratamientos. Vale indicar que también el tratamiento MIN 1 y el tratamiento ORG 3 han presentado una producción considerable de café no mostrando diferencias estadísticas entre ellos. Para el segundo año la producción el cultivo mostró mayores rendimientos que el primer año de evaluación en todos los tratamientos, esto debido a la fisiología propia del cultivo y por otra parte se atribuye a la adición de fertilizantes que se ha realizado durante todo el ensayo; de manera similar al anterior los tratamientos MIN 3 y MIN 2 obtuvieron mejores rendimientos, no enseñando diferencias estadísticas significativas entre ellos, no obstante el tratamiento mineral dosis MEDIA no presentó significancia estadística con el ORG 3. El benéfico económico ha resultado mayor en el tratamiento MIN 3 y MIN 2, aunque el tratamiento MIN 2, es el que obtiene la mejor relación costo-beneficio; los tratamientos ORG 2 y ORG 3 y Testigo has producido beneficios negativos para el productor. En cuanto a la parte ambiental se considera que los mejores tratamientos en cuanto ha cuidado ambiental serían los tratamientos MIN 1 y ORG 1, sin embargo a nivel de producción y rentabilidad para el productor baja. ABSTRACT Coffee growing has great importance worldwide (ICO, 2011), and in Ecuador, it has been one of the most important crops to generate income (COFENAC, 2011). However, in the productive systems of this country, the inappropriate use of fertilizers has been observed which produces loss of nutrients, thus it is important to study suitable doses for mineral and organic fertilizing. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of mineral and organic fertilizing at different doses in a coffee monoculture in the province of Loja on soil characteristics, emission of the main gasses that produce the greenhouse effect and the phenology and productivity of crops. In the province of Loja (Ecuador) an area of 2.520 m2 was chosen, where 21 plots of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.), the caturra variety were cultivated and three treatments with three repetitions each one for mineral and organic fertilization were used with doses that ranged from: mineral low (MIN 1= 157 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first year y 425 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the second year), mineral medium (MIN 2= 325 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first year y 650 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 I the second year) y mineral high (MIN 3= 487 y 875 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first and second year respectively), organic low (ORG 1= 147 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 in the first year y 388 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 in the second year), organics medium (ORG 2= 265 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first year y 541 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 in the second year), organics high (ORG 3= 368 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first year and 727 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 in the second year) y fertilization zero (TES = no fertilization).; urea, phosphoric rock and muriate of potash were used in the mineral fertilization and humus (Bioabor) in the organic, plus a blank treatment. Time to evaluate the applied fertilizers was for two consecutive years, fertilization was done twice per year based on soil analysis and nutritional requirements of the crops. In order to determine the characteristics of the soil, samples of soil in each plot with a depth of 20 cm were done; from these samples, the determined initial parameters were: color (Munsell), texture (hydrometer method), pH (soil-water 1:2,5 relation), organic matter (Walkey y Black), nitrogen (Micro Kjendahl), phosphorus (Bray y Kurtz), potassium (Olsen); these processes were repeated each six months in order to evaluate the changes that are produced due to mineral and organic fertilization in the crops. The emissions of greenhouse gasses from the soil to the atmosphere were determined by using enclosure method (Rondón, 2000) and the concentration, by using gas chromatography during the whole testing. The physiological measures (plant height, width of the top of the tree, thickness of the stem and production) were evaluated each two months, except for production which was annual at the end of each harvest. Moreover, the economic analysis of the productivity of the crops was done. The statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS v. 17.0. The means were proved by ANOVAS with a factor of a Tukey test (P < 0,05). The economic benefit was estimated in terms of incomes and total expenses which were presented in the essay. The results obtained at the end of the essay show that the MIN 2 and MIN 3 treatments produced more meaningful changes in comparison with the other treatments used to improve soil fertility; pH was less affected in the acidification compared with the organic treatments which were greatly acidified; organic matter (MO) had increased considerably in these two treatments; however, they were surpassed by the organic treatments of fertilization; total nitrogen (Nt) and potassium (K) also presented better results at the end of the essay and phosphorus (P) showed good increasing figures although a little lower compared with ORG 2 and ORG 3 treatments. Regarding the emission of the greenhouse gasses, the fluxes accumulated from nitrous oxide (N2O) in two years increased in all the treatments in comparison with the blank treatment, but in a greater form and with higher fluxes in the MIN 3 and MIN 2 treatments which can be considered as the ones with greater contamination of N2O in the atmosphere, this can be due to the applied mineral doses to fertilize during the process; MIN 1 treatments and all the organic ones showed lower emission to the atmosphere. Methane emissions (CH4) did not show major differences in emissions in the treatments, being the greater emissions the ORG 3 and ORG 2 treatments; this is possibly due to the organic compost added to the soil; regarding carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in a similar way to CH4, the ORG 3 treatment was the one that presented greater emissions, the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere in the other treatments were lower and did not present meaningful differences among them. The physiological variables in all the cases helped coffee crops grow, this was observed when compared with the blank treatment; however, plants that reached the greatest height, width of top and diameter of stem were the plants of the MIN 3 treatment, followed by MIN 3, which did not show much significance among them, and for the organic treatments, the one that presented great results in these variables was ORG 3, which did not show meaningful differences compared with MIN 2, which proves that mineral fertilization is more effective in this case compared with the organic. In the first year of production, the mineral treatment with MIN 3 fertilization obtained greater production and thus did not show statistical difference with MIN 2 treatment, although the other treatments were greater. It is worth mentioning that MIN 1 treatment and ORG 3 treatment presented a meaningful production of coffee, not showing statistical differences among them. For the second year, the production of the crops showed greater profits than in the first year of evaluation in all the treatments, this was due to the physiological properties of the crops and on the other hand, it might be due to the addition of fertilizers during the whole essay; in a similar way, MIN 3 and MIN 2 performed better, not showing greater statistical differences among them, although the mineral treatment MEDIUM doses did not show statistical difference compared with ORG 3. The economic benefit was greater in the MIN 3 and MIN 2 treatments, although MIN 2 treatment is the one that shows the best cost-benefit ratios; ORG 2 and ORG 3 treatments and the blank produced negative benefits for the producer. Regarding the environment, the best treatments to care for the atmosphere are considered to be MIN 1 and ORG 1 treatments; however, regarding production volume and profitability they were low for the producer.

Comparativa de métodos de descontaminación de suelos afectados por hidrocarburos. Aplicación a la obra del AVE de Málaga

El objetivo de esta tesis, va a ser la investigación y desarrollo de tratamientos de biorremediación para conseguir la recuperación de los terrenos contaminados situados en el tramo del tren de alta velocidad entre Córdoba y Málaga, reduciendo de esta forma los residuos enviados a vertederos. Para ello, se va a investigar y a desarrollar una tecnología innovadora de descontaminación in situ de suelos con altas concentraciones de hidrocarburos, basándonos en el landfarming y como principal avance la coexistencia con hidróxido de magnesio, elemento no utilizado nunca y potencialmente muy útil. Se va a pretender reducir la concentración final de hidrocarburos y el tiempo de tratamiento, sin transportar a vertedero los residuos. Se desean conseguir las condiciones ambientales óptimas que permitan potenciar la degradación microbiana de los hidrocarburos y sus productos residuales en corto tiempo Se va a investigar el empleo del hidróxido de magnesio como complemento al landfarming y a buscar las sinergias de este compuesto como gran fijador de metales pesados. ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis will be the research and development of bioremediation treatments for the recovery of contaminated land in the stretch of the high speed train between Cordoba and Malaga, thereby reducing waste sent to landfills. To do this, is to research and develop innovative technology for in situ remediation of soil with high concentrations of hydrocarbons, based on the main progress landfarming and coexistence with magnesium hydroxide, item never used and potentially very useful. It will pretend to reduce the final hydrocarbon concentration and treatment time, without transporting waste landfill. They want to get the optimum environmental conditions for enhancing microbial degradation of hydrocarbons and waste products in a short time It will investigate the use of magnesium hydroxide as a complement to landfarming and seek synergies of this compound as a great fixer of heavy metals.

INFLUÊNCIA DO LASER DE BAIXA INTENSIDADE NA VELOCIDADE DA MOVIMENTAÇÃO ORTODÔNTICA

Este estudo investigou os efeitos do laser de baixa intensidade na velocidade da movimentação ortodôntica de caninos submetidos à retração inicial. A amostra constou de 26 caninos superiores e inferiores, submetidos à retração inicial realizada com mola Niti, com força de 150g. Um dos caninos foi irradiado com laser de diodo, seguindo o protocolo de aplicação: 780nm/20mW/5Jcm2/0,2J por ponto/Et=2J, nos dias 0, 3 e 7 pós-ativação, sendo que o contralateral foi considerado placebo. A retração durou em média 4 meses, num total de 9 aplicações de laser. Os modelos de cada mês foram escaneados com scanner 3D (3Shape) e as imagens tridimensionais foram analisadas por meio do Software Geomagic Studio 5, para a mensuração da quantidade de movimentação dos caninos retraídos. Foi empregada a Análise de Variância a três critérios, seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Para verificação da integridade tecidual, foram efetuadas radiografias periapicais iniciais e finais dos caninos retraídos e dos molares, nas quais foram avaliados uma possível reabsorção na crista alveolar, por meio da distância da crista óssea alveolar até a junção cemento-esmalte e os níveis de reabsorção radicular, por meio do índice de Levander e Malmgreen, sendo este último avaliado somente nos caninos retraídos. Para isto, foi empregado o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon (p<0,05). Os resultados indicaram que houve um aumento estatisticamente significante na velocidade da movimentação dos caninos irradiados comparados ao seu contralateral, em todos os tempos avaliados, como também a preservação da integridade tecidual. Com isso, concluiu-se que o laser de diodo pode acelerar a movimentação ortodôntica, podendo contribuir para a diminuição do tempo de tratamento.(AU)

INFLUÊNCIA DO LASER DE BAIXA INTENSIDADE NA VELOCIDADE DA MOVIMENTAÇÃO ORTODÔNTICA

Este estudo investigou os efeitos do laser de baixa intensidade na velocidade da movimentação ortodôntica de caninos submetidos à retração inicial. A amostra constou de 26 caninos superiores e inferiores, submetidos à retração inicial realizada com mola Niti, com força de 150g. Um dos caninos foi irradiado com laser de diodo, seguindo o protocolo de aplicação: 780nm/20mW/5Jcm2/0,2J por ponto/Et=2J, nos dias 0, 3 e 7 pós-ativação, sendo que o contralateral foi considerado placebo. A retração durou em média 4 meses, num total de 9 aplicações de laser. Os modelos de cada mês foram escaneados com scanner 3D (3Shape) e as imagens tridimensionais foram analisadas por meio do Software Geomagic Studio 5, para a mensuração da quantidade de movimentação dos caninos retraídos. Foi empregada a Análise de Variância a três critérios, seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Para verificação da integridade tecidual, foram efetuadas radiografias periapicais iniciais e finais dos caninos retraídos e dos molares, nas quais foram avaliados uma possível reabsorção na crista alveolar, por meio da distância da crista óssea alveolar até a junção cemento-esmalte e os níveis de reabsorção radicular, por meio do índice de Levander e Malmgreen, sendo este último avaliado somente nos caninos retraídos. Para isto, foi empregado o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon (p<0,05). Os resultados indicaram que houve um aumento estatisticamente significante na velocidade da movimentação dos caninos irradiados comparados ao seu contralateral, em todos os tempos avaliados, como também a preservação da integridade tecidual. Com isso, concluiu-se que o laser de diodo pode acelerar a movimentação ortodôntica, podendo contribuir para a diminuição do tempo de tratamento.(AU)

Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy

Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the form of triple combinations of drugs including protease inhibitors can reduce the plasma viral load of some HIV-1-infected individuals to undetectable levels, it is unclear what the effects of these regimens are on latently infected CD4+ T cells and what role these cells play in the persistence of HIV-1 infection in individuals receiving such treatment. The present study demonstrates that highly purified CD4+ T cells from 13 of 13 patients receiving HAART with an average treatment time of 10 months and with undetectable (<500 copies HIV RNA/ml) plasma viremia by a commonly used bDNA assay carried integrated proviral DNA and were capable of producing infectious virus upon cellular activation in vitro. Phenotypic analysis of HIV-1 produced by activation of latently infected CD4+ T cells revealed the presence in some patients of syncytium-inducing virus. In addition, the presence of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in infected resting CD4+ T cells from patients receiving HAART, even those with undetectable plasma viremia, suggests persistent active virus replication in vivo.

Dissociation of HIV-1 from follicular dendritic cells during HAART: Mathematical analysis

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) provide a reservoir for HIV type 1 (HIV-1) that may reignite infection if highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is withdrawn before virus on FDC is cleared. To estimate the treatment time required to eliminate HIV-1 on FDC, we develop deterministic and stochastic models for the reversible binding of HIV-1 to FDC via ligand–receptor interactions and examine the consequences of reducing the virus available for binding to FDC. Analysis of these models shows that the rate at which HIV-1 dissociates from FDC during HAART is biphasic, with an initial period of rapid decay followed by a period of slower exponential decay. The speed of the slower second stage of dissociation and the treatment time required to eradicate the FDC reservoir of HIV-1 are insensitive to the number of virions bound and their degree of attachment to FDC before treatment. In contrast, the expected time required for dissociation of an individual virion from FDC varies sensitively with the number of ligands attached to the virion that are available to interact with receptors on FDC. Although most virions may dissociate from FDC on the time scale of days to weeks, virions coupled to a higher-than-average number of ligands may persist on FDC for years. This result suggests that HAART may not be able to clear all HIV-1 trapped on FDC and that, even if clearance is possible, years of treatment will be required.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Military and Veterans Affairs (VA) Combat-Related PTSD Programs

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effectiveness of 55 treatment outcomes reported by military and Veterans Affairs (VA) treatment centers for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The analysis includes 46 tested treatment outcomes derived from 21 psychotherapy studies, and nine tested treatment outcomes derived from seven pharmacotherapy studies, which were obtained through PsychINFO and PsychARTICLES database searches, as well as a reference search. Analysis of all treatment outcomes suggested a statistically significant, and meaningful, decrease in PTSD symptoms between baseline and post-treatment time points, t(54) = 9.27, p < .001, d = 0.35. Additionally, analysis of outcomes between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treatments resulted in statistically significant differences in PTSD assessment scores at post-test, indicating a greater degree of change for psychotherapy than for pharmacotherapy.

Spherical carbons: Synthesis, characterization and activation processes

Spherical carbons have been prepared through hydrothermal treatment of three carbohydrates (glucose, saccharose and cellulose). Preparation variables such as treatment time, treatment temperature and concentration of carbohydrate have been analyzed to obtain spherical carbons. These spherical carbons can be prepared with particle sizes larger than 10 μm, especially from saccharose, and have subsequently been activated using different activation processes (H3PO4, NaOH, KOH or physical activation with CO2) to develop their textural properties. All these spherical carbons maintained their spherical morphology after the activation process, except when KOH/carbon ratios higher than 4/1 were used, which caused partial destruction of the spheres. The spherical activated carbons develop interesting textural properties with the four activating agents employed, reaching surface areas up to 3100 m2/g. Comparison of spherical activated carbons obtained with the different activating agents, taking into account the yields obtained after the activation process, shows that phosphoric acid activation produces spherical activated carbons with higher developed surface areas. Also, the spherical activated carbons present different oxygen groups’ content depending on the activating agent employed (higher surface oxygen groups content for chemical activation than for physical activation).

Structural and photoelectrochemical properties of porous TiO2 nanofibers decorated with Fe2O3 by sol-flame

The hybrid structure of Fe2O3 nanoparticles/TiO2 nanofibers (NFs), combines the merits of large surface areas of TiO2 NFs and absorption in ultraviolet light–visible light range. This structure can be used for many applications such as photoelectrochemical water splitting and photo-catalysis. Here, a sol-flame method is used for depositing Fe2O3 on TiO2 NFs that were prepared by hydrothermal on Ti sheets. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance, Raman, and XPS. The results revealed the formation of rutile and anatase crystalline phases together with Fe2O3. This process moves the absorption threshold of TiO2 NFs support into visible spectrum range and enhances the photocurrent in comparison to bare TiO2 NFs, although no hole scavenger was used. The impedance measurement at low and high frequencies revealed an increase in series resistance and a decrease in resistance of charge transfer with sol-flame treatment time. A mechanism for explaining the charge transfer in these TiO2 NFs decorated with Fe2O3 nanoparticles was proposed.

Conservative endodontic management of teeth associated with extensive periapical pathology: report of two cases

Traditionally, long-term calcium hydroxide dressings have been recommended for the conservative management of large periapical lesions. However, calcium hydroxide therapy has some disadvantages such as variability of treatment time, difficulties with patient follow-up and prolonged treatment periods that increase the risk of root canal contamination via microleakage and crown fractures. This paper reports the healing of large periapical lesions following conservative non-surgical treatment with calcium hydroxide dressings.

Temperature changes in dental pulp associated with use of power grinding equipment on equine teeth

Objective To quantify the temperature changes in the dental pulp associated with equine dental procedures using power grinding equipment. Design A matrix experimental design with replication on the same sample was followed to allow the following independent variables to be assessed: horse age (young or old), tooth type (premolar or molar), powered grinding instrument (rotating disc or die grinder), grinding time (15 or 20 seconds) and the presence or absence of water coolant. Procedure Sound premolar and molar teeth from a 6-year-old horse and a 15-year-old horse, which had been removed postmortem, were sectioned parallel to the occlusal plane to allow placement of a miniature thermocouple at the level of the dental pulp. The maximum temperature increase, the time taken to reach this maximum and the cooling time were measured (n=10 in each study). The teeth were placed in a vice and the instrument used on the tooth as per clinical situation. Results Significant differences were recorded for horse age (P < 0.001), instrument type (P < 0.001), grinding time (P < 0.001) and presence or absence of coolant (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference for tooth type. Conclusion Thermal insult to the dental pulp from the use of power instruments poses a significant risk to the tooth. This risk can be reduced or eliminated by appropriate selection of treatment time and by the use of water irrigation as a coolant. The increased dentine thickness in older horses appears to mitigate against thermal injury from frictional heat.

COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE A APLICAÇÃO ÚNICA E FRACIONADA DO LASER DE BAIXA INTENSIDADE NA MOVIMENTAÇÃO DENTÁRIA EM RATOS

O laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) tem demonstrado efeitos bioestimulatórios na movimentação ortodôntica, acelerando a resposta celular e, reduzindo o tempo de tratamento. Entretanto, o uso do LBI seria mais efetivo com maior potência, menor tempo (única irradiação), ou a junção da menor potência e tempo em aplicação fracionada? Este estudo visou quantificar a movimentação de molares de 64 ratos e suas alterações histológicas, submetidos a uma força ortodôntica, liberada por meio de uma mola fechada de níquel-titânio (Niti/25gf), calibrada em 20gf. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos (cada grupo com 16 ratos), de acordo com os seguintes protocolos de irradiação do laser GaAlAs(780nm): grupo controle , submetidos à movimentação ortodôntica mas sem aplicação do LBI ; grupo total 1 (P=60mW/DE=15J/cm²/Et=6J/t=100seg), com a movimentação ortodôntica associada à única aplicação do LBI laser (P=60mW/DE=15J/cm²/Et=6J/t=100seg) no dia zero. Grupo total 2 em que o LBI foi aplicado no dia 0, segundo o protocolo P=20mW/DE=15J/cm²/E=6J/t=300seg;,; e Grupo fracionado em que o LBI foi aplicado nos dias 0, 3 e 7, empregando-se o protocolo (P=20mW/DE=5J/cm²/E=2J/t=100seg). Os sacrifício dos ratos foi realizado em quatro momentos (dias 1,4,8 e 15), sendo que 4 ratos de cada grupo foi sacrificado em cada um dos dias. A quantidade de movimentação ortodôntica foi mensurada in loco por meio de paquímetro digital, antes da instalação das molas e, imediatamente após o sacrifício dos animais. Para o exame histológico, as maxilas foram removidas, preparadas e coradas pelo sistema H/E. Os resultados foram avaliados pela Análise de Variância, seguida do teste Tukey (p<0,05). O grupo fracionado apresentou maior movimentação dentária frente aos demais nos dias 4 e 8, sendo que os grupos total 1 e 2 demonstraram maior movimentação dentária que o controle somente no dia 8. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos total 1 e 2 em todo o período avaliado. Este estudo concluiu que, o laser de baixa intensidade acelerou a movimentação dentária, salientando-se o efeito da aplicação fracionada em relação às aplicações únicas.