Dynamic voltage restorer development and testing

The growing use of sensitive loads in the electric power system, especially in industrial applications, increases voltage sags related production losses considerably, stimulating a demand for power electronics' based solutions to mitigate the effects of such problems. This paper shows the implementation and some industrial certification tests of a power equipment prototype designed to correct sags and swells, a dynamic voltage restorer, which is one of the many possible solutions for voltage sags and swells problems Experimental results of a 75kVA prototype are shown both in laboratory and full load conditions, in a certification institution (IEE-USP). © 2011 IEEE.

Transnational corporations and structural changes in industry in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico

Includes bibliography

The industrial policy debate

Includes bibliography

Genotipagem de leveduras presentes no processo industrial de produção de álcool combustível e estudo do polimorfismo de genes envolvidos no processo fermentativo em Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A ictiofauna no monitoramento da qualidade ambiental em um distrito industrial do estuário amazônico

Vila do Conde está localizada no município de Barcarena, Pará, Brasil. Nesta região está concentrado um importante pólo industrial de mineração, constituindo um fator de risco para a qualidade da água. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da água no ambiente estuarino localizado no entorno de Vila do Conde utilizando a ictiofauna como bioindicador e o fígado de duas espécies de peixes como biomarcador histopatológico. As coletas do material abiótico (água) e da ictiofauna ocorreram em três áreas considerando os diferentes níveis de impacto: Zona 1, localizado no entorno do terminal portuário e industrial de Vila do Conde, considerada como alto risco de contaminação; Zona 2, localizada na ilha do Capim, na divisa dos municípios de Barcarena e Abaetetuba, classificada com risco médio de impacto; Zona 3, localizada na ilha das Onças, município de Barcarena, classificada com risco minímo por está distante das fontes de contaminação. Para todas as áreas de estudo foram feitas amostragens tanto no ambiente de canal quanto no canal de maré ao longo de quatro coletas bimestrais -, transição chuvoso para o seco (Junho 2009), seco (Setembro 2009), transição seco para chuvoso (Janeiro 2010) e período chuvoso (Abril 2010), no período de um ano de coleta. Para a obtenção dos dados foram utilizados rede de emalhar e rede de tapagem. Como forma de abordar diferentes vertentes sobre a qualidade da água em Vila do Conde, este trabalho foi dividido em etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu do uso da ictiofauna como bioindicadora (capítulo 1). Na segunda etapa foram selecionadas duas espécies abundantes com hábitos alimentares distintos, Plagioscion squamosissimus e Lithodoras dorsalis, para avaliar a saúde do ambiente através da utilização do fígado como iomarcador histopatológico (capítulo 2). Por fim todas as famílias de descritores da comunidade estudadas nos capítulos 1 e 2 foram integralizadas através do uso de índices de integridade biológica (capítulo 3). A análise da ictiofauna como bioindicadora mostrou que, para os dois ambientes (canal e igarapé), considerando as várias famílias de descritores, foi evidente a composição diferenciada entre os locais. Das 77 espécies capturadas, apenas 23 foram encontradas na zona 1. Adicionalmente, também foi observada a diminuição de organismos de grande porte. Este decréscimo foi considerado como uma resposta ecológica inicial as alterações antrópicas. A análise dos biomarcadores, feito através do estudo histopatológico do fígado se mostrou eficiente e demonstrou que presença antrópica naquela região está afetando a saúde da P. squamosissimus e L. dorsalis. O MAV (Mean Assessment Values), HAI (Histological Alteration Index) e o MDS (multidimensional scaling) mostraram claramente as diferenças entre as áreas estudadas. Nas áreas em que existe o contato mais próximo com o porto e as indústrias, as alterações foram mais severas e algumas consideradas irreversíveis para as duas espécies. As principais lesões encontradas nas duas espécies foram: o aumento do centro melanomacrófagos, degeneração gordurosa, inflamação nos hepatócitos, hepatite, congestão nos vasos e necrose focal. As alterações hepáticas observadas neste estudo foram mais intensas em P. squamosissimus que é carnívora e se alimenta na área de estudo predominantemente de camarão. Através dos índices de integridade todas as informações sobre a comunidade descritas anteriormente foram agregadas e denominadas de métricas. Para os dois ambientes (canal e igarapé), a curva de biomassa/dominância ABC mostrou que as zonas 1 e 2 apresentaram alterações, sendo estas áreas classificadas como moderadamente impactadas. Os índices BHI (Estuarine biological health index), EFCI (Estuarine fish community índex), TFCI (Transitional fish classification índex) e EBI (Estuarine biotic integrity index) foram considerados excelentes indicadores de integridade nas áreas de estudos e foram eficientes em mostrar alterações graves da comunidade de peixes na zona 1. Quanto à zona 2, já foi possível observar algum tipo de alteração no ambiente, mostrando que a contaminação não está se restringindo apenas ao entorno de Vila do Conde. As metodologias aplicadas foram capazes de detectar as interferências antrópicas na área de estudo e podem para ser replicadas em outros ambientes estuarinos. Entretanto, estudos mais detalhados e por um maior período de tempo ainda são necessários em Vila do Conde, principalmente relacionadas à bioacumulação de metais pesados nas principais espécies consumidas.

Anteprojeto de um sistema digital de proteção e controle aplicado em uma subestação elétrica industrial

With the growth of the demand on electric energy in the last decades, the urban distribution and transmission systems have experienced a bigger necessity to improve on the substations, the automation procedures and techniques on the operation maneuvers of such systems, in a sense that better attends the quality levels, availability, continuity and operational reliability. In this way, the objective of the present paper is to perform a study of protection and control on an electrical industrial system involving the procedures of digitizing and maneuvers automatism utilizing operational techniques and other pertinent information used in a typical high-voltage Industrial Electrical System. Analysis were made on short-circuits to specify the main components of the 138 [kV] substation, in addition, there were used digital MiCOM relays to make the protection of the present elements. With that, a program was developed to allow the user to monitor the condition of circuit-breakers through a supervision screen being able to simulate some kinds of faults, as well as observing the characteristics of each device. This way, the importance of having a fast and reliable system that ensures the equipment’s protection and the industrial process continuity due to faults on the electrical system is noticeable. It’s important to highlight that all this digitizing was mainly favored by the development of digital technology on the last years, mainly on microelectronics, also with the appearance of supervision gadgets allowing the development of complex systems in supervision and electric energy control

Batata cv Pirassu como matéria prima industrial

The starch market has been growing and improving in recent years, leading to a search for products with specific characteristics that meet the industrial requirements. This work aimed to evaluate the centesimal composition of potato tubers cv Pirassu and its industrial potential. The potato cv Pirassu was cultivated in Pouso Alegre, mountainous region south of Minas Gerais state, with planting season in August and harvest season in November, 2011. The tubers were analyzed for color, pulp and centesimal composition. The starch extract was analyzed for centesimal composition, phosphorus content, apparent amylose, pasting properties and thermal properties. The results showed that the content of dry matter, total soluble sugar and starch of tubers, are compatible for processing for potato chips. The starch of this cultivate showed important viscosity characteristics for food industry such as: heat resistance and friction, good final viscosity and low granular organization.

Metals and semi-metals in street soils of So Paulo city, Brazil

So Paulo is the largest city in Brazil and South America with about 20 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area, more than nine million motor vehicles and intense industrial activity, which are responsible for increasing pollution in the region. Nevertheless, little is known concerning metal and semi-metal content in the soils of this metropolitan region. This type of information could be extremely useful as a fingerprint of environmental pollution. The present study determined the elements As, Ba, Co, Cr, Sb, and Zn concentrations in soils adjacent to avenues of highly dense traffic in So Paulo city to assess their levels and possible sources. The analytical technique employed was Instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results showed, except for Co, concentration levels higher than the reference values for soils of So Paulo, according to the Environmental Protection Agency of the State of So Paulo guidelines. When compared to similar studies in other cities around the world, So Paulo soils presented higher levels, probably due to its high density traffic and industrial activity. The concentrations obtained for As and Cr indicate anthropogenic origin. The high levels of the traffic-related elements Ba, Sb, and Zn in soils nearby high density traffic avenues indicate they may originate from vehicular exhausts.

HEPATOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF THE AZO DYES DISPERSE ORANGE 1 (DO1), DISPERSE RED 1 (DR1,) AND DISPERSE RED 13 (DR13) IN HEPG2 CELLS

During the dyeing process in baths approximately 10 to 15% of the dyes used are lost and reach industrial effluents, thus polluting the environment. Studies showed that some classes of dyes, mainly azo dyes and their by-products, exert adverse effects on humans and local biota, since the wastewater treatment systems and water treatment plants were found to be ineffective in removing the color and reducing toxicity of some dyes. In the present study, the toxicity of the azo dyes disperse orange 1 (DO1), disperse red 1 (DR1), and disperse red 13 (DR13) was evaluated in HepG2 cells grown in monolayers or in three dimensional (3D) culture. Hepatotoxicity of the dyes was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) and cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assays after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation of cells with 3 different concentrations of the azo dyes. The dye DO1 only reduced the mitochondrial activity in HepG2 cells grown in a monolayer after 72 h incubation, while the dye DR1 showed this deleterious effect in both monolayer and 3D culture. In contrast, dye DR13 decreased the mitochondrial activity after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure in both monolayer and 3D culture. With respect to dehydrogenase activity, only the dye DR13 diminished the activity of this enzyme after 72 h of exposure in both monolayer and 3D culture. Our results clearly demonstrated that exposure to the studied dyes induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.

Reactive sputter magnetron reactor for preparation of thin films and simultaneous in-situ structural study by X-ray diffraction.

Reactive Sputter Magnetron (RSM) is a widely used technique to thin films growing of compounds both, in research laboratories and in industrial processes. The nature of the deposited compound will depend then on the nature of the magnetron target and the nature of the ions generated in the plasma. One important aspect of the problem is the knowledge of the evolution of the film during the process of growing itself. In this work, we present the design, construction of a chamber to be installed in the Huber goniometer in the XRD2 line of LNLS in Campinas, which allows in situ growing kinetic studies of thin films.

Learning Democracy Together in School? : Student and Teacher Attitudes in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The principal aim of this study is to examine attitudes and values, through questionnaires, among students and teachers in the last grade of primary school (grade 8) regarding issues related to authoritarianism, democracy, human rights, children rights, conflict resolution and legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A second aim is to explore and analyze the role of the international community in the democratization and education processes in the light of globalization in this country through secondary sources of data, site visits and observations. Analysis of the student sample reveals suspicion towards democracy, especially when democracy was associated with politics and politicians. When the issue of democracy was de-contextualized from Bosnia and Herzegovina realities in the questionnaire, students showed more positive attitudes towards it. Students generally agreed with very strong authoritarian statements. High achieving students were more democratic, more socially responsible, more tolerant regarding attitudes towards religion, race and disabilities, and less authoritarian compared to low achievers. High achievers felt that they had influence over daily events, and were positive towards social and civil engagement. High achievers viewed politics negatively, but had high scores on the democracy scale. High achievers also agreed to a larger extent that it is acceptable to break the law. The more authoritarian students were somewhat more prone to respond that it is not acceptable to break the law. The major findings from the teacher sample show that teachers who agreed with non-peaceful mediation, and had a non-forgiving and rigid approach to interpersonal conflicts, also agreed with strong authoritarian statements and were less democratic. In general, teachers valued students who behave respectfully, have a good upbringing and are obedient. They were very concerned about the general status of education in society, which they felt was becoming marginalized. Teachers were not happy with the overloaded curricula and they showed an interest in more knowledge and skills to help children with traumatic war experiences. When asked about positive reforms, teachers were highly critical of, and dissatisfied with, the educational situation. Bosnia and Herzegovina is undergoing a transition from a state-planned economy and one party system to a market economy and a multi party system. During this transition, the country has become more involved in the globalization process than ever. Today the country is a semi-protectorate where international authorities intervene when necessary. The International community is attempting to introduce western democracy and some of the many complexities in this process are discussed in this study. Globalization processes imply contradictory demands and pressures on the education system. On one hand, economic liberalization has affected education policies —a closer alignment between education and economic competitiveness. On the other hand, there is a political and ideological globalization process underlying the importance of human rights, and the inclusiveness of education for all children. Students and teachers are caught between two opposing ideals — competition and cooperation.

Modulation Techniques for Multi-Phase Converters and Control Strategies for Multi-Phase Electric Drives

The ever-increasing spread of automation in industry puts the electrical engineer in a central role as a promoter of technological development in a sector such as the use of electricity, which is the basis of all the machinery and productive processes. Moreover the spread of drives for motor control and static converters with structures ever more complex, places the electrical engineer to face new challenges whose solution has as critical elements in the implementation of digital control techniques with the requirements of inexpensiveness and efficiency of the final product. The successfully application of solutions using non-conventional static converters awake an increasing interest in science and industry due to the promising opportunities. However, in the same time, new problems emerge whose solution is still under study and debate in the scientific community During the Ph.D. course several themes have been developed that, while obtaining the recent and growing interest of scientific community, have much space for the development of research activity and for industrial applications. The first area of research is related to the control of three phase induction motors with high dynamic performance and the sensorless control in the high speed range. The management of the operation of induction machine without position or speed sensors awakes interest in the industrial world due to the increased reliability and robustness of this solution combined with a lower cost of production and purchase of this technology compared to the others available in the market. During this dissertation control techniques will be proposed which are able to exploit the total dc link voltage and at the same time capable to exploit the maximum torque capability in whole speed range with good dynamic performance. The proposed solution preserves the simplicity of tuning of the regulators. Furthermore, in order to validate the effectiveness of presented solution, it is assessed in terms of performance and complexity and compared to two other algorithm presented in literature. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is also tested on induction motor drive fed by a matrix converter. Another important research area is connected to the development of technology for vehicular applications. In this field the dynamic performances and the low power consumption is one of most important goals for an effective algorithm. Towards this direction, a control scheme for induction motor that integrates within a coherent solution some of the features that are commonly required to an electric vehicle drive is presented. The main features of the proposed control scheme are the capability to exploit the maximum torque in the whole speed range, a weak dependence on the motor parameters, a good robustness against the variations of the dc-link voltage and, whenever possible, the maximum efficiency. The second part of this dissertation is dedicated to the multi-phase systems. This technology, in fact, is characterized by a number of issues worthy of investigation that make it competitive with other technologies already on the market. Multiphase systems, allow to redistribute power at a higher number of phases, thus making possible the construction of electronic converters which otherwise would be very difficult to achieve due to the limits of present power electronics. Multiphase drives have an intrinsic reliability given by the possibility that a fault of a phase, caused by the possible failure of a component of the converter, can be solved without inefficiency of the machine or application of a pulsating torque. The control of the magnetic field spatial harmonics in the air-gap with order higher than one allows to reduce torque noise and to obtain high torque density motor and multi-motor applications. In one of the next chapters a control scheme able to increase the motor torque by adding a third harmonic component to the air-gap magnetic field will be presented. Above the base speed the control system reduces the motor flux in such a way to ensure the maximum torque capability. The presented analysis considers the drive constrains and shows how these limits modify the motor performance. The multi-motor applications are described by a well-defined number of multiphase machines, having series connected stator windings, with an opportune permutation of the phases these machines can be independently controlled with a single multi-phase inverter. In this dissertation this solution will be presented and an electric drive consisting of two five-phase PM tubular actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter will be presented. Finally the modulation strategies for a multi-phase inverter will be illustrated. The problem of the space vector modulation of multiphase inverters with an odd number of phases is solved in different way. An algorithmic approach and a look-up table solution will be proposed. The inverter output voltage capability will be investigated, showing that the proposed modulation strategy is able to fully exploit the dc input voltage either in sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal operating conditions. All this aspects are considered in the next chapters. In particular, Chapter 1 summarizes the mathematical model of induction motor. The Chapter 2 is a brief state of art on three-phase inverter. Chapter 3 proposes a stator flux vector control for a three- phase induction machine and compares this solution with two other algorithms presented in literature. Furthermore, in the same chapter, a complete electric drive based on matrix converter is presented. In Chapter 4 a control strategy suitable for electric vehicles is illustrated. Chapter 5 describes the mathematical model of multi-phase induction machines whereas chapter 6 analyzes the multi-phase inverter and its modulation strategies. Chapter 7 discusses the minimization of the power losses in IGBT multi-phase inverters with carrier-based pulse width modulation. In Chapter 8 an extended stator flux vector control for a seven-phase induction motor is presented. Chapter 9 concerns the high torque density applications and in Chapter 10 different fault tolerant control strategies are analyzed. Finally, the last chapter presents a positioning multi-motor drive consisting of two PM tubular five-phase actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter.

Development of instrumental and sensory analytical methods of food obtained by traditional and emerging technologies

The consumer demand for natural, minimally processed, fresh like and functional food has lead to an increasing interest in emerging technologies. The aim of this PhD project was to study three innovative food processing technologies currently used in the food sector. Ultrasound-assisted freezing, vacuum impregnation and pulsed electric field have been investigated through laboratory scale systems and semi-industrial pilot plants. Furthermore, analytical and sensory techniques have been developed to evaluate the quality of food and vegetable matrix obtained by traditional and emerging processes. Ultrasound was found to be a valuable technique to improve the freezing process of potatoes, anticipating the beginning of the nucleation process, mainly when applied during the supercooling phase. A study of the effects of pulsed electric fields on phenol and enzymatic profile of melon juice has been realized and the statistical treatment of data was carried out through a response surface method. Next, flavour enrichment of apple sticks has been realized applying different techniques, as atmospheric, vacuum, ultrasound technologies and their combinations. The second section of the thesis deals with the development of analytical methods for the discrimination and quantification of phenol compounds in vegetable matrix, as chestnut bark extracts and olive mill waste water. The management of waste disposal in mill sector has been approached with the aim of reducing the amount of waste, and at the same time recovering valuable by-products, to be used in different industrial sectors. Finally, the sensory analysis of boiled potatoes has been carried out through the development of a quantitative descriptive procedure for the study of Italian and Mexican potato varieties. An update on flavour development in fresh and cooked potatoes has been realized and a sensory glossary, including general and specific definitions related to organic products, used in the European project Ecropolis, has been drafted.

Add a Dash of Rhetoric, a Pinch of Technical Communication, a Handful of Pedagogy, and Mix Well: Cookbooks and Recipes as Instructional Texts, and What Domestic Texts from 1870 to 1935 Can Teach Us About Technical Communication

Through the use of rhetoric centered on authority and risk avoidance, scientific method has co-opted knowledge, especially women's everyday and experiential knowledge in the domestic sphere. This, in turn, has produced a profound affect on technical communication in the present day. I am drawing on rhetorical theory to study cookbooks and recipes for their contributions to changes in instructional texts. Using the rhetorical lenses of metis (cunning intelligence), kairos (timing and fitness) and mneme (memory), I examine the way in which recipes and cookbooks are constructed, used and perceived. This helps me uncover lost voices in history, the voices of women who used recipes, produced cookbooks and changed the way instructions read. Beginning with the earliest cookbooks and recipes, but focusing on the pivotal temporal interval of 1870-1935, I investigate the writing and rhetorical forces shaping instruction sets and domestic discourse. By the time of scientific cooking and domestic science, everyday and experiential knowledge were being excluded to make room for scientific method and the industrial values of the public sphere. In this study, I also assess how the public sphere, via Cooperative Extension Services and other government agencies, impacted the domestic sphere, further devaluing everyday knowledge in favor of the public scientific model. I will show how the changes in the production of food, cookbooks and recipes were related to changes in technical communication. These changes had wide rippling effects on the field of technical communication. By returning to some of the tenets and traditions of everyday and experiential knowledge, technical communication scholars, practitioners and instructors today can find new ways to encounter technical communication, specifically regarding the creation of instructional texts. Bringing cookbooks, recipes and everyday knowledge into the classroom and the field engenders a new realm of epistemological possibilities.

Keweenaw National Historical Park: Heritage Partnerships in an Industrial Landscape

This dissertation examines the genesis and development of Keweenaw National Historical Park in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. After the decline of a once-thriving copper mining industry, local residents pursued the creation of a national park as a way to encourage economic development, revitalize their community, and preserve their historic resources. Although they were ultimately successful in creating a national park, the park that was established was not the park that they envisioned. Over the next twenty years, the National Park Service, the park's federal Advisory Commission, and the communities on the Keweenaw Peninsula struggled to align unrealistic expectations with the actual capabilities and limitations of the park. The first chapter of this dissertation includes a short history of the decline of the copper industry in and around the village of Calumet, Michigan. This chapter also includes a discussion about the techniques and challenges of preserving and interpreting industrial heritage. Chapters 2 and 3 cover the events from the initial park proposal, to the expansion of the original idea, to the establishment of the park. Chapter 4 includes an examination of the enabling legislation and a discussion about the opportunities and challenges it provided. Chapters 5 through 8 cover the tenure of each of the four NPS superintendents as they navigated the complexities presented by a park model that was part partnership park and part traditional national park. Chapter 9 includes some key lessons, an assessment of the park's success, and some considerations for the future. In particular, Chapter 9 argues for an increased focus on the partnership aspects of the park, a reduction in the perceived scope of responsibilities, and a renewed effort to rally the existing partners in pursuing additional philanthropic support for the overall park.