Plant uptake of non-ionic organic chemicals

Plant uptake of organic chemicals is an important process when considering the risks associated with land contamination, the role of vegetation in the global cycling of persistent organic pollutants, and the potential for industrial discharges to contaminate the food chain. There have been some significant advances in our understanding of the processes of plant uptake of organic chemicals in recent years; most notably there is now a better understanding of the air to plant transfer pathway, which may be significant for a number of industrial chemicals. This review identifies the key processes involved in the plant uptake of organic chemicals including those for which there is currently little information, e.g., plant lipid content and plant metabolism. One of the principal findings is that although a number of predictive models exist using established relationships, these require further validation if they are to be considered sufficiently robust for the purposes of contaminated land risk assessment or for prediction of the global cycling of persistent organic pollutants. Finally, a number of processes are identified which should be the focus of future research

Ovarian follicle development in the laying hen is accompanied by divergent changes in inhibin A, inhibin B, activin A and follistatin production in granulosa and theca layers

To study the potential involvement of inhibin A (inhA), inhibin B (inhB), activin A (actA) and follistatin (FS) in the recruitment of follicles into the preovulatory hierarchy, growing follicles (ranging from 1 mm to the largest designated F1) and the three most recent postovulatory follicles (POFs) were recovered from laying hens (n=11). With the exception of <4 mm follicles and POFs, follicle walls were dissected into separate granulosa (G) and theca (T) layers before extraction. Contents of inhA, inhB, actA and FS in tissue extracts were assayed using specific two-site ELISAs and results are expressed per mg DNA. InhB content of both G and T followed a similar developmental pattern, although the content was >4-fold higher in G than in T at all stages. InhB content was very low in follicles <4 nun but increased - 50-fold (P<0.0001) to peak in 7-9 mm follicles, before falling steadily as follicles entered and moved up the follicular hierarchy (40-fold; 8 mm vs F2). In stark contrast, inhA remained very low in prehierarchical follicles (&LE; 9 mm) but then increased progressively as follicles moved up the preovulatory hierarchy to peak in F1 (&SIM; 100-fold increase; P<0.0001); In F1 >97% of inhA was confined to the G layer whereas in 5-9 mm follicles inhA was only. detected in the T layer. Both inhA and inhB contents of POFs were significantly reduced compared with F1. Follicular actA was mainly confined to the T layer although detectable levels were present in G from 9 nun; actA was low between 1 and 9 mm but increased sharply as follicles entered the preovulatory hierarchy (&SIM;6-fold higher in F4; P<0.0001); levels then fell &SIM;2-fold as the follicle progressed to F1. Like actA, FS predominated in the T although significant amounts were also present in the G of prehierarchical follicles (4-9 mm), in contrast to actA, which was absent from the G. The FS content of T rose &SIM;3-fold from 6 mm to a plateau which was sustained until F1. In contrast, the FS content of G was greatest in prehierarchical follicles and fell &SIM;4-fold in F4-F1 follicles. ActA and FS contents of POFs were reduced compared with F1. In vitro studies on follicle wall explants confirmed the striking divergence in the secretion of inhA and inhB during follicle development. These findings of marked stage-dependent differences in the expression of inhA, inhB, actA and FS proteins imply a significant functional role for these peptides in the recruitment and ordered progression of follicles within the avian ovary.

The local adsorption geometry and electronic structure of alanine on Cu{110}

The adsorption of alanine on Cu {110} was studied by a combination of near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT). Large chemical shifts in the C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s XP spectra were found between the alanine multilayer and the chemisorbed and pseudo-(3 x 2) alaninate layers. From C, N, and O K-shell NEXAFS spectra the tilt angles of the carboxylate group (approximate to 26 degrees in plane with respect to [1 (1) over bar0] and approximate to 45 degrees out of plane) and the C-N bond angle with respect to [1 (1) over bar0] could be determined for the pseudo-(3 x 2) overlayer. Using this information three adsorption geometries could be eliminated from five p(3 x 2) structures which lead to almost identical heats of adsorption in the DFT calculations between 1.40 and 1.47 eV/molecule. Due to the small energy difference between the remaining two structures it is not unlikely that these coexist on the surface at room temperature. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thyroid hormones alter the adenine nucleotide hydrolysis in adult rat blood serum

The effects of ATP, ADP, and adenosine in the processes of platelet aggregation, vasodilatation, and coronary flow have been known for many years. The sequential hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine by soluble nucleotidases constitutes the main system for rapid inactivation of circulating adenine nucleotides. Thyroid disorders affect a number of biological factors including adenosine levels in different fractions. Then, we intend to investigate if the soluble nucleotidases responsible for the ATP, ADP, and AMP hydrolysis are affected by variations in the thyroid hormone levels in blood serum from adult rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily intraperitoneal injections of L-thyroxine (T4) (2.5 and 10.0 mu g/100 g body weight, respectively) for 7 or 14 days. Hypothyroidism was induced by thyroidectomy and methimazole (0.05%) added to their drinking water during 7 or 14 days. The treatments efficacy was confirmed by determination of hemodynamic parameters and cardiac hypertrophy evaluation. T4 treatment predominantly inhibited, and hypothyroidism (14 days after thyroidectomy) predominantly increased the ATP, ADP, and AMP hydrolysis in rat blood serum. These results suggest that both excess and deficiency of thyroid hormones can modulate the ATP diphosphohydrolase and 5`-nucleotidase activities in rat blood serum and consequently modulate the effects mediated by these enzymes and their products in vascular system. (C) 2010 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Changes in extracellular levels of glutamate in the nucleus accumbens after ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization in adolescent and adult mice

Repeated administration of low doses of ethanol gradually increases locomotor responses to ethanol in adult Swiss mice. This phenomenon is known as behavioral sensitization. However, we have shown that adolescent Swiss mice show either behavioral tolerance or no sensitization after repeated ethanol injections. Although the mesolimbic dopamine system has been extensively implicated in behavioral sensitization, several studies have demonstrated an important role of glutamatergic transmission in this phenomenon. In addition, relatively few studies have examined the role of developmental factors in behavioral sensitization to ethanol. To examine the relationship between age differences in behavioral sensitization to ethanol and the neurochemical adaptations related to glutamate within nucleus accumbens (NAc), in vivo microdialysis was conducted in adolescent and adult Swiss mice treated with ethanol (1.8 g/kg) or saline for 15 days and subsequently challenged with an acute dose (1.8 g/kg) of ethanol 6 days later. Consistent with previous findings, only adult mice demonstrated evidence of behavioral sensitization. However, ethanol-treated adolescent mice demonstrated a 196.1 +/- 40.0% peak increase in extracellular levels of glutamate in the NAc after ethanol challenge in comparison with the basal values, whereas ethanol-treated adult mice demonstrated a 52.2 +/- 6.2% reduction in extracellular levels of glutamate in the NAc after ethanol challenge. These observations suggest an age-dependent inverse relationship between behavioral and glutamatergic responses to repeated ethanol exposure. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Electronic properties of liquid hydrogen fluoride: A sequential quantum mechanical/Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics approach

The electronic properties of liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF) were investigated by carrying out sequential quantum mechanics/Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. The structure of the liquid is in good agreement with recent experimental information. Emphasis was placed on the analysis of polarisation effects, dynamic polarisability and electronic excitations in liquid HF. Our results indicate an increase in liquid phase of the dipole moment (similar to 0.5 D) and isotropic polarisability (5%) relative to their gas-phase values. Our best estimate for the first vertical excitation energy in liquid HF indicates a blue-shift of 0.4 +/- 0.2 eV relative to that of the gas-phase monomer (10.4 eV). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A dedicated setup for the measurement of the electron transport parameters in gases at large electric fields

Electron transport parameters are important in several areas ranging from particle detectors to plasma-assisted processing reactors. Nevertheless, especially at high fields strengths and for complex gases, relatively few data are published. A dedicated setup has been developed to measure the electron drift velocity and the first Townsend coefficient in parallel plate geometry. An RPC-like cell has been adopted to reach high field strengths without the risk of destructive sparks. The validation data obtained with pure Nitrogen will be presented and compared to a selection of the available literature and to calculations performed with Magboltz 2 version 8.6. The new data collected in pure Isobutane will then be discussed. This is the first time the electron drift velocity in pure Isobutane is measured well into the saturation region. Good agreement is found with expectations from Magboltz. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efeitos de crises crônicas e agudas induzidas por pentilenotetrazol sobre a hidrólise de nucleotídeos púricos em soro de ratos adultos

A adenosina tem sido descrita como tendo importante efeito neuromodulatório em SNC, inibindo a liberação de neurotransmissores excitatórios através da ativação dos receptores A1. Agonistas de receptores A1, bem como adenosina e seus análogos, tem sido descritos como supressores de crises epilépticas. Uma das vias de produção de adenosina é a hidrólise extra-celular completa do ATP envolvendo as enzimas ATP difosfoidrolase (CD39) e 5’-nucleotidase (CD73). Embora esta associação enzimática já esteja bem descrita, o envolvimento da enzima fosfodiesterase não pode ser descartado, uma vez que esta hidrolisa nucleotídeos como ATP e ADP, além de outros substratos. Recentemente, foi demonstrado em nosso laboratório um aumento das atividades ATP difosfoidrolase e 5’-nucleotidase em sinaptossomas de ratos após a indução de 2 diferentes modelos de epilepsia de lobo temporal. Neste trabalho, nós investigamos o efeito de crises agudas e crônicas induzidas pelo agente pró-convulsivante pentilenotetrazol (PTZ) sobre a hidrólise dos nucleotídeos ATP, ADP e AMP em soro de ratos, uma vez que formas solúveis de nucleotidases já estão descritas. No modelo agudo os animais receberam apenas 1 injeção de PTZ ou salina, sendo mortos por decapitação em diferentes tempos após a injeção da droga. A hidrólise dos nucleotídeos ATP, ADP e AMP apresentaram aumento significativo de 40 –50% nos ratos tratados em relação aos ratos controle até 24 após a última injeção. Em 48 horas, este efeito foi abolido. Já, a hidrólise do substrato artificial p-Nph-5’-TMP usado como marcador para a fosfodiesterase, não apresentou nenhum aumento significativo em ratos tratados quando comparado aos animais controle. No modelo crônico (kindling), os animais recebiam doses inicialmente subconvulsivantes que resultam em crises progressivamente mais intensas ao longo das subseqüentes estimulações. Para descartar o efeito da injeção aguda, os ratos foram mortos 48 horas após a última estimulação. Com exceção do substrato artificial para a fosfodiesterase, a hidrólise dos nucleotídeos testados aumentou de maneira significativa (cerca de 40% - 45%) em soro de ratos submetidos ao modelo de kindling. Estes resultados demonstram o envolvimento de nucleotidases solúveis no controle dos níveis do neurotransmissor ATP e do neuromodulador adenosina, sendo estas respostas presentes tanto em situações patológicas agudas, como em situações patológicas crônicas que envolvem o fenômeno de plasticidade sináptica.

Adenosina deaminase no diagnóstico de rejeição aguda após o transplante renal Ana Lúcia Livi

O transplante renal representa atualmente a melhor opção terapêutica e de reabilitação para o paciente com insuficiência renal crônica terminal. As rejeições são as principais causas de perda dos rins transplantados e, entre essas, as rejeições agudas são as que apresentam maior relevância clínica. Desta maneira, a monitorização do transplante renal com vistas ao diagnóstico precoce da rejeição e seu rápido tratamento é de grande relevância no manejo adequado desses pacientes. Como a rejeição celular aguda é mediada predominantemente por linfócitos T e, visto que, a enzima adenosina deaminase (ADA) é encontrada principalmente, a nível de sangue periférico, em linfócitos, objetivou-se com esse estudo, verificar a possível associação entre atividade sérica da ADA e a rejeição aguda do enxerto renal. Buscou-se, também, determinar a sua utilidade como método diagnóstico de rejeição celular aguda. Foram acompanhados até 1 mês de internação 35 pacientes transplantados renais. Dosagens da atividade de ADA sérica foram feitas cinco vezes por semana e sempre que houvesse suspeita clínica de rejeição aguda. O diagnóstico de rejeição aguda foi estabelecido por 2 nefrologistas, aos quais foram omitidos os resultados dos níveis séricos ADA. Estes médicos tinham todas informações clínicas e laboratoriais, incluindo valores séricos de creatinina e ciclosporina, cintilografias, ecografias, citologia aspirativa, punção biópsia renal quando esta era realizada e resposta aos diferentes tratamentos imunossupressores usados. A análise estatística foi feita utilizando-se testes de Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado. O nível p menor do que 0,05 foi considerado como significativo. A mediana dos episódios de rejeição celular aguda ficou entre o sexto e sétimo dia pós-transplante, havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa nos valores de ADA no sexto dia de seguimento entre os pacientes com rejeição (60.16), em relação aos que não tiveram rejeição celular aguda (24,55) (p=0,021 MW). Para se avaliar a eficácia da atividade sérica de ADA com método diagnóstico de rejeição aguda, empregou-se pontos de corte de valores de ADA>35,>40,>45, >50 e > que 30% dos valores do período pré-rejeição. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre ADA>30% e rejeição celular aguda (p=0.035 MW). Verificou-se, também, aumento significativos da atividade sérica de ADA em pacientes anti-HCV positivos e com necrose tubular aguda, sem interferência sobre os resultados dos episódios de rejeição celular aguda. Usando esses pontos de corte como parâmetros de diagnóstico para rejeição aguda observou-se: sensibilidade = 55,5%, especificidade = 82,3%, valor preditivo positivo = 76,9%, valor preditivo negativo = 63,6% e acurácia = 69,0%. Conclui-se que há um aumento significativo da atividade sérica da ADA durante os episódios de rejeição aguda de enxertos renais humanos, encontrando-se associação significativa entre o aumento de 30% dos valores de ADA pré-rejeição e o diagnóstico de rejeição celular aguda.

Concentrações de hormônio na carcaça de tilápias-do-nilo e maturação precoce após reversão sexual

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effects of the spermatozoa: oocyte ratio, water volume and water temperature on artificial fertilization and sperm activation of cascudo-preto

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water volume and water temperature on the sperm motility duration and the number of spermatozoa, and the water volume on the fertilization rates of oocytes of Rhinelepis aspera. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of semen dilutions (1.74×10-5, 1.74×10-4, 1.74×10-3, 1.74×10-2, 1.74×10-1 and 1.00 mL of sperm.mL-1 of water) and water temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 ºC) on spermatozoa motility duration. In addition, the effects of insemination dose (7×10³, 7×10(4), 7×10(5), 7×10(6) and 7×10(7) spermatozoa.oocyte-1) and water volume (1.0, 30.0, 60.0, 90.0 and 120.0 mL water.2.0 mL-1 oocytes) on the artificial fertilization rates of oocytes were evaluated. The longest sperm motility duration were observed for the semen dilution of 1.74×10-5 mL semen.mL-1 water and in water at 5 ºC. The highest fertilization rates were obtained for insemination doses between 7.00×10³ and 1.23×10(7) spermatozoa. oocyte-1 and water volume of 28.11 mL water.2.0 mL-1 oocytes.

Effects of plant density and proportion on the interaction between wheat with alexandergrass plants

A determinação das relações competitivas entre espécies de plantas requer delineamentos experimentais e métodos de análise apropriados. A hipótese da pesquisa foi que duas espécies crescendo em convivência têm comportamento de crescimento e desenvolvimento distintos em função da sua competitividade relativa. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi quantificar a competitividade relativa da cultura do trigo com o capim-marmelada através da medida dos efeitos da densidade e da proporção de plantas, usando experimentos em série substitutiva. Monoculturas foram cultivadas em densidades de 1, 3, 5, 10 e 15 plantas por caixa e analisadas por regressão dos dados de massa seca, em 2006. Experimento em mistura foi cultivado nas proporções trigo:capim-marmelada de 0:6, 1:5, 2:4, 3:3, 4:2, 5:1 e 6:0 plantas por caixa e analisado através de interpretação gráfica de características de crescimento e produção, em 2007. Ambos os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro repetições. Capim-marmelada foi mais sensível que trigo à competição intraespecífica. Capim-marmelada foi levemente mais competitivo que trigo. Número e massa de espigas e número de afilhos foram as características do trigo mais afetadas pela interferência do capim-marmelada.

Toxicidade aguda e efeitos histopatológicos do herbicida diquat na brânquia e no fígado da tilápia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus)

The lethal concentration of 50% (LC (I) and the histopathologic effects of diquat herbicide on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish were evaluated in three experiments. The fishes were exposed to concentrations of 0, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 rug diquat L-1, and gill and liver histology were evaluated in the surviving fishes. The estimated LC (I) (50-96h) of diquat was 37.28 mg L-1, with lower limits of 33.12 mg L-1 and upper limits of 41.44 mg L-1. In the treatment with 30, 35 and 40 mg L-1, signs of apical fusion of the secondary lamellae were observed; with 45 and 50 mg L-1, congestion of the primary lamellae was observed; in the treatment with 55 mg L-1, congestion of blood vessels on secondary lamellae took place. The livers of fishes in treatments with 0, 25, 30 and 35 mg L-1showed cordonal organization of hepatocytes. In the treatments with 40 and 45 mg L-1, hypertrophy of hepatocytes took place; with 50 and 55 mg L-1, cell fusion and the presence of vacuoles inside hepatocytes were observed. Diquat presented low risk of toxicity for nile tilapia, as the more severe histopathologic alterations occurred only in higher concentrations.