Geologie und Hydrogeologie im Raum Bad Pyrmont unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Quellensystems

The hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry of salt and fresh water from solid rock aquifer systems in the Pyrmont area are described and interpreted on the basis of recent investigations including geoelectrics, isotope hydrology, soil air analysis. Theories on the source of the springs in this area are developed, which explain the different compositions of the springs and make it possible to protect them. Data from new and re-interpretated drill holes, borehole logs and outcrops suggest a revision of the geological structure of the Pyrmont dome. Bad Pyrmont is situated on a wide dome of Triassic rocks in the southern part of the Lower Saxony uplands. Inversion of the relief has caused the development of an erosional basin surrounded by prominent ridges. Deep faults developed at the crest of the dome as this part of the structure was subjected to the strongest tectonic stress. Subrosion of the Zechstein salts in the western part of the dome has caused the main salt bed to wedge out below the western part of the dome along a N-S striking structure; this structure is refered to as the „Salzhang“ (salt slope). West of the „Salzhang“, where subrosion has removed the salt bed that prevents gas rising from below, carbon dioxide of deep volcanic origin can now rise to the surface. Hydraulic cross sections illustrate the presence of extensive and deep-seated groundwater flow within the entire Pyrmont dome. While groundwater flow is directed vertically downwards in the ridges surrounding the dome, centripetal horizontal flow predominates the intermediate area. In the central part of the dome, groundwater rises to join the River Emmer, which is the main receiving water course in the central part of the eroded basin. The depth of the saltwater/freshwater interface is determinated by the weight of the superimposed freshwater body. Hydrochemical cross sections show the shape and position of the interface and document a certain degree of hydrochemical zonation of the gently mineralized fresh water. Genetic relationships between the two main water types and the hydrochemical zones of the freshwater body are discussed. The knowledge of the hydrogeological relationship in the Bad Pyrmont aquifer systems permits a spatially narrow coexistence of wells withdrawing groundwater for different purposes (medicinal, mineral, drinking and industrial water).

Late Devonian (Famennian) jaws: the icriodid multielement apparatus and its function

In this study the conodont multielement apparatus of Late Devonian (Famennian) Icriodus altematus is described which has been reconstructed from clustered group findings and separated elements. This apparatus is markedly different from classical ozarkodinid apparatuses and needs further consideration of its functional morphology. Since bedding plane assemblages of Icriodus altematus are yet unknown, a spatial reconstruction of this apparatus and a feeding mechanism are proposed which are based on the oropharyngal apparatus of recent lampreys. Though the extant representatives of petromyzontoids are not close phylogenetic relatives of extinct conodonts, there exist intriguing analogies concerning the morphology of the tooth types and the presumed spatial distribution within the oral cavity of both taxa.

Entwicklung der Faziesverteilung eines Riffkomplexes im Korallenoolith (Oberjura) des Osterwaldes (Niedersachsen)

The Hainholz quarry in the Osterwald hills of NW-Germany is the most impressive outcrop in the Lower Saxony Basin exposing Late Jurassic (Korallenoolith, Oxfordian) coral buildups. The Korallenoolith deposits in the quarry commence with a oolitic sequence about 20 m thick which is limited by a distinctive hardground at its top. This sequence is overlain by the so called “Obere Korallenbank”-Member about 13 m in thickness which is mainly build up by coral reef complexes. Throughout a lateral extend of about 400 m exposed in the quarry, the Obere Korallenbank Member shows numerous pillar-shaped reefal build ups which are flanked by a reefal debris limestone. The coral fauna of the in situ reefal bioconstructions comprises not less than 37 taxa most of which have been described from the Lower Saxony Basin for the first time. Probably, the pillar-shaped reefs formed a small positive relief of only a few dm against the debris deposits during deposition. The interreef debris limestones in the lower and middle part of the Obere Korallenbank Member show three intercalated biostromal coral layers. In the upper part of the member, the interreef facies is represented by a mikritic peloidal limestone rich in sponge remains and, unusual in such a depositional environment, ammonites (Dichotomo-sphinctes bifurcatoides, D. sp.). Additionaly, at the top of of the peloidal limestone a layer enriched in nerineids and other gastropods limits the reefal constructions of the Obere Korallenbank Member against the overlying “humeralis-Oolith” sequence. On the basis of the facies development of this depositional sequence the reef formation in relation to sealevel changes is discussed.

Paläobiogeographie des Korallenooliths (Mittleres Oxfordium - Unteres Kimmeridgium): Tethyale Faunen- und Florenelement auf höherer Paläobreite

An overview is given here on the palaeobiogeography of the Korallenoolith Formation (middle Oxfordian to early Kimmeridgian) in NW Germany (Lower Saxony Basin). Based on microfacies observations, abundant faunal and floral elements of the tropical tethyan realm are recognized in shallow-marine calcareous sediments of the Korallenoolith Formation. Foraminiferal fauna is both highly diverse and abundant and mostly of mediterranean character. Also, there is a small flora recorded, which includes heavily calcified red algae, aragonitic green algae, and cayeuxiid algae. They display restricted diversity when compared to those of shallow-marine tropical tethyan seas. Chaetetids and diceratids are locally abundant. Lithocodium aggregatum and Bacinella irregularis have been observed in Late Jurassic palaeolatitudes north of the Tethys for the first time. Corals are present in numerous genera and species. Their occurrence is restricted to a few horizons of the Korallenoolith Formation where they build patch reefs, coral biostroms and coral meadows. The overall character of the coral-thrombolite-reefs (florigemma-Bank Member) is very similar to those of the Tethys. The presence of these marine tethyan taxa assigned the position of the Lower Saxony Basin during middle Oxfordian to early Kimmeridgian palaeobiogeographically into the submediterranean province and reflects northward migration of tropical tethyan fauna and flora which reach in the Lower Saxony Basin their northern limit. These biota seem to be biogeo-graphically transitional between communities present in England and the Tethys.

Bryozoan borings in shells of Costa Rican miocene oysters

Borings of bryozoan colonies are rare fossils and hitherto unknown from Central America. Four different types of zoaria, belonging to Spathipora sp., Terebripora sp. A, Terebripora cf. falunica and Iramena sp., were recognized. They are developed on shells of Miocene oysters (Saccostrea sp. and Ostrea sp.) from shell - beds of the Venado-Formation (Northern Limon - San Carlos Basin, Costa Rica). The period of colonization and growth by bryozoans and/or a few other benthic invertebrates was probably a short - term event, followed by suffocation from accumlating sediment.

Age an origin of the "Mexican Onyx" at San Antonio Texcala (Puebla, Mexico)

A great variety of color banded CaC03 is known as „Mexican Onyx“, and is extensively used for ornamental purposes. Within the San Antonio Texcala mining district an area of about 24.000 m2 is covered by a thick travertine crust with a calculated volume of at least 2,8 x 1061. It originates from warm waters that emerge on young fissures and faults. It seems to be likely that the travertine formation is related to the hydrothermal activity of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt and to the seismicity of this zone. The deposit is built up by different travertine varieties. The main lithotypes are: (1) dense crystalline laminated travertine; (2) ray crystal travertine; (3) shrub layer travertine; (4) irregular porous travertine; (5) travertine breccia. Textural variation seems to be related to water temperature/distance from the emergence point, rapid or slow degassing of CO, and bacterial influence. At the moment, a light green banded variety (native sulfur impurities) is mined. It is the facture fill of a morphological prominent fissure-ridge travertine. U/Th data indicate, that the travertine has been deposited since at least 52 + 5 ka.

Teeth of a small durophagous crocodile from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of North Germany

An outcrop of Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) age in Lower Saxony (NW Germany) has yielded small teeth probably of crocodilian origin. The dental morphology is still unknown among crocodiles and indicates a durophagous habit. The teeth are provisionally referred to as Metasuchia fam., gen. et sp. indet.

Hydrothermale Dolomitisierung im Kauffunger Kalkstein (Paläozoikum - W-Sudeten, Polen

Within the Kauffung Limestone dolomite bodies related to volcanic contacts occure and are interpreted as a post-Variscan, hydrothermal volcanogenic formation. Two genetic dolomite types are discernible: a pervasive replacement saddle dolomite and a cavity filling saddle dolomite cement. Micro texture and oxygen isotopy of both dolomite types refer to heightened temperatures of formation. The ocurrence of the dolomite in contact to cross-cutting rhyolithic dikes points to a close petrogenetic relation. Dolomite bodies and rhyolithic injections in contrast to the rock wall are characterized by a distinctive cavernous texture, so that a prekinematic genesis is excluded. The formation of replacement saddle dolomite and saddle dolomite cement altogether are considered as a concomitant phenomenon of the Permo-Carboniferous volcanism widespread in the Bober-Katzbach Mountains.

Der Kauffunger Kalkstein (Bober-Katzbach Gebirge, Polen): Petrographie, Fossilinventar, Stratigraphie

In the Western Sudetes (Mts.) in SW Poland carbonate rocks occur which are well known in the older German literature as ’’Kauffung Limestone” or ’’Wojcieszow Limestone” in recent publications, respectively. They are intercalated in sedimentary (shales) and volcanic (greenstone) successions and are, presumed - due to the lack of index fossils - to be Cambrian in age. These deposits occur in a variety of isolated massifs in the Bober-Katzbach Mts. where they have been mined in many quarries in the past. In a single location (Polom quarry near Wojcieszow) they are exploited up until today. The predominantly calcitic rocks display a wide variety of different lithologies and are, consequently, subdivided into the following lithological units which differ in textural characteristics, mineral constituents, and different grades of diagenetic and metamorphic alteration: 1. Calcite Marble: massive, calcitic, chiefly metamorphic recrystallized. 2. Zebra Limestone: dolomitic-calcitic, certain content of metasomatic silica, fine bedding as a result of microbial calcite precipitation or of diagenetic to metamorphic separation of carbonate and silica constituents. 3. Massive matrix Dolomite: compact, of diagenetic to metamorphic origin. 4. Dolomite Marble: metamorphic. 5. Hydrothermal Dolomite: hydrothermal alteration of limestone, postdating the tectonic deformation. The recent appearance of ’’Kauffung Limestone” is mainly a result of regional metamorphosis at low temperature up to about 300°C and locally high pressure. The typical textural features are stress induced, mostly protomylonitic calcite recrystallisation and generally slowly or not infected dolomite crystals. The different reactions of the two carbonate phases are attributed to their mineral properties. Rhyolitic and dacitic dykes penetrating the carbonate rocks are interpreted as a result of post- orogenic, probably Carboniferous or Permian volcanism. Microprobe investigation on the carbonates revealed a stochiometric composition of dolomite and calcite. The stable isotope content (8 c 0,8* ^C) reflects increased crystallisation temperature of the carbonate minerals (8 O von -7,75 bis -15,78). A variety of fossil remains have been extracted from bulk samples, consisting of sponge needles, floral components, foramini- fera, and vertebrate remains the latter two of which indicate a depositional age younger than Ordovician. Due to the stratigraphic re-attribution of the Kauffung Limestone, the hypothesis of a Cambrian/Ordovician rifting in the Western Sudetes should be abandoned.

Beurteilung der geomechanischen Stabilität und Integrität von Endlagerbergwerken im Salzgebirge auf der Grundlage geologischer und ingenieurgeologischer Untersuchungen

Any safety assessment of a permanent repository for radioactive waste has to include an analysis of the geomechanical stability of the repository and integrity of the geological barrier. Such an analysis is based on geological and engineering geological studies of the site, on laboratory and in-situ experiments, and on numerical calculations. Central part of the safety analysis is the geomechanical modelling of the host rock. The model should simulate as closely as possible the conditions at the site and the behaviour of the rock (e.g., geology, repository geometry, initial rock stress, and constitutive models). On the basis of the geomechanical model numerical calculations are carried out using the finite-element method and an appropriate discretization of the repository and the host rock. The assessment of the repository stability and the barrier integrity is based on calculated stress and deformation and on the behaviour of the host rock measured and observed in situ. An example of the geomechanical analysis of the stability and integrity of the Bartensieben mine, a former salt mine, is presented. This mine is actually used as a repository for low level radioactive waste. The example includes all necessary steps of geological, engineering geological, and geotechnical investigations.

Zur Biostratigraphie und Fazies der Unterkreide-Serien (Hauterivium - Aptium) im Eisenerz-Tagebau "Morgenstern" N-Goslar (SE-Niedersachsen)

Im aufgelassenen Eisenerz-Tagebau "Morgenstern" wurde zwischen liegendem Erz und hangendem "Gaultkonglomerat" ein ca. 58 m mächtiger Schichtkomplex lithologisch und biostratigraphisch bearbeitet. Die Schichtglieder konnten anhand der begleitenden Megafauna (Belemniten, Ammoniten) und in Verbindung mit der Mikrofauna (Foraminiferen) stratigraphisch eingestuft werden. Die Foraminiferenfauna aus 93 Mikroproben wurde bearbeitet und im Sinne von MICHAEL (1974) palökologisch analysiert. Die aufgeschlossenen Schichtglieder gehören dem höchsten Mittel- Barremium (Zone des "Crioceras" sparsicosta), dem Ober-Barre- mium sowie dem Aptium an. Das Ober-Barremium konnte in die Zone des Simancyloceras stolleyi und die Zone des Parancyloceras bidentatum & P. scalare gegliedert werden. Innerhalb des Aptium konnten die beiden Unterstufen gegeneinander abgegrenzt werden; eine Ausgliederung der Zonen war hier jedoch nur teilweise und unter Vorbehalt möglich. Der aufgeschlossene Teil der Erzfazies bleibt auf das oberste Mittel-Barremium (Dachbereich des "Hauptlagers") und die stolleyi- Zone des Ober-Barremium ("Hangendes Lager" und "Zwischenlager") beschränkt; die Lager sind somit jünger als bisher von älteren Autoren (z.B. KOLBE 1962, 1970; NEUMANN 1964) angenommen wurde.

Die Feldspatgehalte quartärzeitlicher Sande Niedersachsens

The feldspar contents of 373 samples from quaternary sands of Lower Saxony (West Germany) were determined. The samples were taken in all parts of Lower Saxony and represent a selec- tion of quaternary Sediments of different age and genetic origin. 7 different methods of investigation were tested to determine the content of feldspar both qualitative and quantitative. Polarizing mioroscopy, x-ray diffractometry, Chemical analysis and staining fit these aims best. The most important results of these investigations are: - The quarternary Lower Saxonian sands have an average content of 4.4 weight-% potassium feldspars and 0.8 weight-% plagio- clase. - All tested samples have a similar qualitative feldspar compo- sition. There are monocline, tricline and - more rare - per- thitic potassium feldspars with a rather high (greater 80 %) KAlSi3O8 content. From the plagioclase feldspars only albite, oligoclase and little andesine were indicated. - The potassium feldspar content is higher in each sample than the plagioclase content. - The feldspar content depends on age and genetic origin of each sand. Generally spoken the feldspar content lessens with increasing age. Glaciofluviatile and basin sands usually have a higher feldspar content than fluvial or aeolian sands of the same age. - The feldspar content is highly influenced by grain size com- position. A minimum of feldspar content lies between 0.4 and 1 .0 mm grain size. Fine sands usually have a higher feldspar content than coarse sands. The reason for this phenomenon is weathering. - There are no regional differences in the amount of feldspar content. - The feldspar content is not high enough for commercial mining.

Fluß-, Schmelzwasser- und Solifluktions-Ablagerungen im Terrassengebiet der Leine und der Innerste : ein Beitrag zur pleistozänen Flußgeschichte Südniedersachsens

Vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen Beitrag zur pleistozänen Flußgeschichte von Innerste und Leine - S-Niedersachsen - dar. Darüber hinaus wird die Frage einer E-W-Entwässerung NW-Deutschlands im Alt-Quartär diskutiert. Hierfür werden im wesentlichen Geröllanalysen herangezogen. Ihr Vergleich kann die von HECK (1928) postulierte Verbindung Werra - Leine im Alt-Pleistozän über den "Eichenberger Paß" nicht bestätigen. Möglich erscheinen hingegen sowohl ein "Mulde-Saale Flußlauf" (GENIESER, 1970) als auch eine Verbindung Weser-Leine über Coppenbrügge (LÜTTIG, 1955), um die Gerölle aus Thüringer- Wald-Kristallin in den "Oberterrassen"-Ablagerungen und ihren Umlagerungsprodukten bei Hannover zu erklären. Der Verbindung Weser-Leine wird, nach Abwägung aller Fakten, der Vorzug gegeben. Die Geröllzusammensetzung der Mittelterrasse zeigt überwiegend den unmittelbaren Einfluß des jeweils benachbarten anstehenden Festgesteins. Dieses wird über den Umweg von Hangschuttmassen zugeführt. Wo Oberterrassen- Ablagerungen vorhanden sind, können sie ebenfalls in den Mittelterrassen-Sedimenten mit aufgearbeitet sein. Die Niederterrassen-Ablagerungen müssen zumindest in Teilen des Untersuchungsgebietes als Umlagerungsprodukt der Mittelterrassen-Ablagerungen angesehen werden. Die Unterscheidung von Schmelzwasser- und Terrassenkiesen gelingt jeweils nur für Proben aus eng benachbarten Ablagerungsräumen. Allerdings sind erstere oft durch einen vergleichsweise höheren Anteil N-Materials sowie durch, in gefrorenem Zustand transportierte, Ton- sowie Schluffgerölle ausgezeichnet.

Zur Lithologie und Genese der Elster-Grundmoränen und der Haupt-Drenthe-Grundmoräne im westlichen Elbe-Weser-Dreieck

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die vertikale und laterale lithologische Differenziertheit der Grundmoränen und anderen moränalen Sedimente der Elstereiszeit und des Haupt- Drenthestadials der Saaleeiszeit zu charakterisieren. Die Untersuchungen sollen in erster Linie die Gefügevariabilität der lithostratigraphisch eingestuften Einheiten in den einzelnen Aufschlüssen erfassen und nachfolgend einen regionalen Vergleich ermöglichen. Aus dem Gefüge der Moränen, insbesondere aus den Texturmerkmalen, soll versucht werden, die maßgebenden moränenbildenden Prozesse bzw. den genetischen Till-Typ abzuleiten. Völlig sichere Aussagen können jedoch nur in wenigen Fällen erwartet werden, da die Kriterien für den Nachweis der genetischen Till-Typen oft nicht eindeutig sind und manche Gefügemerkmale verschieden genetisch interpretiert werden können (vgl. HALDORSEN & SHAW 1982) . Die genetischen Till-Typen sind eng an die Dynamik des den Till bildenden Gletschers geknüpft. Regional gültige Aussagen zur Inlandeisdynamik erfordern jedoch eine größere Zusammenschau von Untersuchungsergebnissen, als sie hier vorgenommen werden kann.

Die pleistozäne Vereisungsgrenze im südlichen Niedersachsen und im östlichen Westfalen

Mit Hilfe von Geländebegehungen, Literatur- und Karten-Auswertung sowie Befragungen von Ortskundigen wurde die Verbreitungsgrenze nordischer Geschiebe (Geschiebegrenze) im südlichen Niedersachsen und östlichen Westfalen ermittelt. Weiterhin erfolgte eine Zusammenstellung stratigraphisch wichtiger Aufschlüsse. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden in zahlreichen Karten und Tabellen dargestellt, wobei eine genaue Auflistung aller berücksichtigten Fundpunkte erfolgte. Für das Untersuchungsgebiet lassen sich die folgenden Aussagen ableiten: 1. Anhand der Geschiebegrenze läßt sich auf die maximale Ausdehnung des pleistozänen Inlandeises (allgemeine Vereisungsgrenze) schließen. Da nahe der Geschiebegrenze meist jedoch nur einzelne Geschiebefunde auftreten, bei denen anthropogener Transport, in einigen Fällen auch fluviatile oder glazifluviatile Umlagerung, nicht auszuschließen sind, ist die in dieser Arbeit konstruierte Geschiebegrenze und somit auch die allgemeine Vereisungsgrenze z. T. unsicher. 2. In mehreren Teilgebieten drang das pleistozäne Inlandeis nachweislich weiter nach S, als dies in früheren Arbeiten (LÜTTIG 1955 a; SERAPHIM 1972) angegeben wurde. 3. Zur maximalen Ausdehnung von Elster-, bzw. Saale-Vereisung lassen sich keine sicheren Aussagen machen. Nur aufgrund theoretischer Überlegungen wird eine Elster- und eine Saale-zeitliche Vereisungsgrenze konstruiert. Anhand von Vorkommen glaziärer Sedimente, die stratigraphisch eindeutig zuzuordnen sind, wird eine "Linie der Mindestausdehnung der Elster-Vereisung" und eine "Linie der Mindestausdehnung der Saale-Vereisung" dargestellt. Die Auswertung von insgesamt 624 Schwermineralanalysen quartärer Lockersedimente (Mittelterrasse-, Niederterrasse-, rezente und holozäne Fluß-Sedimente) erbrachte folgende Ergebnisse: 1. übersteigt bei einem quartären Lockersediment der Anteil der Schwerminerale Gemeine Hornblende, Disthen und Sillimanit (z. T. auch Granat und Epidot/Zoisit) bestimmte Grenzwerte und befindet sich das Sediment außerhalb des Bereiches präglazialer Gesteinsvorkommen, die Lieferant dieser Schwerminerale sein könnten, so läßt sich annehmen, daß die Bildung des Sedimentes durch das pleistozäne Inlandeis oder dessen Schmelzwässer beeinflußt wurde. 2. Liegt bei einem quartären Lockersediment der Anteil der o. g. Schwerminerale unter den entsprechenden Grenzwerten, so kann dies auf Nicht-Vereisung des betreffenden Gebietes zurückzuführen sein, möglicherweise aber auch auf andere Ursachen.