Effects of food and topography on ranging behavior of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang mountain, Yunnan, China

We studied the ranging behavior of a habituated group of black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in a high, seasonal habitat on Mt. Wuliang, central Yunnan, China, between March 2005 and April 2006. Our results indicated that the total home range size for the study group was 129 ha, or 151 ha if the lacunae within the borders in which gibbons were not observed were included. This is a much bigger range size than that of other gibbon species. However, 69.7% of their activities occurred within 29 ha. The intensity of quadrant use was significantly correlated with the distribution of important food patches. The mean yearly daily path length was 1,391 m. Gibbons traveled farther when they spent more time feeding on fruit. To avoid often passing through ridges with little food, gibbons usually stayed in the same valley for successive days, and then moved on to another valley for another several days, which resulted in a concentrated ranging pattern.

The Critically Endangered black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor on Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China: the role of forest types in the species' conservation

The Critically Endangered black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor of China, Laos and Vietnam is threatened by deforestation and habitat destruction but there have been no studies of how it uses its forest habitat, probably because of the typically rugged t

Maintenance of Multifemale Social Organization in a Group of Nomascus concolor at Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China

Many short-term studies have reported groups of black crested gibbons containing >= 2 adult females (Nomascus concolor). We report the stability of multifemale groups in this species over a period of 6 yr. Our focal group and 2 neighboring groups included 2 breeding females between March 2003 and June 2009. We also habituated 1 multifemale group to observers and present detailed information concerning their social relationships over a 9-mo observation period. We investigated interindividual distances and agonistic behavior among the 5 group members. The spatial relationship between the 3 adult members (1 male, 2 females) formed an equilateral triangle. A subadult male was peripheral to the focal group, while a juvenile male maintained a closer spatial relationship with the adult members. We observed little agonistic behavior among the adult members. The close spatial relationship and lack of high rates of agonistic behavior among females suggest that the benefits of living in a multifemale group were equal to or greater than the costs for both females, given their ecological and social circumstances. The focal group occupied a large home range that was likely to provide sufficient food sources for the 2 females and their offspring. Between March 2003 and June 2009, 1 adult female gave 2 births and the other one gave 1 birth. All individuals in the focal group survived to June 2009. A long-term comparative study focused on females living in multifemale groups and females living in pair-living groups would provide insight into understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of the social system in gibbons.

Group Size and Composition of Black．and．White Snub．nosedMonkey(rhinopithecus)Estimated by Faecesof Sleeping Sites at Baima Snow Mountain

介绍了应用过夜地粪便来估计白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴群大小和组成的一种方法。该物种以单雄多雌单 元和全雄组的形式在树上过夜。粪粒根据其大小可分为3种类型：成年雄性的(最大)、成年雌性的(中等大小)和 未成年个体的(最小)。2000一2001年，搜集了滇西北白马雪山国家级自然保护区北部南任村(99。04 7E，28。34 7N) 附近黑白仰鼻猴群每个季节2个过夜地的粪粒。根据2001年11月猴群通过开阔地的数据来确定猴群组成。每个 季节，由于单雄多雌单元的成年个体数与其粪粒数正相关，所以二者回归直线的斜率可以看作是每个个体每晚 的平均排便量。由于该物种的栖息地主要为高山峡谷，而且能见度较低，因此，利用过夜地粪便比以前通过猴群 活动痕迹来估计猴群大小和组成相对准确、可靠。从估计成年雌性个体数的角度看，利用粪粒来估计种群大约有 9．4％的偏差。导致偏差的可能原因有杂草和灌丛对粪粒准确计数的影响、个体排粪率的差异以及成年雄性最小 粪粒与成年雌性最大粪粒的混淆等。该方法适应于栖息地和主要食物与本文研究种群相似的其他种群。

Sleeping sites of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Baima Snow Mountain, China

Data on sleeping sites of a group of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti (Colobinae, Primates) were collected between April-July and September-December 2001 to try to determine the factors affecting site selection at Nanren (99 degrees

Fridericia liangi sp nov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from Changbaishan Mountain, China

We describe one new enchytraeid species, Fridericia liangi sp. nov., from Mt. Changbaishan, Jilin Province, northeastern China. It was collected from soils at the foot of Changbaishan Mountain and is distinguished from all known congeners by the following combination of characters: 1) no lateral chaetae, only ventral chaetae throughout, 2) a maximum of four chaetae in ventral preclitellar bundles, 3) one chaeta in ventral postclitellar bundles, 4) dorsal pores from VII on, 5) esophageal appendages unbranched, 6) coelomocytes without refractile vesicles, 7) clitellum girdle shaped, well developed, 8) no subneural glands, and 9) spermathecae simple.

Temperature-Dependent Growth and Life Cycle of Nemoura sichuanensis (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in a Chinese Mountain Stream

Plecoptera constitute a numerically and ecologically significant component in mountain streams all over the world, but little is known of their life cycles in Asia. The life cycle of Nemoura sichuanensis and its relationship to water temperature was investigated during a 4-year study in a headwater stream (known as the Jiuchong torrent) of the Xiangxi River in Central China. Size structure histograms suggest that the life cycle was univoltine, and the relationships between the growth of Nemoura sichuanensis, physiological time, and effective accumulated water temperature were described using logistic regressions. The growth pattern was generally similar within year classes but growth rates did vary between year-classes. Our field data suggest a critical thermal threshold for emergence in Nemoura sichuanensis, that was close to 9 degrees C. The total number of physiological days required for completing larval development was 250 days. The effective accumulated water temperature was 2500 degree-days in the field. Development during the life cycle increased somewhat linearly with the physiological time and the effective accumulated water temperature, but some non-linear relationships were best developed by logistic equations.

Floral survey of the diatom genera Cymbella and Gomphonema (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyta) from the Jolmolungma mountain region of China

We report on taxa from the diatom genera Gomphonema and Cymbella (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyta) found in the Jolmolungma Mountain region of China. This region is unique for its diversity of habitats, which include rivers, springs, moist soil, snowfields, swamps and lakes. We re-examine diatom taxa found in samples first documented in 1973 (Jao et A, 1973) and incorporate recent taxonomic revisions from the literature. In the genera Gomphonema and Cymbella we report 113 species and varieties. Of these 113 taxa, 59 are new record for China; 1 new combination, Encyonema jolmolungmensis, is made. Morphometric data and habitat features are reported for each taxon. Their distribution is strongly correlated to their microhabitats.

A taxonomic study of Oconnorella (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from Changbaishan Mountain, China

We describe three enchytraeid species, including two new species, from Mt. Changbaishan, Jilin Province, northeastern China. Oconnorella cheni sp. nov. is characterized by a simple spermatheca; absence of the oesophageal appendages and seminal vesicle; and nephridia from 6/7, with a distinct funnel and the efferent duct arising from the anterior part of the postseptale. Oconnorella globula sp. nov. is distinguished by a spermatheca with two diverticula; lack of oesophageal appendages and seminal vesicle; and nephridia from 6/7, with distinct funnel and the efferent duct arising from the mid-ventral or posteroventral part of the postseptale. We redescribe Oconnorella changbaishanensis (Xie et al., 2000) from type and live specimens, and amend some characters that cannot be investigated clearly from mounted specimens. We revise the generic diagnosis of Oconnorella.

A survey of the gomphonemaceae and cymbellaceae (Bacillariophyta) from the Jolmolungma Mountain (Everest) region of China

Gomphonemaceae and Cymbellaceae from Jolmolungma Mountain region of China, comprised 79 taxa belonging to five genera. The dominant species were Gomphonema angustatum var. productum, G. gracile var. gracile, G. parvulum var. parvulum, G. hedini, Cymbella aequalis var. pisciculus, C. delicatula, C. cistula, C. cistula var. hebetata, C. cesatii, C. cymbiformis, C microcephala, C. minuta var. minuta., C. minuta var. silesiaca, C. pusilla, C. affinis. Some arctic and alpine forms also occurred, and the following taxa were unique to this region: Cymbella delicatula, C. naviculiformis, C. gracilis, C. minuta var. minuta, C. affinis, C. cistula, C. cymbiformis, C. cistula var. hebetata, C. arctica, Didymosphenia geminata, Gomphonema hedinii, G. olivaceum. Numbers of taxa in each samples varied greatly, It appears that species diversity of diatoms is related not only to macro-environments (e.g., geographic zonation) but also to microenvironments (e.g., microhabitats and microclimates). Cymbella spp. are not only comparatively widespread in the region but also outnumber Gomphonema spp. A large number of species found in the Jolmolungma Mountain region are also found in Tibet and the headwaters of Yangtze River.

长白山北坡水甲虫群落多样性及其与环境关系

长白山区生物多样性丰富，河流生态系统具有代表性，但近年由于人为干扰加剧，水域面积减少，森林植被遭到破坏。本文以长白山北坡河流生态系统为研究对象，调查了水甲虫群落、河岸带植被和水质等环境因子状况，运用多种数学分析方法和统计模型，分析了长白山北坡水甲虫群落多样性和环境因子的格局变化，重点研究了环境因子对水甲虫的影响，探讨了水甲虫对河流生态系统健康的指示作用，以此为该区的生态环境保护、林业的持续发展提供一些基础信息。 通过本论文的相关研究，得出以下主要结论： （1）在长白山北坡共鉴定水甲虫8科，37属，71种，其中龙虱科占属总数的55﹪，水龟虫科占属总数的23﹪。 （2）对环境因子进行主成分分析，结果表明水酸碱度、海拔高度、底泥有机质和全磷含量、电导率是主导环境因子。用典范对应分析及多元回归分析对水甲虫与环境因子的数量关系进行研究，结果显示水甲虫丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与底泥全磷含量、海拔、水电导率皆为正相关，与水pH值显著负相关。 （3）应用逐步回归、典范对应分析方法研究了植物群落对水甲虫群落的影响，发现长白山森林植物群落对水甲虫群落的组成、结构和多样性具有显著的生态效应，主要表现在植物群落及其各个层次的组成和多样性分别与水甲虫群落的组成、多样性和虫口数量变化具有显著的关联性。 （4）以水甲虫群落作为指示物评价河流生态系统健康和借助层次分析法综合评价河流生态系统健康的实践表明，两种方法都能很好地反映不同干扰造成的生态系统健康程度的变化。

长白山阔叶红松林树种的空间分布格局：机会还是竞争？

森林群落中物种是怎样分布的？各物种是如何共存于同一群落中的？物种的分布格局是如何随尺度变化的？哪些过程影响了物种的空间分布格局？森林群落中是否存在着强烈的种内或者种间竞争？是机会还是竞争在构建森林群落中起着更为重要的作用？这些问题的回答，对于我们了解森林群落的结构特征及其内在的生态学过程、揭示物种多样性维持和共存机制具有极其重要的意义。本论文以长白山阔叶红松林25 ha大型固定样地为研究平台，基于第一次样地调查数据，采用不同的空间格局分析方法，从不同的研究角度，对阔叶红松林的群落组成与结构特征、空间格局、种间关系、密度制约机制、物种共有度格局等进行了较详尽的研究。主要研究结论如下： 1) 样地内胸径≥1cm的木本植物共18科32属52种。总的独立个体数为38902，包括分枝的总个体数为59121。个体数最多的前3个种的个体数占总个体数的60%，前14个种占95%，而其余38个种仅占5%。从物种多度、胸高断面积、平均胸径和重要值来看，群落成层现象显著，具有明显的优势种。 2) 对树种空间分布格局的分析发现：树种的空间分布格局随树种、径级、垂直高度、空间尺度的变化表现出不同的分布格局；大多数树种在较小的空间尺度上是聚集的，聚集程度随林层的增高而降低，而在较大的空间尺度则主要表现为规则或者随机分布；小树在小尺度上表现出不同程度的聚集；一些树种的分布格局表现出一定的空间异质性。 3) 对树种的种间相关性分析发现：树种的种间相关性随树种、径级、垂直高度、空间尺度而变化；红松与紫椴在整体上表现为正相关，但并不是在各林层间都表现为正相关；红松和紫椴的幼树和小树大多聚集在母树的周围，蒙古栎和水曲柳的幼树和小树在母树周围分布较少；对不同树种在不同径级和垂直层的空间相关性的分析发现，蒙古栎和水曲柳多分布在光环境比较好的地方，而红松和紫椴这两个耐阴树种则分布在郁闭的冠层下，表明不同的物种具有不同的生境要求以满足其存活和建成的需求；通过比较6个个体数差异极大的槭属树种的种群结构、空间格局和空间相关性等发现，15个物种对中的7个物种对不存在明显的相关性，不同径级的物种对之间的比较也没有发现明显的相关性，即它们之间并不存在明显的种间竞争。 4) 分析密度制约机制对树木存活的影响，可以发现：死亡前树种的格局大多是比死亡后更加聚集的；对于死亡后存活树木的格局，5个主林层树种中的3个和8个次林层和林下层树种中的3个树种的死亡都是随机的，8个次林层和林下层树种中的5个表现出正的密度制约存活；13个树种中的9个树种的存活与其自身的胸高断面积负相关，表明在大树之间存在着强烈的种内或种间竞争；主林层树种存活与近邻距离内同种的个体数没有明显相关性，而次林层和林下层树种的存活与近邻距离内同种的个体数大多呈正相关；大多数树种的存活与同种的胸高断面积表现出负相关，表明了强烈的种内竞争的存在，树木个体的大小对种内竞争的贡献要远远大于该树种种群的密度。 5) 对物种共有度格局的分析发现：阔叶红松林群落在小的空间尺度上出现了较少的物种共有度格局，表明也许存在强烈的种间竞争；而在较大尺度上，基于群落等级、个体数较多的物种组和径级较大的物种组的分析，都出现了随机的物种共有度格局，表明在较大的尺度上并不存在明显地影响物种分布的生态学过程；基于系统发生的物种组的物种共有度格局明显地不同于群落等级的物种共有度格局，在系统发生的物种组内，没有发现种间竞争的证据，而在小尺度上却存在正的种间相关性。 6) 从不同角度对物种分布格局的分析可以看出，森林群落结构与空间尺度是密切相关的。树种的空间分布格局随尺度而变化，在一个尺度上表现为一种格局，而在另一个尺度上则可能表现为另一种不同的格局。种内和种间相关性的分析也在不同的空间尺度上表现出不同的空间相关性。

长白山阔叶红松林种子雨组成与时空格局

种子雨是森林植物种群更新的主要方式之一，是森林生态系统自我繁衍和恢复的主要手段。为了解长白山阔叶红松林种子雨的组成及其时空变化，参照BCI 50ha 样地技术规范，在长白山阔叶红松林25ha长期监测样地内设置了150个种子收集器，从2006年5月15日到2007年11月8日，每15天收集掉落于收集器中的果实、种子及其相关附属物等。所收到的样品分别鉴定其种类并分为成熟种实、未成熟种实、花絮、果实或种子碎片及其附属物4类，记录各类别的数量，然后分别烘干称重。 研究期间，共收集到11科12属22种木本植物的种子及其它生殖器官残体，包括成熟种实16种，未成熟种实17种，花序12种，翅2种，果实或种子碎片及其附属物10种。累计收集到种实136664粒，其中成熟种实32358粒，占所有种实总数的23.80%。种实数最多的树种是紫椴(Tilia amurensis)，其次为水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshuica)，两个树种种实数占总数的89.54%。种实总重量为3320.93g，其中成熟种实总重量为1242.85g，占37.4%。成熟种实中水曲柳和紫椴的重量最大，其次是色木槭(Acer mono)，假色槭(A. pseudo-sieboldianum)、糠椴(T. mandshuric)和红松(Pinus koraiensis)。 种子雨数量年际变化明显，2006年种子雨密度为1370.25粒/m2，2007年为249.47粒/m2，差异极显著(P<0.001)。但不同年份种子雨的季节动态趋势一致，均有两个明显的大高峰期和一个小高峰期。不同物种种子雨扩散的时间格局大致可以分为“单峰”和“双峰”两种类型，在时间上体现了不同物种的更新策略。 150个收集器均收到了成熟种实，各收集器中的种实数呈偏态分布，种实数在150-250之间的收集器数量最多，共68个，种实数小于50的收集器有5个，种实数大于250的收集器共37个。样地内成熟种实数量及其空间分布差异明显，收集器中种实数在1000个以上的有3个，最多达1511个，聚集分布于样地的西北角；收集器中种实数最少的只有22个种实。种实重量的空间分布与种实数分布一样存在较明显的空间差异，只是差异性相对偏弱一些，且与种实数量的空间分布不一致。

长白山阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度对采伐干扰的响应研究

本研究以长白山地区原始和次生的阔叶红松林为对象，在2007和2008年共建立了8种类型10块1 ha样地。通过野外调查和取样分析，得到各样地森林生态系统的植物、枯死物和土壤碳密度值，并结合采伐样地经营历史情况（采伐时间和强度），得到长白山地区原始阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度参考值和次生阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度对采伐强度和植被恢复时间的响应特征。在此基础上，通过建立阔叶红松林乔木碳密度与生态系统碳密度的回归关系，并结合露水河林业局3个时期（1987、1995和2003年）的小班数据和原始林碳密度参考值，估算露水河林业局林业用地3个时期和潜在的碳储量。主要研究结果如下： （1）原始阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度参考值：植被、枯死物、土壤和生态系统碳密度值分别为149.18±54.57、20.93±14.33、156.39±14.99、326.50±34.52 t•ha-1。其中下木层、乔木层碳密度分别是1.55±0.74，147.63±54.39 t•ha-1；粗木质残体和枯枝落叶碳密度分别是15.64±13.66、5.29±1.72 t•ha-1；0-50 cm的各层土壤碳密度分别为62.14±6.31、46.17±10.25、27.82±6.20、12.57±4.67、7.69±2.20 t•ha-1。 （2）原始阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度对采伐干扰的响应特征为：采伐干扰均会减少生态系统碳密度；其中植被碳库对采伐干扰最为敏感且碳密度值均减少，采伐强度直接决定植被碳密度的减少程度和恢复时间；枯死物碳库对采伐干扰最不敏感且碳密度值是先增加后减少，采伐强度和植被恢复时建群树种决定枯死物碳密度的变化程度；土壤碳库对高强度采伐干扰敏感，采伐强度决定土壤碳密度是否发生变化。 （3）估算露水河林业局林业用地在1987、1995、2003年和潜在的森林生态系统碳储量分别为29.58×106 t、27.55×106 t、30.46×106 t和38.75×106 t。