Determination of population structure and stock composition of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Russia determined with microsatellites

Variation at 14 microsatellite loci was examined in 34 chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) populations from Russia and evaluated for its use in the determination of population structure and stock composition in simulated mixed-stock fishery samples. The genetic differentiation index (Fst) over all populations and loci was 0.017, and individual locus values ranged from 0.003 to 0.054. Regional population structure was observed, and populations from Primorye, Sakhalin Island, and northeast Russia were the most distinct. Microsatellite variation provided evidence of a more fine-scale population structure than those that had previously been demonstrated with other genetic-based markers. Analysis of simulated mixed-stock samples indicated that accurate and precise regional estimates of stock composition were produced when the microsatellites were used to estimate stock compositions. Microsatellites can be used to determine stock composition in geographically separate Russian coastal chum salmon fisheries and provide a greater resolution of stock composition and population structure than that previously provided with other techniques.

Potential of genetics for aquaculture development in Africa

Aquaculture in Africa is fairly insignificant by world standards and accounts for a mere 0.4 per cent of global aquaculture production. The application of genetics can play an important role in efforts to increase aquaculture production in Africa through methods such as selective breeding, hybridization, chromosome manipulation and use of YY “supermales”. Other issues that need to be addressed are limited genetic research facilities, funding, human capacity and suitable species for aquaculture.

Aquaculture genetics research and issues in INGA member countries/institutions

The information presented here is extracted from the presentations and discussions at the Sixth Steering Committee Meeting of the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture (INGA) held in Hanoi, Vietnam on 8-10 May 2001. The main topics discussed were: review of genetics research progress and planned activities in member countries and Associate Member institutions; genetics improvement technologies; strategies and action plans for distribution of improved fish breeds to small-scale farmers; ecological risk assessment for genetically improved fish breeds; methods for monitoring the uptake of improved strains and impact assessment; and network activities and collaborations.

Perspectives from agriculture: advances in livestock breeding - implications for aquaculture genetics

In this paper we present livestock breeding developments that could be taken into consideration in the genetic improvement of farmed aquaculture species, especially in freshwater fish. Firstly, the current breeding objective in aquatic species has focused almost exclusively on the improvement of body weight at harvest or on growth related traits. This is unlikely to be sufficient to meet the future needs of the aquaculture industry. To meet future demands breeding programs will most likely have to include additional traits, such as fitness related ones (survival, disease resistance), feed efficiency, or flesh quality, rather than only growth performance. In order to select for a multi-trait breeding objective, genetic variation in traits of interest and the genetic relationships among them need to be estimated. In addition, economic values for these traits will be required. Generally, there is a paucity of data on variable and fixed production costs in aquaculture, and this could be a major constraint in the further expansion of the breeding objectives. Secondly, genetic evaluation systems using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in a framework of mixed model methodology could be widely adopted to replace the more commonly used method of mass selection based on phenotypic performance. The BLUP method increases the accuracy of selection and also allows the management of inbreeding and estimation of genetic trends. BLUP is an improvement over the classic selection index approach, which was used in the success story of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in the Philippines, with genetic gains from 10 to 20 per cent per generation of selection. In parallel with BLUP, optimal genetic contribution theory can be applied to maximize genetic gain while constraining inbreeding in the long run in selection programs. Thirdly, by using advanced statistical methods, genetic selection can be carried out not only at the nucleus level but also in lower tiers of the pyramid breeding structure. Large scale across population genetic evaluation through genetic connectedness using cryopreserved sperm enables the comparison and ranking of genetic merit of all animals across populations, countries or years, and thus the genetically superior brood stock can be identified and widely used and exchanged to increase the rate of genetic progress in the population as a whole. It is concluded that sound genetic programs need to be established for aquaculture species. In addition to being very effective, fully pedigreed breeding programs would also enable the exploration of possibilities of integrating molecular markers (e.g., genetic tagging using DNA fingerprinting, marker (gene) assisted selection) and reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization using cryopreserved spermatozoa.

The review of recent advances in fish genetics and biotechnology

Great advances have been, and are being made in our knowledge of the genetics and molecular biology (including genomics, proteomics and structural biology). Global molecular profiling technologies such as microassays using DNA or oligonucleotide chip, and protein and lipid chips are being developed. The application of such biotechnological advances are inevitable in aquaculture in the areas of improvement of aquaculture stocks where many molecular markers such as RFLPs, AFLDs and RAPD are now available for genome analysis, finger printing and genetic linkage mapping. Transgenic technology has been developed in a number of fish species and research is being pursed to produce transgenic fish carrying genes that encode antimicrobial peptides such as lysozyme thereby achieving disease resistance in fish. Also it is a short cut to achieving genetic change for fast growth and other desirable traits like early sexual maturity, temperature tolerance and feed conversion efficiency. KEYWORDS: Fish genetics, transgenesis, monoploidy, diploidy, polyploidy,gynogenesis, androgenesis, cryopreservation.

Caracterização da distribuição de alelos de loci STR do cromossomo Y com elevada taxa de mutação em uma amostra populacional do Rio de Janeiro

Marcadores genéticos presentes no cromossomo Y, como os microssatélites (Y-STRs) e polimorfismos de único nucleotídeo (Y-SNPs) são utilizados na caracterização de linhagens masculinas, visto que são transmitidos às gerações seguintes sem alterações, a menos que ocorram mutações (Singh et al., 2011; Mitchell & Hammer, 1996; Butler, 2009). Por isso, esses marcadores são amplamente empregados em diversas situações, destacando-se o uso constante dos Y-STRs na genética forense por apresentarem alta capacidade de discriminar linhagens. Recentemente, foram descritos 13 marcadores com taxas de mutação substancialmente superiores àquelas verificadas para loci STR do cromossomo Y, denominados Rapidly Mutating (RM) Y-STRs (Ballantyne et al., 2010; Kayser et al., 2012). Devido às taxas de mutação elevadas, os RM-YSTRs apresentam maior eficiência na discriminação entre indivíduos proximamente relacionados, pertencentes à mesma linhagem patrilínea. O presente trabalho buscou aprofundar o conhecimento acerca das características populacionais e mutacionais dos loci RM-YSTRs em amostra do Rio de Janeiro, contribuindo com estudos desta natureza na população brasileira. Realizou-se a análise de 13 loci do cromossomo Y em 258 indivíduos do sexo masculino, compondo 129 pares de pais e filhos, nascidos no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O DNA das amostras foi extraído, conforme os protocolos vigentes na rotina do LDD-UERJ. As sequências genéticas de interesse foram amplificadas pela técnica de reação em cadeira da polimerase (PCR) através da realização de três PCR multiplex, cujos produtos de amplificação foram separados por eletroforese em sequenciador automático ABI-3500 (Applied Biosystems). Para os pares pai/filho que apresentaram haplótipos mutados, empregou-se a técnica de sequenciamento para confirmação das mutações. Os loci RM-YSTR geraram um poder de discriminação de 1,0 na amostra analisada, o que significa que todos os 129 indivíduos da amostra populacional apresentaram haplótipos diferentes para tais marcadores, com frequências de 0,0077 e diversidade haplotípica igual a 1. Além disso, foram obtidos valores elevados de diversidade gênica para os 13 marcadores. A análise de distância genética e os resultados de AMOVA baseados nos valores de Fst demonstraram que os RM-YSTR não indicam subdivisão populacional e traços ancestrais comuns. Tais valores estão associados às elevadas taxas de mutação encontradas, cuja média foi de 2,11 x 10-2. Foi possível observar que os loci RM-YSTR são muito discriminativos na amostra miscigenada analisada, além de terem maior capacidade de diferenciar indivíduos do que outros conjuntos de marcadores normalmente usados em estudos populacionais e análises forenses. Sendo assim, é possível concluir que os marcadores RM-YSTR são promissores para discriminar indivíduos da mesma linhagem patrilínea, visto que devido às suas elevadas taxas mutacionais e poder de discriminação, são capazes de diferenciar indivíduos de maneira mais eficiente do que os outros conjuntos de STR. Porém, é necessário maior número de estudos para melhor caracterização destes loci em diferentes populações.