A Física aplicada à qualidade alimentar: identificação de metais por “pixe” em castanhas

A concentração na castanha de minerais como o cálcio, potássio, o magnésio e outros tem sido estudada tradicionalmente por absorção atómica ou por espectrofotometria de UV-VIS [1-2]. Neste trabalho foi estudada a composição elementar de duas variedades (Longal e Judia) de castanha europeia (Castanea sativa Mill.) com a técnica PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission). Os resultados preliminares mostram que a composição difere de acordo com a variedade, nos elementos maioritários e nos minoritários. Este estudo é parte de um projecto mais amplo, que visa avaliar o efeito do processamento pós-colheita de alimentos com feixe de electrões e raios-X.

Determinação de metais em óleos lubrificantes utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por laser

IPEN/D

Uso do bivalve límnico Anodontites tenebricosus (LEA, 1834) no biomonitoramento de metais do Rio Ribeira de Iguape

This study investigated the contamination of the Ribeira de Iguape River - RIR by Cd, Zn, Cr and Pb, using the bivalve Anodontites tenebricosus as a biomonitor. Metal concentrations in tissue samples were measured by HR-ICPMS. Bivalve tissues exhibited mean levels of 1.00 µg/g Cd; 152.89 µg/g Zn; 14.79 µg/g Cr and 4.40 µg/g Pb. Lead concentrations were comparable to those reported for moderately contaminated sites. The results showed that Pb is bioavailable to the bivalves, exhibiting high concentrations and exceeding both natural and reference values for human consumption. The freshwater bivalve Anodontites tenebricosus is a suitable biomonitor of contamination by metals.

Efeito da aplicação continuada de biosólido na compartimentalização de metais em solo cultivado com banana (Musa spp).

EFEITO DA APLICAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE BIOSÓLIDO NA COMPARTIMENTALIZAÇÃO DE METAIS EM SOLO CULTIVADO COM BANANA (MUSA SPP). MA040 Germana Breves Rona1; Fernanda Ardilha1; Fernanda Serrenho1; Sarai de Alcantara1; Daniel Vidal Perez2; Luiz A.S. Melo3., germanarona@hotmail.com 1Instituto de Química/UFRJ, Av. Brig. Trompovsky, s/nº, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro (RJ); 2Embrapa Solos, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024, CEP: 22460-000, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). 3Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Caixa Postal 69, CEP: 13820-000, Jaguariúna (SP) (INTRODUÇÃO) O lodo de esgoto é rico em matéria orgânica e nutrientes, podendo substituir, ainda que parcialmente, os fertilizantes minerais. Graças a essas características, esse resíduo pode desempenhar importante papel na produção agrícola e na manutenção da fertilidade do solo. Entretanto, esse composto apresenta materiais pesados em sua composição. Assim torna-se necessário ponderar as variações das formas disponíveis desses elementos. Nesse sentido, a extração seqüencial é uma metodologia que permite avaliar o destino principal de dado metal no solo em função de suas preferências de ligação química na matriz organomineral. No entanto, essa análise consome muito tempo e reagente. A possibilidade de relacionar essa extração complexa com uma mais simples seria interessante. É o objetivo do presente trabalho, portanto, avaliar a relação entre uma metodologia de extração seqüencial e os dois métodos de extração simples mais usados no Brasil, Mehlich 1 e DTPA. (METODOLOGIA) As amostras foram coletadas em um ensaio instalado no campo experimental da Embrapa-Meio Ambiente (Jaguariúna, SP) em um Argissolo Vermelho- Amarelo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com 5 repetições. Os tratamentos estudados foram: 1. fertilização mineral (NPK), com base na análise de solo; 2. aplicação de lodo de esgoto com base na sua concentração de nitrogênio e mantendo a metade da quantidade aplicada na fertilização mineral (N/2); 3 aplicação de lodo de esgoto mantendo a quantidade de N aplicada na fertilização mineral (N); 4. duas vezes a concentração de lodo de esgoto aplicada no tratamento 3 (2N). Dois tipos de lodo foram aplicados: entre 2000 e 2004 usou-se lodo originário da região de Barueri (SP), tipicamente industrial.; em 2005 foi aplicado lodo originário do município de Jundiaí (SP), que pode ser considerado de característica doméstica. Ambos foram fornecidos pela SABESP, na forma adequada para aplicação agrícola. As amostras de solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm no ano de 2006. A extração seqüencial foi a descrita por Wasserman et al. (2005). As extrações simples, DTPA e Mehlich 1 seguiram a metodologia da Embrapa (1997). A determinação de Fe, Cu, Zn e Cr foi realizada por ICP-OES (PE OTIMA 3000). (RESULTADOS) As extrações simples de Fe, Cu, Zn e Cr correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente com as principais fases do solo ligadas à biodisponibilidade. Os elementos Fe e Zn, extraídos tanto por Mehlich 1, como por DTPA, correlacionaram-se com mais significânica com a Fase 1, ligada à CTC do solo. Já os elementos Cu e Cr, correlacionaram-se melhor com a Fase 3, relacionada à matéria orgânica. O Mn extraído por DTPA apresentou melhor correlação com a Fase 1. (CONCLUSÃO) Todos os metais analisados apresentaram uma tendência em aumentarem sua concentração total em função da dose de lodo aplicada. As fases 1 e 3 apresentam importância neste sentido, sendo este um motivo de grande preocupação, por serem frações biodisponíveis, podendo agravar seriamente, os riscos de contaminação pelos metais em questão. No entanto, as concentrações encontradas são bem menores que aquelas recomendadas pela CONAMA no375/2006. Agradecimentos: CNPq, FAPERJ, FUJB, Embrapa

Remoção de metais pesados em efluentes sintéticos utilizando vermiculita como adsorvente

Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions

Torta de filtro e turfa na mitigação de solo contaminado por metais pesados e Boro e o uso do girassol como fitoextrator.

A maioria das plantas testadas para remediar áreas contaminadas tem sido para fins alimentares ou florestais. Hoje, o interesse aumentou para culturas energéticas, cuja biomassa poderá ser utilizada para biodiesel, biogás ou calor. Os objetivos deste experimento foram avaliar o potencial remediador de plantas de girassol cultivadas em um Neossolo Litólico contaminado com metais pesados e boro e o efeito da aplicação de compostos orgânicos na fitodisponibilidade de metais e de boro. As doses de compostos orgânicos, torta de filtro e turfa, foram de 0,0, 20; 40 e 80 t ha -1 de C orgânico equivalente em, g por vaso, a: 0,0, 37,4, 74,8 e 112,2 para a torta e 0,0, 60,5, 121,0 e 181,5 para a turfa. Plantas de girassol foram crescidas até o estádio de florescimento. Amostras de solo bem como as da parte aérea (caule e flor) e raízes das plantas de girassol foram submetidas às análises químicas para determinação de macro e micronutrientes e metais pesados. As plantas não apresentaram sintomas de toxidez. A produção de massa seca de todas as partes da planta aumentou com o aumento da adição de matéria orgânica, sendo que a adição de torta de filtro foi o tratamento mais efetivo. A aplicação de matéria orgânica não influenciou a concentração de B e de metais pesados disponíveis no solo, mas os valores estavam altos. Concluiu-se que o girassol tem potencial para ser cultivado na área contaminada estudada, além de ser considerado fitoextrator de B.

Impregnação de metais em xisto retortado para uso como adsorventes

Concern with the environment has lead to an increase in the research for new adsorption techniques, low cost adsorvent materials and with high availability. Many works search the development of higher selectivity modified adsorvents. The Brazil has the second world reserve of oiled shale, because of it, the use of that reject is of great interest. This study has the goal of characterize and analyze the retorted shale, reject of the pirobetuminous shale pyrolysis, and the retorted shale modified through the humid impregnation method, wich the precursors were the metals nitrates ( Cobalt, Nickel and Copper), to the usage has adsorvent materials. The samples were characterized chemically, textually and structurally by the X ray fluorescence (XRF), BET, X ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) techniques. The impregnated samples showed a reduction in the superficial area and in the pore volume when compared with the retorted shale. Besides that, diffractions referred to the impregnated metals where observed in the XRD analysis, wich were the same metals detected in the XRF and SEM analysis. The materials showed homogeneity in it s composition. The results shows that the materials presents adequate adsorption characteristics

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Avaliação de metodologia de preparo de amostra de petróleo por digestão ácida auxiliada por microondas para determinação de metais por ICP-OES

This project describes a methodology optimization that would allow for a more efficient microwave assisted digestion process for petroleum samples. With the possible chance to vary various factors at once to see if any one factor was significant enough in the answers, experimental planning was used. Microwave assisted digestion allows, through the application of potency, an increasing number of collisions between the HNO3 and H2O2 molecules, favoring sample opening for complex matrixes. For this, a 24 factorial experimental planning was used, varying potency, time and the volumes for HNO3 65% and H2O2 30%. To achieve the desired answers, several elements were monitored (C, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn and V) through Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). With this initial study it was noticed that the HNO3 was not a significant factor for any of the statistical studies for any of the analytes and the other 3 factors and their interactions showed statistical significance. A Box Behnken experimental planning was used taking in consideration 3 factors: H2O2 volume, time (min) and Potency (W), Nitric Acid kept at 4mL for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The results were extremely satisfying showing higher efficiency in the digestion process and taking in a responsibility between the answers for each analyte and the carbon monitoring was achieved in the following conditions: 7mL of H2O2, 700 Watts of potency and a reaction time of 7 minutes with 4mL de HNO3 for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The optimized digestion process was applied to four different petroleum samples and the analytes determined by ICP-OES

Extração de metais (K, Mg, Ba, Ca, Cr, Mn, Li, Fe) de água produzida utilizando sistema microemulsionado

The produced water is a byproduct formed due to production of petroleum and carries with it a high amount of contaminants such as oil particles in suspension, organic compounds and metals. Thus, these latter pollutants are very difficult to treat because of its high solubility in water. The objective of this work is to use and evaluate a microemulsioned system to remove metals ( K , Mg , Ba , Ca , Cr , Mn , Li , Fe ) of synthetic produced water. For the extraction of metals, it was used a pseudoternary diagram containing the following phases: synthetic produced water as the aqueous phase (AP), hexane as organic phase (OP), and a cosurfactant/surfactant ratio equal to four (C/S = 4) as the third phase, where the OCS (saponified coconut oil) was used as surfactant and n-butanol as cosurfactant. The synthetic produced water was prepared in a bench scale and the region of interest in the diagram for the removal of metals was determined by experimental design called. Ten points located in the phase Winsor II were selected in an area with a large amount of water and small amounts of reagents. The samples were analyzed in atomic absorption spectrometer, and the results were evaluated through a statistical assesment, allowing the efficiency analysis of the effects and their interactions. The results showed percentages of extraction above 90% for the metals manganese, iron, chromium, calcium, barium and magnesium, and around 45% for metals lithium and potassium. The optimal point for the simultaneous removal of metals was calculated using statistical artifact multiple response function (MR). This calculation showed that the point of greatest extraction of metals occurs was the J point, with the composition [72% AP, 9% OP, 19% C/S], obtaining a global extraction percentage about 80%. Considering the aspects analyzed, the microemulsioned system has shown itself to be an effective alternative in the extraction of metals on synthetic produced water remediation

Coeficientes de difusão de metais em materiais não convencionais (agarose e acetato de celulose) usados na técnica de difusão em filmes finos por gradientes de concentração

The DGT technique allows one to measure quantitatively free and labile metal species in aquatic systems. Nevertheless, for this approach, knowledge is required of the diffusion coefficients of the analytes in a diffusive layer. In this study, the diffusion coefficients of Hg(II), As(III), Mn(II), Mg(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) were determined in agarose gel and those of Ba(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Mn(II) e Zn(II) in cellulose acetate membranes. These materials presented good performance and the reported results can be used as a data base for further DGT studies.

Remoção de metais pesados de soluções usando um biopolímero

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