Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Scale ca. 1:130,000.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Scale ca. 1:130,000.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreational Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Panel title.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading and spot heights.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading and spot heights.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading and spot heights.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading and spot heights.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading and spot heights.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading and spot heights.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading and spot heights.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania /

Relief shown by shading and spot heights.

[Topographic map of portion of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, and topographical and architectural examples and exercises] /

Relief shown by contours.

More favorable combination of circumstances could hardly have been desired : a bottom to top examination of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company's Cliff Mine

The Cliff Mine, an archaeological site situated on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, is the location of the first successful attempt to mine native copper in North America. Under the management of the Pittsburgh & Boston Mining Company from 1845-1879, two-third of the Cliff’s mineral output was in the form of mass copper, some pieces of which weighed over 5 tons when removed from the ground. The unique nature of mass copper and the Cliff Mine’s handling of it make it one of the best examples of early mining processes in the Keweenaw District. Mass copper only constituted 2% of the entire product of the Lake Superior copper districts, and the story of early mining on the Peninsula is generally overshadowed by later, longer running mines such as the Calumet & Helca and Quincy Mining Companies. Operating into the mid-twentieth century, the size and duration of these later mines would come to define the region, though they would not have been possible without the Cliff’s early success. Research on the Cliff Mine has previously focused on social and popular history, neglecting the structural remains. However, these remains are physical clues to the technical processes that defined early mining on the Keweenaw. Through archaeological investigations, these processes and their associated networks were documented as part of the 2010 Michigan Technological Archaeology Field School’s curriculum. The project will create a visual representation of these processes utilizing Geographic Information Systems software. This map will be a useful aid in future research, community engagement and possible future interpretive planning.