Evaluation of antihypertensive drugs in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and in rats submitted to chronic intermittent hypoxia

RESUMO: A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma patologia altamente prevalente, embora claramente subdiagnosticada, em doentes com síndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS). Estas duas patologias apresentam uma estreita relação e a monitorização ambulatória da pressão arterial (MAPA), por um período de 24 horas, parece ser o método mais preciso para o diagnóstico de hipertensão em doentes com SAOS. No entanto, esta ferramenta de diagnóstico para além de ser dispendiosa e envolver um número acrescido de meios técnicos e humanos, é mais morosa e, por conseguinte, não é utilizada por rotina no contexto do diagnóstico da SAOS. Por outro lado, apesar da aplicação de pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas (CPAP – Continous Positive Airway Pressure) ser considerada a terapêutica de eleição para os doentes com SAOS, o seu efeito no abaixamento da pressão arterial (PA) parece ser modesto, exigindo, por conseguinte, a implementação concomitante de terapêutica anti-hipertensora. Acontece que são escassos os dados relativos aos regimes de fármacos anti-hipertensores utilizados em doentes com SAOS e, acresce ainda que, as guidelines terapêuticas para o tratamento farmacológico da HA, neste grupo particular de doentes, permanecem, até ao momento, inexistentes. A utilização de modelos animais de hipóxia crónica intermitente (CIH), que mimetizam a HA observada em doentes com SAOS, revela-se extremamente importante, uma vez que se torna imperativo identificar fármacos que promovam um controle adequado da PA neste grupo de doentes. No entanto, estudos concebidos com o intuito de investigar o efeito anti-hipertensor dos fármacos neste modelo animal revelam-se insuficientes e, por outro lado, os escassos estudos que testaram fármacos anti-hipertensores neste modelo não foram desenhados para responder a questões de natureza farmacológica. Acresce ainda que se torna imprescindível garantir a escolha de um método para administração destes fármacos que seja não invasivo e que minimize o stress do animal. Embora a gavagem seja uma técnica indiscutivelmente eficaz e amplamente utilizada para a administração diária de fármacos a animais de laboratório, ela compreende uma sequência de procedimentos geradores de stress para os animais e, que podem por conseguinte, constituir um viés na interpretação dos resultados obtidos. O objectivo global da presente investigação translacional foi contribuir para a identificação de fármacos anti-hipertensores mais efectivos para o tratamento da HT nos indivíduos com SAOS e investigar mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos sistémicos associadas à SAOS bem como a sua modulação por fármacos anti-hipertensores. Os objectivos específicos foram: em primeiro lugar,encontrar novos critérios, baseados nas medidas antropométricas, que permitam a identificação de doentes com suspeita de SAOS, que erroneamente se auto-classifiquem como nãohipertensos, e desta forma promover um uso mais criterioso do MAPA; em segundo lugar, investigar a existência de uma hipotética associação entre os esquemas de fármacos antihipertensores e o controle da PA (antes e após a adaptação de CPAP) em doentes com SAOS em terceiro lugar, avaliar a eficácia do carvedilol (CVD), um fármaco bloqueador β-adrenérgico não selectivo com actividade antagonista α1 intrínseca e propriedades anti-oxidantes num modelo animal de hipertensão induzida pela CIH; em quarto lugar, explorar os efeitos da CIH sobre o perfil farmacocinético do CVD; e, em quinto lugar, investigar um método alternativo à gavagem para a administração crónica de fármacos anti-hipertensores a animais de laboratório. Com este intuito, na primeira fase deste projecto, fizemos uso de uma amostra com um número apreciável de doentes com SAOS (n=369), que acorreram, pela primeira vez, à consulta de Patologia do Sono do CHLN e que foram submetidos a um estudo polissonográfico do sono, à MAPA e que preencheram um questionário que contemplava a obtenção de informação relativa ao perfil da medicação anti-hipertensora em curso. Numa segunda fase, utilizámos um modelo experimental de HT no rato induzida por um paradigma de CIH. Do nosso trabalho resultaram os seguintes resultados principais: em primeiro lugar, o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o perímetro do pescoço (PP) foram identificados como preditores independentes de “auto-classificação errónea” da HA em doentes com suspeita de SAOS; em segundo lugar, não encontramos qualquer associação com significado estatístico entre os vários esquemas de fármacos anti-hipertensores bem como o número de fármacos incluídos nesse esquemas, e o controle da PA (antes e depois da adaptação do CPAP); em terceiro lugar, apesar das doses de 10, 30 e 50 mg/kg de carvedilol terem promovido uma redução significativa da frequência cardíaca, não foi observado qualquer decréscimo na PA no nosso modelo animal; em quarto lugar, as razões S/(R+S) dos enantiómeros do CVD nos animais expostos à CIH e a condições de normóxia revelaram-se diferentes; e, em quinto lugar, a administração oral voluntária mostrou ser um método eficaz para a administração diária controlada de fármacos anti-hipertensores e que é independente da manipulação e contenção do animal. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos através do estudo clínico revelaram que o controle da PA, antes e após a adaptação do CPAP, em doentes com SAOS é independente, quer do esquema de fármacos anti-hipertensores, quer do número de fármacos incluídos num determinado esquema. Os nossos resultados salientam ainda a falta de validade da chamada self-reported hypertension e sugerem que em todos os doentes com suspeita de SAOS, com HA não diagnosticada e com um IMC e um PP acima de 27 kg/m2 e 39 cm, respectivamente, a confirmação do diagnóstico de HA deverá ser realizada através da MAPA, ao invés de outros métodos que com maior frequência são utilizados com este propósito. Os resultados obtidos no modelo animal de HA induzida pela CIH sugerem que o bloqueio do sistema nervoso simpático, juntamente com os supostos efeitos pleiotrópicos do CVD, não parece ser a estratégia mais adequada para reverter este tipo particular de hipertensão e indicam que as alterações farmacocinéticas induzidas pela CIH no ratio S/(R+S) não justificam a falta de eficácia anti-hipertensora do CVD observada neste modelo animal. Por último, os resultados do presente trabalho suportam ainda a viabilidade da utilização da administração oral voluntária, em alternativa à gavagem, para a administração crónica de uma dose fixa de fármacos anti-hipertensores.---------------------------- ABSTRACT: Hypertension (HT) is a highly prevalent condition, although under diagnosed, in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). These conditions are closely related and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) seems to be the most accurate measurement for diagnosing hypertension in OSA. However, this diagnostic tool is expensive and time-consuming and, therefore, not routinely used. On the other hand, although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is considered the gold standard treatment for symptomatic OSA, its lowering effect on blood pressure (BP) seems to be modest and, therefore, concomitant antihypertensive therapy is still required. Data on antihypertensive drug regimens in patients with OSA are scarce and specific therapeutic guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in these patients remain absent. The use of animal models of CIH, which mimic the HT observed in patients with OSA, is extremely important since it is imperative to identify preferred compounds for an adequate BP control in this group of patients. However, studies aimed at investigating the antihypertensive effect of antihypertensive drugs in this animal model are insufficient, and most reports on CIH animal models in which drugs have been tested were not designed to respond to pharmacological issues. Moreover, when testing antihypertensive drugs (AHDs) it becomes crucial to ensure the selection of a non-invasive and stress-free method for drug delivery. Although gavage is effective and a widely performed technique for daily dosing in laboratory rodents, it comprises a sequence of potentially stressful procedures for laboratory animals that may constitute bias for the experimental results. The overall goal of the present translational research was to contribute to identify more effective AHDs for the treatment of hypertension in patients with OSA and investigate underlying mechanisms of systemic effects associated with OSA, as well as its modulation by AHDs. The specific aims were: first, to find new predictors based on anthropometric measures to identify patients that misclassify themselves as non-hypertensive, and thereby promote the selective use of ABPM; second, to investigate a hypothetical association between ongoing antihypertensive regimens and BP control rates in patients with OSA, before and after CPAP adaptation; third, to determine, in a rat model of CIH-induced hypertension, the efficacy of carvedilol (CVD), a nonselective beta-blocker with intrinsic anti-α1-adrenergic activity and antioxidant properties; fourth, to explore the effects of CIH on the pharmacokinetics profile of CVD and fifth, to investigate an alternative method to gavage, for chronic administration of AHDs to laboratory rats. For that, in the first phase of this project, we used a sizeable sample of patients with OSA (n=369), that attended a first visit at Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE Sleep Unit, and underwent overnight polysomnography, 24-h ABPM and filled a questionnaire that included ongoing antihypertensive medication profile registration. In the second phase, a rat experimental model of HT induced by a paradigm of CIH that simulates OSA was used. The main findings of this work were: first, body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference (NC) were identified as independent predictors of hypertension misclassification in patients suspected of OSA; second, in patients with OSA, BP control is independent of both the antihypertensive regimen and the number of antihypertensive drugs, either before or after CPAP adaptation; third, although the doses of 10, 30 and 50 mg/Kg of CVD promoted a significant reduction in heart rate, no decrease in mean arterial pressure was observed; fourth, the S/(R+S) ratios of CVD enantiomers, between rats exposed to CIH and normoxic conditions, were different and fifth, voluntary ingestion proved to be an effective method for a controlled daily dose administration, with a define timetable, that is independent of handling and restraint procedures. In conclusion, the clinical study showed that BP control in OSA patients is independent of both the antihypertensive regimen and the number of antihypertensive drugs. Additionally, our results highlight the lack of validity of self-reported hypertension and suggest that all patients suspected of OSA with undiagnosed hypertension and with a BMI and NC above 27 Kg/m2 and 39 cm should be screened for hypertension, through ABPM. The results attained in the rat model of HT related to CIH suggest that the blockade of the sympathetic nervous system together with the putative pleiotropic effects of carvedilol is not able to revert hypertension induced by CIH and point out that the pharmacokinetic changes induced by CIH on S/(R+S) ratio are not apparently responsible for the lack of efficacy of carvedilol in reversing this particular type of hypertension. Finally, the results here presented support the use of voluntary oral administration as a viable alternative to gavage for chronic administration of a fixed dose of AHDs.

Effectiveness of three different walking prescription durations on total physical activity in normal- and overweight women.

OBJECTIVE: While there is a dose-response relationship between physical activity (PA) and health benefit, little is known about the effectiveness of different PA prescriptions on total daily PA. AIM: To test, under real-life conditions and using an objective, non-invasive measurement technique (accelerometry), the effect of prescribing additional physical activity (walking only) of different durations (30, 60 and 90 min/day) on compliance (to the activity prescribed) and compensation (to total daily PA). Participants in each group were prescribed 5 sessions of walking per week over 4 weeks. METHODS: 55 normal-weight and overweight women (mean BMI 25 ± 5 kg/m(2), height 165 ± 1 cm, weight 68 ± 2 kg and mean age 27 ± 1 years) were randomly assigned to 3 prescription groups: 30, 60 or 90 min/day PA. RESULTS: Walking duration resulted in an almost linear increase in the number of steps per day during the prescription period from an average of about 10,000 steps per day for the 30-min prescription to about 14,000 for the 90-min prescription. Compliance was excellent for the 30-min prescription but decreased significantly with 60-min and 90-min prescriptions. In parallel, degree of compensation subsequent to exercise increased progressively as length of prescription increased. CONCLUSION: A 30-min prescription of extra walking 5 times per week was well tolerated. However, in order to increase total PA further, much more than 60 min of walking may need to be prescribed in the majority of individuals. While total exercise 'volume' increased with prescriptions longer than 30 min, compliance to the prescription decreased and greater compensation was evident. © 2014 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.

Psychiatric comorbidity and additional abuse of drugs in maintenance treatment with l- and d,l-methadone.

Sixty d,l- or l-methadone treated patients in maintenance therapy were interviewed for additional drug abuse and psychiatric comorbidity; 51.7% of the entire population had a comorbid Axis-I disorder, with a higher prevalence in females (P=0.05). Comorbid patients tended to have higher abuse of benzodiazepines, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine, but not of heroin. They had received a significantly lower d,l- (P<0.05) and l-methadone dose than non-comorbid subjects. The duration of maintenance treatment showed an inverse relationship to frequency of additional heroin intake (P<0.01). Patients with additional heroin intake over the past 30 days had been treated with a significantly lower l-methadone dosage (P<0.05) than patients without. Axis-I comorbidity appears to be decreased when relatively higher dosages of d,l- (and l-methadone) are administered; comorbid individuals, however, were on significantly lower dosages. Finally, l-, but not d,l-methadone seems to be more effective in reducing additional heroin abuse.

Antidiabetic drugs and kidney disease - Recommendations of the Swiss Society for Endocrinology and Diabetology.

Patients with diabetes are at risk of early renal function decline. Therefore, kidney function needs monitoring at least once per year. Once the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is less than 60 ml/min, the pharmacokinetics of antidiabetic drugs may be altered. Sulfonylurea and glinide therapies are associated with a risk of hypoglycaemia which is increased in the presence of renal impairment. Most sulfonylureas must be discontinued once GFR is <60 ml/min. Some glinides may be continued beyond this threshold, in particular repaglinide, which may be used in dialysis patients. In the absence of comorbidities, metformin can be continued at lower doses until a GFR of 45 ml/min, but must be withdrawn in case of dehydration or during the administration of a nephrotoxic drug including dye for radiological investigations. Glitazones may worsen water and sodium retention in patients with renal impairment. The pharmacokinetics of all DPP-IV inhibitors except linagliptin are altered with impaired renal function. Only sitagliptin, saxagliptin and linagliptin may be used in advanced kidney disease, but experience is as yet very limited. GLP-1 agonists are contraindicated in moderate to advanced kidney disease.

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in hospitalised patients: are we overestimating renal function?

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY AND PRINCIPLES: Estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in hospitalised patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is important for drug prescription but it remains a difficult task. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of selected algorithms based on serum creatinine, cystatin C and beta-trace protein to estimate GFR and the potential added advantage of measuring muscle mass by bioimpedance. In a prospective unselected group of patients hospitalised in a general internal medicine ward with CKD, GFR was evaluated using inulin clearance as the gold standard and the algorithms of Cockcroft, MDRD, Larsson (cystatin C), White (beta-trace) and MacDonald (creatinine and muscle mass by bioimpedance). 69 patients were included in the study. Median age (interquartile range) was 80 years (73-83); weight 74.7 kg (67.0-85.6), appendicular lean mass 19.1 kg (14.9-22.3), serum creatinine 126 μmol/l (100-149), cystatin C 1.45 mg/l (1.19-1.90), beta-trace protein 1.17 mg/l (0.99-1.53) and GFR measured by inulin 30.9 ml/min (22.0-43.3). The errors in the estimation of GFR and the area under the ROC curves (95% confidence interval) relative to inulin were respectively: Cockcroft 14.3 ml/min (5.55-23.2) and 0.68 (0.55-0.81), MDRD 16.3 ml/min (6.4-27.5) and 0.76 (0.64-0.87), Larsson 12.8 ml/min (4.50-25.3) and 0.82 (0.72-0.92), White 17.6 ml/min (11.5-31.5) and 0.75 (0.63-0.87), MacDonald 32.2 ml/min (13.9-45.4) and 0.65 (0.52-0.78). Currently used algorithms overestimate GFR in hospitalised patients with CKD. As a consequence eGFR targeted prescriptions of renal-cleared drugs, might expose patients to overdosing. The best results were obtained with the Larsson algorithm. The determination of muscle mass by bioimpedance did not provide significant contributions.

The Swiss Systemic lupus erythematosus Cohort Study (SSCS) - cross-sectional analysis of clinical characteristics and treatments across different medical disciplines in Switzerland.

OBJECTIVES: To describe disease characteristics and treatment modalities in a multidisciplinary cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in Switzerland. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of 255 patients included in the Swiss SLE Cohort and coming from centres specialised in Clinical Immunology, Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology. Clinical data were collected with a standardised form. Disease activity was assessed using the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-SLE Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI), an integer physician's global assessment score (PGA) ranging from 0 (inactive) to 3 (very active disease) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The relationship between SLE treatment and activity was assessed by propensity score methods using a mixed-effect logistic regression with a random effect on the contributing centre. RESULTS: Of the 255 patients, 82% were women and 82% were of European ancestry. The mean age at enrolment was 44.8 years and the median SLE duration was 5.2 years. Patients from Rheumatology had a significantly later disease onset. Renal disease was reported in 44% of patients. PGA showed active disease in 49% of patients, median SLEDAI was 4 and median ESR was 14 millimetre/first hour. Prescription rates of anti-malarial drugs ranged from 3% by nephrologists to 76% by rheumatologists. Patients regularly using anti-malarial drugs had significantly lower SELENA-SLEDAI scores and ESR values. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, patients in Rheumatology had a significantly later SLE onset than those in Nephrology. Anti-malarial drugs were mostly prescribed by rheumatologists and internists and less frequently by nephrologists, and appeared to be associated with less active SLE.

Disease identification based on ambulatory drugs dispensation and in-hospital ICD-10 diagnoses: a comparison.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacy-based case mix measures are an alternative source of information to the relatively scarce outpatient diagnoses data. But most published tools use national drug nomenclatures and offer no head-to-head comparisons between drugs-related and diagnoses-based categories. The objective of the study was to test the accuracy of drugs-based morbidity groups derived from the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification of drugs by checking them against diagnoses-based groups. METHODS: We compared drugs-based categories with their diagnoses-based analogues using anonymous data on 108,915 individuals insured with one of four companies. They were followed throughout 2005 and 2006 and hospitalized at least once during this period. The agreement between the two approaches was measured by weighted kappa coefficients. The reproducibility of the drugs-based morbidity measure over the 2 years was assessed for all enrollees. RESULTS: Eighty percent used a drug associated with at least one of the 60 morbidity categories derived from drugs dispensation. After accounting for inpatient under-coding, fifteen conditions agreed sufficiently with their diagnoses-based counterparts to be considered alternative strategies to diagnoses. In addition, they exhibited good reproducibility and allowed prevalence estimates in accordance with national estimates. For 22 conditions, drugs-based information identified accurately a subset of the population defined by diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Most categories provide insurers with health status information that could be exploited for healthcare expenditure prediction or ambulatory cost control, especially when ambulatory diagnoses are not available. However, due to insufficient concordance with their diagnoses-based analogues, their use for morbidity indicators is limited.

Outpatient prescriptions practice and writing quality in a paediatric university hospital.

BACKGROUND: The writing of prescriptions is an important aspect of medical practice. This activity presents some specific problems given a danger of misinterpretation and dispensing errors in community pharmacies. The objective of this study was to determine the evolution of the prescription practice and writing quality in the outpatient clinics of our paediatric university hospital.¦METHODS: Copies of prescriptions written by physicians were collected from community pharmacies in the region of our hospital for a two-month period in 2005 and 2010. They were analysed according to standard criteria, including both formal and pharmaceutical aspects.¦RESULTS: A total of 597 handwritten prescriptions were reviewed in 2005 and 633 in 2010. They contained 1,456 drug prescriptions in 2005 and 1,348 in 2010. Fifteen drugs accounted for 80% of all prescriptions and the most common drugs were paracetamol and ibuprofen. A higher proportion of drugs were prescribed as International Nonproprietary Names (INN) or generics in 2010 (24.7%) compared with 2005 (20.9%). Of the drug prescriptions examined, 55.5% were incomplete in 2005 and 69.2% in 2010. Moreover in 2005, 3.2% were legible only with difficulty, 22.9% were ambiguous, and 3.0% contained an error. These proportions rose respectively to 5.2%, 27.8%, and 6.8% in 2010.¦CONCLUSION: This study showed that fifteen different drugs represented the majority of prescriptions, and a quarter of them were prescribed as INN or generics in 2010; and that handwritten prescriptions contained numerous omissions and preventable errors. In our hospital computerised prescribing coupled with advanced decision support is eagerly awaited.

A. C. Thorburn Prescription Ledger

The gift plate in the front of the book indicates that the book is from Walker’s Drug Store, Niagara Falls, Ontario. Walker’s Drug Company was founded in 1925 by Ivan T. Walker. The dates of this book indicate that it is more likely to have come from A.C. Thorburn, Chemist and Druggist. A.C. Thorburn purchased Smith’s Pharmacy and Pursel and Company Dry Goods Store at the corner of Main Street and Lundy’s Lane in Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1900, Pursel moved out and Thorburn’s Drug Store came into being. Ivan T. Walker, founder of Walker’s Drugs was employed by Thorburn Drugs in his teen years. The local doctors whose prescriptions are in the book include: J. H. McGarry; F.W.E. Wilson; C. F. Abraham; W.E. Olmsted; W.W. Thompson; Dr. Robb, dentist; Horace R. Elliot, physician and surgeon and Dr. Sutherland, eye, ear nose and throat specialist

Polymeric micelles as versatile carriers for drugs and nucleic acids

Le cancer est la principale cause de mortalité au Canada. Les taxanes (e.g. le paclitaxel et le docétaxel (DCTX)) constituent des remèdes efficaces contre une série de tumeurs solides telles que les cancers du sein, du poumon et de l’ovaire. Par ailleurs, des acides nucléiques (e.g. les oligonucléotides antisens (AON) ou les petits ARN interférents (siRNAs)), capables de supprimer sélectivement certains oncogènes impliqués dans la carcinogénèse, sont actuellement étudiés pour traiter une large gamme de cancers. Bien que l’activité des taxanes et des acides nucléiques soit bien établie sur des modèles humains et/ou animaux, plusieurs aspects physico-chimiques et cliniques restent encore à améliorer. Leur solubilité limitée (pour les taxanes), leur dégradation rapide dans le sang (pour les acides nucléiques), leur élimination précoce, leur absence de sélectivité et leur toxicité envers les tissus sains sont les principaux facteurs limitant leur efficacité. C’est pourquoi de nombreux efforts ont porté sur l’élaboration de systèmes de vectorisation ciblés à base de polymères, dans le but de surmonter les problèmes associés aux thérapies actuelles. Dans cette thèse, deux types de micelles polymères ont été développés pour la vectorisation de DCTX et d’acides nucléiques. D’une part, des micelles de poly(oxyde d’éthylène)-bloc-poly(oxyde de butylène/styrène) ont été étudiées pour la première fois pour solubiliser le DCTX et le protéger de l’hydrolyse. Ces polymères se sont révélés moins toxiques que le surfactant utilisé commercialement pour solubiliser le DCTX (i.e. polysorbate 80) et ont permis une libération prolongée du principe actif. D’autre part, deux systèmes différents de micelles polyioniques (PICM) ont été mis au point pour la vectorisation d’acides nucléiques. De nouveaux conjugués de poly(éthylène glycol) (PEG)-oligonucléotide ont été proposés pour la protection et la libération contrôlée d’AON. Lorsque ces conjugués ont été formulés avec des dendrimères de poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), des complexes de taille homogène ont été obtenus. Ces PICM ont permis de prolonger la libération de l’AON et de le protéger efficacement contre la dégradation enzymatique. De plus, des polymères de poly(oxyde d’éthylène)-bloc-poly(méthacrylate de propyle-co-acide méthacrylique) ont été incorporés afin de conférer des propriétés acido-sensibles aux PICM. Dans ces micelles, formées de ce dernier polymère formulé avec le dendrimère PAMAM, des oligonucléotides (AON et siRNA) ciblant l’oncogène Bcl-2 ont été encapsulés. L’internalisation cellulaire fut assurée par un fragment d’anticorps monoclonal (Fab’) situé à l’extrémité de la couronne de PEG. Après l’internalisation cellulaire et la protonation des unités d’acide méthacrylique sous l’effet de l’acidification des endosomes, les micelles se sont affranchies de leur couronne. Elles ont ainsi exposé leur cœur composé d’acide nucléique et de dendrimère PAMAM, qui possède une charge positive et des propriétés endosomolytiques. En effet, ces PICM acido-sensibles ciblées ont permis d’augmenter la biodisponibilité des acides nucléiques vectorisés et se sont avérées plus efficaces pour silencer l’oncoprotéine Bcl-2 que les micelles non ciblées ou que le dendrimère de PAMAM commercial seul. Finalement, les nanovecteurs polymères présentés dans cette thèse se révèlent être des systèmes prometteurs pour la vectorisation des anticancéreux et des acides nucléiques.

Who has responsibility for access to essential medical drugs in the developing world?

L’accès aux traitements de base est un enjeu crucial pour la santé, la pauvreté et le développement. La responsabilité en matière d’accès est alors une question essentielle. Le huitième Objectif du Millénaire pour le Développement postule qu’en coopération avec les firmes pharmaceutiques, l’accès aux traitements essentiels doit être assuré. Les principales parties prenantes qui doivent engager leur responsabilité pour l’accès aux médicaments sont (1) l’industrie pharmaceutique, (2) les gouvernements, (3) la société au sens large, et (4) les individus (qu’ils soient ou non malades). Quatre approches permettent d’appréhender la responsabilité: (a) l’approche déontologique; (b) l’utilitarisme; (c) l’égalitarisme; (b) l’approche basée sur les droits de l’homme. Ces quatre arguments peuvent être utilisés pour assigner une responsabilité aux gouvernements dans l’accès aux médicaments. Le papier conclut qu’il est parfois difficile de distinguer entre ces quatre approches et qu’un « glissement-d’échelle » de la responsabilité est une voie utile pour appréhender les rôles des quatre principales parties prenantes dans l’accès aux médicaments, dépendant du pays ou de la région et de son environnement interne.

Perceptions des intervenants du Nunavik sur la non-observance aux antidépresseurs

La non-observance représente souvent, dans la pratique clinique des professionnels de la santé, un défi à surmonter puisqu’elle est liée à une non-conformité du comportement du patient aux recommandations émises par les intervenants. Dans la région éloignée du Nunavik, divisée en 14 communautés inuit, les intervenants de la santé et des services sociaux, en raison de leur rôle élargi en première ligne, rencontrent une diversité de clientèles. La formation, l’expérience professionnelle, la perception de son rôle, le contexte de travail et le contexte socioculturel influencent l’interprétation des multiples défis au sein de la population. De hauts taux de suicide, d’alcoolisme et de violence sont présents dans les communautés inuit. La prescription des antidépresseurs est un moyen utilisé pour soulager les patients qui présentent des problèmes dépressifs. De quelle façon doit-on aborder ce phénomène complexe, et ce, dans ce contexte particulier de région autochtone éloignée? Cette recherche exploratoire descriptive vise à décrire et à interpréter le phénomène de non-observance des antidépresseurs, plus spécifiquement par l’étude des perceptions des intervenants de la santé et des services sociaux participant à l’intervention directe auprès des Inuit ayant reçu un diagnostic de dépression. L’analyse des 12 entrevues semi-dirigées répond à la question suivante : Quelles sont les perceptions des différents intervenants de la santé et des services sociaux sur le phénomène de la non-observance de la prise d’antidépresseurs chez les Inuit du Nunavik? Les résultats permettent de prendre un recul sur un phénomène courant de la pratique clinique dans cette région spécifique. Ils mettent en lumière la complexité de la relation patient-intervenant, la fragilité de l’alliance thérapeutique et l’importance des interventions d’une équipe interdisciplinaire et interculturelle dans ce contexte de pratique.

Le risque de mortalité périnatale associé à l’asthme et à l’utilisation de corticostéroïdes inhalés pendant la grossesse

L’asthme maternel complique environ 3,4% à 12,4% des grossesses dans les pays développés ce qui en fait une des maladies chroniques les plus fréquentes pouvant engendrer de sérieux problèmes médicaux chez la mère et le fœtus. D’autre part, un taux relativement important de femmes enceintes, soit 4 à 7%, utilisent des médicaments anti-asthmatiques. La mortinaissance, la mortalité néonatale et/ou la mortalité périnatale sont les issues de grossesses les plus dramatiques pour l’enfant et la famille. Toutefois, l’effet de l’asthme et de l’utilisation des corticostéroïdes inhalés (CSI) pendant la grossesse sur ces complications a été inadéquatement évalué. La majorité des études qui ont évalué ces associations souffraient d’un manque de puissance statistique et/ou d’une absence ou d’un ajustement inadéquat pour les variables potentiellement confondantes. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont donc pour objectif d’évaluer le risque de mortalité périnatale chez les femmes asthmatiques comparativement aux femmes non- asthmatiques. Cette thèse vise également à évaluer si les femmes asthmatiques exposées aux CSI courent plus de risque de mortalité périnatale que les femmes asthmatiques non exposées et si le risque de mortalité périnatale varie en fonction de la dose quotidienne de CSI utilisée par la mère pendant la grossesse. À l’aide du croisement de trois bases de données administratives du Québec, une large cohorte de femmes asthmatiques et non-asthmatiques qui ont eu au moins une grossesse entre 1990 et 2002 a été construite (n=41 142). À partir de cette cohorte, deux cohortes de grossesses ont été constituées. Les deux premières études présentées dans cette thèse sont basées sur toute la cohorte alors que la dernière étude est basée uniquement sur les grossesses de femmes asthmatiques. Une étude de cohorte a d’abord été réalisée afin d’évaluer l’effet de l’asthme maternel sur le risque de mortalité périnatale permettant l’ajustement pour les variables provenant des bases de données administratives. Afin de mieux estimer le risque de mortalité périnatale chez les femmes asthmatiques une étude de cohorte comprenant deux phases d’échantillonnage a ensuite été réalisée à l’aide d’informations additionnelles sur le tabagisme, l’utilisation de drogue illicite et l’histoire de mortinaissances, colligées à partir du dossier médical de la mère. Finalement, le risque de mortalité périnatale chez les femmes asthmatiques qui ont utilisé des CSI pendant la grossesse et le risque de mortalité périnatale en fonction de la dose moyenne quotidienne de CSI consommée par la mère pendant la grossesse ont été investigués à l’aide d’une étude de cohorte à deux phases d’échantillonnage chez les femmes asthmatiques uniquement. Nous avons premièrement observé que l’asthme pendant la grossesse pourrait augmenter le risque de mortalité périnatale due à l’augmentation du risque de bébés de petits poids et de bébés prématurés chez les femmes asthmatiques (OR=1,30; IC 95%: 1,05-1,57). Toutefois, après avoir ajusté pour le tabagisme pendant la grossesse, le risque relatif de mortalité périnatale a diminué à 12% et l’association n’est pas demeurée statistiquement significative (OR= 1,12; IC 95%: 0,87-1,45). Finalement, l’utilisation de CSI pendant la grossesse, lorsque la dose n’a pas été considérée, n’a pas été associé à une augmentation significative du risque de mortalité périnatale (OR= 1,07; IC 95% : 0,70-1,61) et un effet protecteur non-significatif de l’utilisation de doses de CSI de 250 ug ou moins par jour a été observé (OR=0,89; IC 95%: 0,55 -1,44). Toutefois, les femmes qui ont pris des doses >250 ug/jour avaient un risque accru de mortalité périnatale de 52%, mais cette association n’était pas statistiquement significative (OR=1,52; IC 95%: 0,62-3,76). Cette augmentation du risque pourrait toutefois résulter d’un ajustement imparfait pour la sévérité et le contrôle de l’asthme (les femmes asthmatiques qui ont utlisé >250 ug/jour sont susceptibles d’avoir un asthme plus sévère ou inadéquatement maîtrisé). Les conclusions de nos travaux qui sont plutôt rassurantes pourront contribuer à une meilleure prise en charge des femmes enceintes asthmatiques, à aider les médecins dans la prescription de CSI pendant la grossesse et à rassurer les femmes enceintes souffrant d’asthme et les femmes enceintes qui doivent utiliser des CSI. Toutefois, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin de pouvoir conclure que l’utilisation de doses plus élevées de CSI (>250 ug/jour) pendant la grossesse sont sécuritaires.

L’exemption de paiement des soins associée à la supervision et à la formation au Burkina Faso : les effets sur la prescription de médicaments

L’accès financier limité aux soins de santé a suscité l’instauration de politiques sanitaires de subvention des soins en Afrique. Au Burkina Faso, une ONG, en complémentarité avec la politique sanitaire nationale subventionne à 100% depuis septembre 2008 les soins et les médicaments pour les enfants de moins de cinq ans dans le district sanitaire de Dori. L’intervention regroupe formation du personnel soignant, supervisions et suppression de paiement des soins et des médicaments. L’objectif de l’étude est d’analyser l’effet de cette intervention sur l’adéquation des prescriptions médicales. Neuf centres de santé ont été pris en compte. Au total 14956 ordonnances d’enfants de moins de cinq ans ciblés par l’intervention ont été sélectionnées par échantillonnage systématique à partir des registres de consultation un an avant et un an après l’instauration de l’intervention. Quatorze prescripteurs ont été interviewés. Les prescriptions ont été analysées par comparaison au référentiel de l’OMS ainsi qu’au référentiel national. Le discours des prescripteurs a été analysé en vue de comprendre leur perception de leur changement de pratiques depuis de début de la subvention. L’intervention a eu pour effet de diminuer l’utilisation des injections (Rapport de cote (RC) =0,28; p<0,005) dans le cas des infections respiratoires aiguës (IRA). Elle a entraîné une diminution de l’utilisation inappropriée des antibiotiques dans les cas de paludisme seul (RC=0,48; p<0,0005). Le nombre moyen de médicaments par ordonnance a également diminué de 14% dans les cas d’IRA (p<0,0005). Les prescripteurs ont affirmé pour la plupart que leurs pratiques se sont soit maintenues soit améliorées. L’intervention a entrainé une amélioration de l’adéquation des prescriptions médicales dans certains cas.