Environmental Challenges in the Joint Border Area of Norway, Finland and Russia

This report examines the human impact on the subarctic environment of the joint border area of Norway, Finland and Russia. The aim is to present the current state and recent changes that have taken place in the region. The main threat to the environment is the Pechenganikel mining and metallurgical industrial combine in the towns of Nikel and Zapolyarny in the Kola Peninsula. Emissions from this complex include high levels of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and sulfur dioxide. Pollution, along with climate change, water level regulation and other anthropogenic effects, has affected the aquatic ecosystems in the joint border area. The main heavy metals in the area are copper and nickel, the highest concentrations of which are measured near the combine. Direct discharge of sewage into the river continues and airborne heavy metal particles are also deposited to areas farther away. Climate changeinduced increase in temperature and precipitation in the Kola Peninsula is evident. Water level regulation with seven hydropower plants in the Pasvik River have changed it into a series of lakes and lake-like reservoirs. This report discusses modelling, which was enabled to estimate the effect of climate change on Lake Inarijärvi and the Pasvik River hydrology, water level fluctuation and ecology and to follow the sulfur dioxide emissions emitted from the Pechenganikel. Effects of pollution on the nature and concentrations of the main pollutants were studied and climate change in the border area and its effects on the ecology were estimated. Also the effects of water level regulation on the ecological status of the aquatic ecosystems were addressed.

La Lapponia Russa coi governi di Olonechoi, Carelia, Bielozero ed Ingria nella Russia Europea di nuova projezione.

[N. 1:3300000].

I governi di Olonechoi, Carelia, Bielozero, ed' Ingria nell' Impero della Russia in Europa con la Lapponia Russa delineati sulle ultime osservazioni.

[N. 1:3300000].

The northern provinces of Sweden and Norway with part I, of Russia / published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

[N. 1:4400000].

Russia.

Oikeassa yläkulmassa lehden numero: N:o III.

Russia in Europe / engraved by J. & C. Walker.

Janamittakaavat: Russian verstes ; English miles.

Tabula Russia vulgo Moscovia.

Koordinaattiasteikko: E30°-110°, N[70°]65°-50°.

Russia in Europe.

Janamittakaava: Miles.

Russia or Moscovy in Europe.

Lehden oikeassa alakulmassa: T. Kitchin sculp.

Russia or Moscovy in Europe. Drawn by the latest authorities, by Tho.s Kitchin geo.r.

Janamittakaava: Russian wersts.

Russia in Europe.

Lehti nro 34 jostakin Philip & Sonin julkaisemasta kartastosta.

Ob quas Hieromonachus Stephanus Presbytovitsch ingentem in Russia passus est persecutionem, ad verbi divini canonem examinatas

Nimekettä edeltää hepreankielinen invokaatio.

Ob quas Hieromonachus Stephanus Presbytovitsch ingentem in Russia passus est persecutionem, ad verbi divini canonem examinatas

Nimekettä edeltää hepreankielinen invokaatio.

Determinants of capital expenditures: Evidence from oil and mining sectors in Russia

This master’s thesis investigates the significant macroeconomic and firm level determinants of CAPEX in Russian oil and mining sectors. It also studies the Russian oil and mining sectors, its development, characteristics and current situation. The panel data methodology was implemented to identify the determinants of CAPEX in Russian oil and mining sectors and to test derived hypotheses. The core sample consists of annual financial data of 45 publicly listed Russian oil and mining sector companies. The timeframe of the thesis research is a six year period from 2007 to 2013. The findings of the master’s thesis have shown that Gross Sales, Return On Assets, Free Cash Flow and Long Term Debt are firm level performance variables along with Russian GDP, Export, Urals and the Reserve Fund are macroeconomic variables that determine the magnitude of new capital expenditures reported by publicly listed Russian oil and mining sector companies. These results are not controversial to the previous research paper, indeed they confirm them. Furthermore, the findings from the emerging countries, such as Malaysia, India and Portugal, are analogous to Russia. The empirical research is edifying and novel. Findings from this master’s thesis are highly valuable for the scientific community, especially, for researchers who investigate the determinant of CAPEX in developing countries. Moreover, the results can be utilized as a cogent argument, when companies and investors are doing strategic decisions, considering the Russian oil and mining sectors.