Variabilidade genética de Phakopsora pachyrhizi avaliada por meio de marcadores microssatélites

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética da ferrugem-asiática-da-soja no Brasil, com uso de marcadores microssatélites. Populações de esporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi coletadas nas regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro Oeste do país foram submetidas à análise de variabilidade genética, avaliada por meio de marcadores microssatélites específicos para o fungo. Foram coletadas, também, populações de fungo em diversas variedades de soja em uma mesma localidade, incluindo populações com lesão "reddish-brown" (RB). Entre essas populações, não houve variabilidade. Tecidos com lesões RB não apresentaram esporos do fungo e não amplificaram com os marcadores específicos para P. pachyrhizi. A variabilidade genética entre as populações coletadas nas três regiões variou de 0 a 0, 36. Observou-se tendência de agrupamento das populações da região Sul e Centro Oeste do Brasil em grupos diferentes. A existência de variabilidade genética em populações de P. pachyrhizi é um indicativo de que a resistência genética vertical, conferida por genes únicos, é uma estratégia de risco para os programas de melhoramento genético que visam a resistência à ferrugem-asiática-da-soja no Brasil.

Validação de marcadores moleculares para resistência à giberela em genótipos brasileiros de trigo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar 19 marcadores microssatélites para resistência do trigo à giberela, em uma população não estruturada. Foram utilizados marcadores moleculares descritos na literatura como flanqueando QTLs de resistência à giberela em trigo, nos cromossomos 3B, 5A e 6B. Foram avaliadas 96 linhagens e cultivares de trigo quanto à severidade da infecção por giberela, em dois anos de avaliação. As linhagens e as cultivares foram genotipadas com 19 marcadores microssatélites. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey e pelas análises de correlação, regressão linear simples e regressão múltipla; também foi estimada a eficiência de seleção dos marcadores moleculares. A severidade da doença variou de 1,95 a 41,3%, na média dos dois anos. Foram validados os QTLs nos três cromossomos avaliados. Os marcadores Xgwm389, Xgwm533, Xbarc180, Xbarc24, Wmc397, Xbarc101 e Wmc398 foram associados significativamente à resistência do trigo à giberela, tendo sido identificados alelos de resistência e de suscetibilidade. Os marcadores Wmc397, Xbarc101 (cromossomo 6B) e Xbarc180 (cromossomo 5A) têm potencial para uso na seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares, para resistência do trigo à giberela.

Effect of cattle on Salmonella carriage, diversity and antimicrobial resistance in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) in northeastern Spain

Salmonella is distributed worldwide and is a pathogen of economic and public health importance. As a multi-host pathogen with a long environmental persistence, it is a suitable model for the study of wildlife-livestock interactions. In this work, we aim to explore the spill-over of Salmonella between free-ranging wild boar and livestock in a protected natural area in NE Spain and the presence of antimicrobial resistance. Salmonella prevalence, serotypes and diversity were compared between wild boars, sympatric cattle and wild boars from cattle-free areas. The effect of age, sex, cattle presence and cattle herd size on Salmonella probability of infection in wild boars was explored by means of Generalized Linear Models and a model selection based on the Akaike’s Information Criterion. Prevalence was higher in wild boars co-habiting with cattle (35.67%, CI 95% 28.19–43.70) than in wild boar from cattle-free areas (17.54%, CI 95% 8.74–29.91). Probability of a wild boar being a Salmonella carrier increased with cattle herd size but decreased with the host age. Serotypes Meleagridis, Anatum and Othmarschen were isolated concurrently from cattle and sympatric wild boars. Apart from serotypes shared with cattle, wild boars appear to have their own serotypes, which are also found in wild boars from cattle-free areas (Enteritidis, Mikawasima, 4:b:- and 35:r:z35). Serotype richness (diversity) was higher in wild boars co-habiting with cattle, but evenness was not altered by the introduction of serotypes from cattle. The finding of a S. Mbandaka strain resistant to sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and chloramphenicol and a S. Enteritidis strain resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid in wild boars is cause for public health concern.

Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis based on Automatic Spontaneous Speech Analysis

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of progressive degenerative dementia and it has a high socio-economic impact in Western countries, therefore is one of the most active research areas today. Its diagnosis is sometimes made by excluding other dementias, and definitive confirmation must be done trough a post-mortem study of the brain tissue of the patient. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to improvement of early diagnosis of AD and its degree of severity, from an automatic analysis performed by non-invasive intelligent methods. The methods selected in this case are Automatic Spontaneous Speech Analysis (ASSA) and Emotional Temperature (ET), that have the great advantage of being non invasive, low cost and without any side effects.

Spontaneous Speech and Emotional Response modeling based on One-class classifier oriented to Alzheimer Disease diagnosis

The purpose of our project is to contribute to earlier diagnosis of AD and better estimates of its severity by using automatic analysis performed through new biomarkers extracted from non-invasive intelligent methods. The methods selected in this case are speech biomarkers oriented to Sponta-neous Speech and Emotional Response Analysis. Thus the main goal of the present work is feature search in Spontaneous Speech oriented to pre-clinical evaluation for the definition of test for AD diagnosis by One-class classifier. One-class classifi-cation problem differs from multi-class classifier in one essen-tial aspect. In one-class classification it is assumed that only information of one of the classes, the target class, is available. In this work we explore the problem of imbalanced datasets that is particularly crucial in applications where the goal is to maximize recognition of the minority class as in medical diag-nosis. The use of information about outlier and Fractal Dimen-sion features improves the system performance.

Lapsen,nuoren ja lapsiperheen ohjaus sairaanhoitajan kokemana

Tämä opinnäytetyö on osa Lapsen, nuoren ja lapsiperheen ohjaus -projektia. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on selvittää sairaanhoitajien kokemuksia lapsen, nuoren ja lapsiperheen ohjauksesta. Haastatteluaineisto (n=15) kerättiin HUS:n Lasten ja nuorten sairaalan lastentautien ajanvarauspoliklinikoiden sairaanhoitajilta. Haastatteluissa sovellettiin kriittisten tapausten tekniikkaa siten, että sairaanhoitajaa pyydettiin kuvaamaan mahdollisimman tarkasti ja laajasti hänen toteuttamansa merkityksellinen lapsen, nuoren ja perheen ohjaustilanne. Saatu aineisto analysoitiin soveltaen deduktiivista sisällön analyysiä kuvailun tasolla. Kaikki ohjaustilanteet kuvattiin positiivisesti merkityksellisiksi. Ohjaustilanteiden kuvauksissa nousi esille erilaisia ohjaukseen vaikauttavia tekijöitä. Joitakin ohjaustilanteita häiritsi sopivan ja rauhallisen ohjaustilan puuttuminen, mutta useimmilla sairaanhoitajilla oli kuitenkin käytössään erillinen ohjaustila tai oma työhuone. Ohjaukselle pystyttiin varaamaan pääsääntöisesti riittävästi aikaa. Ohjausmenetelminä käytettiin suullista yksilöohjausta, jonka osana kirjallista materiaalia, demonstraatiota, yhdessä harjoittelemista, leikkiä sekä motivoivan haastattelun tekniikkaa. Merkitykselliseksi koettiin sairaanhoitajan ammattitaito, kokemus ja tiedot ohjattavasta asiasta. Ohjaustilanteissa huomioitiin lapsen ikä ja kehitystaso sekä perheen tapa oppia. Vuorovaikutus koettiin hyväksi, kun keskustelu oli sujuvaa ja avointa ja perhe oli vastaanottavainen. Yhteistyössä erottuivat osallistujien erilaiset roolit, pääasiassa yhteistyö kuvattiin onnistuneeksi ja sopuisaksi. Ohjaukseen vaikutti myös perheen tunteminen entuudestaan, sillä pitkä hoitosuhde edesauttoi yhteistyön ja vuorovaikutuksen onnistumista sekä poisti jännittyneisyyttä osapuolten väliltä. Lapsen, nuoren ja perheen aktiivisuutta tuettiin eri tavoin, esimerkiksi positiivisen kannustuksen avulla. Sairaanhoitajat kokivat erityisen merkitykselliseksi asiakkaan tarpeista ja odotuksista lähtevän ohjauksen toteuttamisen. Ohjausta arvioitiin kirjaamalla sairaanhoitajan asiantuntijan arvio, mutta vain harva sairaanhoitajista arvioi ohjausta yhdessä perheen kanssa. Opinnäytetyön tulokset kuvaavat sairaanhoitajien kokemuksia lasten, nuorten ja perheen polikliinisesta ohjauksesta. Tuloksia hyödynnetään projektin seuraavissa vaiheissa, kun tarkoituksena on kehittää vaikuttavaa ohjausmallia sekä ohjauksen opetusta ammattikorkeakouluissa sosiaali- ja terveysalalla. Jatkossa voitaisiin myös selvittää voimavarojen vahvistumiseen tähtääviä ohjausmenetelmiä, kuten motivoivan haatattelun tekniikkaa ja niiden soveltuvuutta hoitotyön eri osa-alueille, erityisesti lasten, nuorten ja perheiden ohjaukseen.

Design and physicochemical stability studies of paediatric oral formulations of sildenafil

Abstract Personalized medicine is a challenging research area in paediatric treatments. Elaborating new paediatric formulations when no commercial forms are available is a common practice in pharmacy laboratories; among these, oral liquid formulations are the most common. But due to the lack of specialized equipment, frequently studies to assure the efficiency and safety of the final medicine cannot be carried out. Thus the purpose of this work was the development, characterization and stability evaluation of two oral formulations of sildenafil for the treatment of neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension. After the establishment of a standard operating procedure (SOP) and elaboration, the physicochemical stability parameters appearance, pH, particle size, rheological behaviour and drug content of formulations were evaluated at three different temperatures for 90 days. Equally, prediction of long term stability, as well as, microbiological stability was performed. Formulations resulted in a suspension and a solution slightly coloured exhibiting fruity odour. Formulation I (suspension) exhibited the best physicochemical properties including Newtonian behaviour and uniformity of API content above 90% to assure an exact dosification process.

Development, physical-chemical stability and release studies of four alcohol-free spironolactone suspensions for use in pediatrics

Dissolution studies have become of great significance because, in most cases, drug dissolution is the rate-limiting step in the absorption process. As occurs with solid oral dosage forms, heterogeneous disperse systems (suspensions) could also have some problems with their in vitro dissolution. The objective of this study was to evaluate influence of the excipients on the release of spironolactone from four alcohol free suspensions (pharmaceutical compounding) of spironolactone 5 mg/mL suitable for pediatric use. Also the comparison of the physical and chemical stability of the suspensions stored at 4, 25 and 40 ºC over a 60- day period has been studied. Rheological behavior, particle size, a prediction of long-term physical stability, pH and assay of spironolactone by HPLC were assessed at prefixed times. The dissolution profile of each suspension was determined and compared with that of the commercial tablets. A microbiological study of the best formula was also performed. Chemically, the four spironolactone suspensions were stable for 60 days stored at three temperatures; Suspension IV had optimum pH values and the highest recovery percentage. In terms of physical stability, sedimentation occurred in Suspension IV and flotation of spironolactone in Suspensions I, II and III. Suspension III had the highest viscosity and the slowest drug release. Suspension IV was also microbiologically stable for 60 days. In conclusion, Suspension IV had the best properties and the least suitable form was Suspension III, as its high viscosity made it difficult to achieve homogeneous redispersion, and it had the slowest dissolution profile.

Complete Analysis of Configuration Rules to Guarantee Reliable Network Security Policies

Peer-reviewed

Management of Exceptions on Access Control Policies

Peer-reviewed

Aggregating and Deploying Network Access Control Policies

Peer-reviewed

Síntese e reatividade de azaindóis: aplicações na preparação de moléculas de interesse biológico

Synthetic methods used for the preparation of azaindoles are described in this article. Applications in the preparation of bioactive molecules are given: synthesis of substituted 6-azaindoles as benzodiazepines receptor ligands, substituted 7-azaindoles as dopamine D4 ligands and preparation of an olivacine analogue.

A cascata dos fosfoinositídeos

Inositol is a polyalcohol required for the proper formation of cell membranes. In the body, its plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses, its also helps in the transporting of fats within the body. In mammals, inositol exists as phosphorylated derivatives, various phosphoinositides, and in its free form. Agonist stimulated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is the first step in the transmembrane signalling mechanism when cells respond to external stimuli. Under control of activated phospholipase C (PLC) via G-protein, two second messengers D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and diacylglycerol are released into the cell. From Ins(1,4,5)P3, enzymatic process under phosphatases or kinases control affords subsequent inositol phosphate metabolites. During the last decade the synthesis of modified inositol phosphate derivatives has been strongly investigated. This paper reviews principal aspects about synthesis and biological functions of these biomolecules.

Drogas anti-VIH: passado, presente e perspectivas futuras

Currently available anti-HIV drugs can be classified into three categories: nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). In addition to the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease reaction, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle can be considered as potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (1) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120; (2) viral entry, through blockage of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5; (3) virus-cell fusion, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp 41; (4) viral assembly and disassembly through NCp7 zinc finger-targeted agents; (5) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors and (6) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process. Also, various new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs have been developed, possessing different improved characteristics.