Oath of allegiance to George II by Jews in American colonies

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Politics and Literary Prizes:A Case Study of Spanish America and the Premio Cervantes

The Premio Cervantes, one of the most prestigious prizes awarded for literature in the Spanish language, was established in 1976 as Spain negotiated the Transition to democracy in the post-Franco era. This article examines the context in which the prize was created and subsequently used to negotiate inter-continental relations between Spain and Latin America. The article highlights the exchanges of economic, political and symbolic capital which took place between the Spanish State, its representative, the King of Spain, and winning Latin American authors. Significantly, the involvement of the Spanish State is shown to bring political capital into play in a way that commercial prizes do not. In so doing, the Premio Cervantes gives those formerly at the colonial periphery the opportunity to speak out and negotiate the terms of a new kind of relationship with the former colonial center.

A "Portrait" of Book XII of the Æneid: the Mosaic of the «House of the Medusa» (Alter do Chão, Portugal)

This paper addresses the study of a mosaic discovered in 2007 at the archaeological site of Alter do Chão, Portugal, whose central panel represents the penultimate scene narrated in the last Book of the Æneid – a Roman epic composed by the poet Publius Vergilius Maro (70 BC – AD 19), at the request of Gaius Julius Cæsar Octavianus Augustus (63 BC – AD 14): it shows the very moment when Turnus, the Latin king of the Rutuli, kneels before Æneas, considered the precursor to the foundation of Rome (Virgil, Æneid, XII, 926-950).

Office of the City Clerk, St. Catharines Records, 1928-1974, n.d.

The site of present-day St. Catharines was settled by 3000 United Empire Loyalists at the end of the 18th century. From 1790, the settlement (then known as "The Twelve") grew as an agricultural community. St. Catharines was once referred to Shipman's Corners after Paul Shipman, owner of a tavern that was an important stagecoach transfer point. In 1815, leading businessman William Hamilton Merritt abandoned his wharf at Queenston and set up another at Shipman's Corners. He became involved in the construction and operation of several lumber and gristmills along Twelve Mile Creek. Shipman's Corners soon became the principal milling site of the eastern Niagara Peninsula. At about the same time, Merritt began to develop the salt springs that were discovered along the river which subsequently gave the village a reputation as a health resort. By this time St. Catharines was the official name of the village; the origin of the name remains obscure, but is thought to be named after Catharine Askin Robertson Hamilton, wife of the Hon. Robert Hamilton, a prominent businessman. Merritt devised a canal scheme from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario that would provide a more reliable water supply for the mills while at the same time function as a canal. He formed the Welland Canal Company, and construction took place from 1824 to 1829. The canal and the mills made St. Catharines the most important industrial centre in Niagara. By 1845, St. Catharines was incorporated as a town, with the town limits extending in 1854. Administrative and political functions were added to St. Catharines in 1862 when it became the county seat of Lincoln. In 1871, construction began on the third Welland Canal, which attracted additional population to the town. As a consequence of continual growth, the town limits were again extended. St. Catharines attained city status in 1876 with its larger population and area. Manufacturing became increasingly important in St. Catharines in the early 1900s with the abundance of hydro-electric power, and its location on important land and water routes. The large increase in population after the 1900s was mainly due to the continued industrialization and urbanization of the northern part of the city and the related expansion of business activity. The fourth Welland Canal was opened in 1932 as the third canal could no longer accommodate the larger ships. The post war years and the automobile brought great change to the urban form of St. Catharines. St. Catharines began to spread its boundaries in all directions with land being added five times during the 1950s. The Town of Merritton, Village of Port Dalhousie and Grantham Township were all incorporated as part of St. Catharines in 1961. In 1970 the Province of Ontario implemented a regional approach to deal with such issues as planning, pollution, transportation and services. As a result, Louth Township on the west side of the city was amalgamated, extending the city's boundary to Fifteen Mile Creek. With its current population of 131,989, St. Catharines has become the dominant centre of the Niagara region. Source: City of St. Catharines website http://www.stcatharines.ca/en/governin/HistoryOfTheCity.asp (January 27, 2011)

James VI of Scotland Letter, 1579

This letter authorizes William Hamilton of Portmollart to repair to Edinburgh notwithstanding the acts discharging the Hamiltons from being within six miles of the King’s person. James VI and James I (June 19, 1566 – March 27, 1625) was King of Scots as James VI from July 24th, 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on March 24, 1603 after the passing of Elizabeth I.

Extraordinary Narrative of the Prince of Wales' Trip Across the Atlantic (1895)

Detailing what the Prince had to say about his travels.

The Spanish Ambassador and Samuel Daniel's Vision of the Twelve Goddesses: A New Document [with text]

The performance of Samuel Daniel's masque The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses at court on January 8, 1604 took place in the midst of the preliminary negotiations that would lead to the signing of the Anglo-Spanish peace at Somerset House the following August. Philip III sent a special ambassador to England to congratulate James on his accession, and a series of tussles between Juan de Tassis and his French counterpart ensued. As a recently-discovered document in the Archivo General de Simancas reveals, Anna of Denmark intervened personally to insure that de Tassis, and not the Frenchman, attended the masque. This was a clear signal of James and Anna's peace aims, which de Tassis conveyed to the King of Spain; moreover, he enclosed in his dispatch a text of Daniel's masque which he clearly considered both political intelligence and of interest to the theater-loving Hapsburg monarch. The Simancas text of the Daniel masque is a new version, hitherto unknown, which adds to our knowledge of the circumstances in which the first Stuart masque was performed. Here we present a transcription and annotated translation of both de Tassis' letter and the text of the masque he had compiled for Philip III. (B. C.-E. and M. H.)

Euthydemoss of Bactria

Euthydemos I (ca. 260–200 bce) was king of Bactria from around 230. He founded a dynasty which, most notably under his son Demetrios I, extended the control of the Greco-Bactrian kings south of the Hindu Kush into Arachosia and India.

The credit relationship between Henry III and merchants of Douai and Ypres, 1247-70

This article looks at an important but neglected aspect of medieval sovereign debt, namely ‘accounts payable’ owed by the Crown to merchants and employees. It focuses on the unusually well-documented relationship between Henry III, King of England between 1216 and 1272, and Flemish merchants from the towns of Douai and Ypres, who provided cloth on credit to the royal wardrobe. From the surviving royal documents, we reconstruct the credit advanced to the royal wardrobe by the merchants of Ypres and Douai for each year between 1247 and 1270, together with the king's repayment history. The interactions between the king and the merchants are then analysed. The insights from this analysis are applied to the historical data to explain the trading decisions made by the merchants during this period, as well as why the strategies of the Yprois sometimes differed from those of the Douaissiens.

Modeling the Potential Geographic Distribution of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) in Asia Using GIS Tools

Known as the "king of spices", black pepper (Piper nigrum), a perennial crop of the tropics, is economically the most important and the most widely used spice crop in the world. To understand its suitable bioclimatic distribution, maximum entropy based on ecological niche modeling was used to model the bioclimatic niches of the species in its Asian range. Based on known occurrences, bioclimatic areas with higher probabilities are mainly located in the eastern and western coasts of the Indian Peninsula, the east of Sumatra Island, some areas in the Malay Archipelago, and the southeast coastal areas of China. Some undocumented places were also predicted as suitable areas. According to the jackknife procedure, the minimum temperature of the coldest month, the mean monthly temperature range, and the precipitation of the wettest month were identified as highly effective factors in the distribution of black pepper and could possibly account for the crop's distribution pattern. Such climatic requirements inhibited this species from dispersing and gaining a larger geographical range.

Córdoban Discourses: A Drama of Interreligious Dialogue

SETTING: Cordoba, Spain, 1135 CE, 29th year of the reign of ‘Ali “amir al-muslimin,” second king of the Berber Almoravid dynasty, rulers of Moorish Spain from 1071 to 1147. Cordoba, the capital of Andalus and the center of the Almoravid holdings in Spain, is a bustling cosmopolitan center, a crossroads for Europe and the Middle East, and the meeting-point of three religious traditions. Most significantly, Cordoba at this time is the hub of European intellectual activity. From the square—itself impressively large and surrounded by a massive collonade, the regularity and ordered beauty of which typifies the Moorish taste for symmetry (so beloved of M.C. Escher)—can be seen the huge Cordoban mosque, erected in the 8th-century by Khalif Abd-er-Rahman I to the glory of Allah, oft forgiving, most merciful. It is the second largest building in Islam, and the bastion of the still entrenched but soon to fade Muslim presence in western Europe. SCENE: Three figures sit upon stone benches beneath the westernmost colonnade of the Cordoban mosque, involved in an animated, though friendly discussion on matters of faith and reason, knowledge and God, language and logic. The host is none other than Jehudah Halevi, and his esteemed guests Master Peter Abelard and the venerable Råmånuja, whose obviously advanced age belies his youthful voice, gleaming eye, quick hands, and general exuberance. It is autumn, early evening…

Edipo en Colono, el agón de un átimos

Edipo en Colono presenta, por un lado, una pólis que evoca el tiempo mítico junto a la persecución del destino humano; por el otro, una Atenas que se funda sobre la ley de la justicia. El llega a las fronteras de Atenas acompañado por Antígona, la única de los hijos consciente de la inocencia del padre. Edipo se declara átimos, sufre de atimía, situación límite e ignominia para los griegos, condición jurídica y moral de aquellos que han sido excluidos de la comunidad. Sobre su cuerpo, vivo o muerto, se juega la soberanía de Tebas: aquél que será capaz de gobernar lo ingobernable, de conducir la múltiple naturaleza humana a la unidad. Edipo representa la alteridad, está entre la díke mítica y la ley de la pólis, emergentes del agón con los otros personajes y el coro. Sobre su competencia y cooperación para amonestar dicha pólis trata este trabajo

O saber de Teseu n´As Suplicantes de Eurípides

Teseo aparece en tres tragedias como el importante rey de Atenas, que viene a socorrer, figura bien consolidada miticamente desde el siglo VI A.C. En Heracles de Euripídes y en Edipo en Colono de Sófocles, él aparece en la escena para socorrer dos grandes héroes, Heracles y Edipo, y en las condiciones penosas en las cuales estos encuentros ocurren, sobresale una profunda identificación entre los dos héroes - Teseo y Heracles, en una tragedia, y Teseo y Edipo en la otra - identificación en la grandeza humana y en el sufrimiento. Sin embargo este trabajo trata de la tercera tragedia, Las Suplicantes de Eurípides, en la cual Teseo es llamado a socorrer a Adrasto. Pero aquí nada aproxima a los dos, no hay ninguna afinidad. Adrasto es representado como una persona común, desprovisto de su honra del pasado y que sucumbe a la desgracia, puesto que ésta es atribuida a su insensatez.

O saber de Teseu n´As Suplicantes de Eurípides

Teseo aparece en tres tragedias como el importante rey de Atenas, que viene a socorrer, figura bien consolidada miticamente desde el siglo VI A.C. En Heracles de Euripídes y en Edipo en Colono de Sófocles, él aparece en la escena para socorrer dos grandes héroes, Heracles y Edipo, y en las condiciones penosas en las cuales estos encuentros ocurren, sobresale una profunda identificación entre los dos héroes - Teseo y Heracles, en una tragedia, y Teseo y Edipo en la otra - identificación en la grandeza humana y en el sufrimiento. Sin embargo este trabajo trata de la tercera tragedia, Las Suplicantes de Eurípides, en la cual Teseo es llamado a socorrer a Adrasto. Pero aquí nada aproxima a los dos, no hay ninguna afinidad. Adrasto es representado como una persona común, desprovisto de su honra del pasado y que sucumbe a la desgracia, puesto que ésta es atribuida a su insensatez.

Edipo en Colono, el agón de un átimos

Edipo en Colono presenta, por un lado, una pólis que evoca el tiempo mítico junto a la persecución del destino humano; por el otro, una Atenas que se funda sobre la ley de la justicia. El llega a las fronteras de Atenas acompañado por Antígona, la única de los hijos consciente de la inocencia del padre. Edipo se declara átimos, sufre de atimía, situación límite e ignominia para los griegos, condición jurídica y moral de aquellos que han sido excluidos de la comunidad. Sobre su cuerpo, vivo o muerto, se juega la soberanía de Tebas: aquél que será capaz de gobernar lo ingobernable, de conducir la múltiple naturaleza humana a la unidad. Edipo representa la alteridad, está entre la díke mítica y la ley de la pólis, emergentes del agón con los otros personajes y el coro. Sobre su competencia y cooperación para amonestar dicha pólis trata este trabajo