Design and development of new pressure sensors for aerodynamic applications

This artwork reports on two different projects that were carried out during the three years of Doctor of the Philosophy course. In the first years a project regarding Capacitive Pressure Sensors Array for Aerodynamic Applications was developed in the Applied Aerodynamic research team of the Second Faculty of Engineering, University of Bologna, Forlì, Italy, and in collaboration with the ARCES laboratories of the same university. Capacitive pressure sensors were designed and fabricated, investigating theoretically and experimentally the sensor’s mechanical and electrical behaviours by means of finite elements method simulations and by means of wind tunnel tests. During the design phase, the sensor figures of merit are considered and evaluated for specific aerodynamic applications. The aim of this work is the production of low cost MEMS-alternative devices suitable for a sensor network to be implemented in air data system. The last two year was dedicated to a project regarding Wireless Pressure Sensor Network for Nautical Applications. Aim of the developed sensor network is to sense the weak pressure field acting on the sail plan of a full batten sail by means of instrumented battens, providing a real time differential pressure map over the entire sail surface. The wireless sensor network and the sensing unit were designed, fabricated and tested in the faculty laboratories. A static non-linear coupled mechanical-electrostatic simulation, has been developed to predict the pressure versus capacitance static characteristic suitable for the transduction process and to tune the geometry of the transducer to reach the required resolution, sensitivity and time response in the appropriate full scale pressure input A time dependent viscoelastic error model has been inferred and developed by means of experimental data in order to model, predict and reduce the inaccuracy bound due to the viscolelastic phenomena affecting the Mylar® polyester film used for the sensor diaphragm. The development of the two above mentioned subjects are strictly related but presently separately in this artwork.

Wireless systems for the fourth generation

Today, third generation networks are consolidated realities, and user expectations on new applications and services are becoming higher and higher. Therefore, new systems and technologies are necessary to move towards the market needs and the user requirements. This has driven the development of fourth generation networks. ”Wireless network for the fourth generation” is the expression used to describe the next step in wireless communications. There is no formal definition for what these fourth generation networks are; however, we can say that the next generation networks will be based on the coexistence of heterogeneous networks, on the integration with the existing radio access network (e.g. GPRS, UMTS, WIFI, ...) and, in particular, on new emerging architectures that are obtaining more and more relevance, as Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (WASN). Thanks to their characteristics, fourth generation wireless systems will be able to offer custom-made solutions and applications personalized according to the user requirements; they will offer all types of services at an affordable cost, and solutions characterized by flexibility, scalability and reconfigurability. This PhD’s work has been focused on WASNs, autoconfiguring networks which are not based on a fixed infrastructure, but are characterized by being infrastructure less, where devices have to automatically generate the network in the initial phase, and maintain it through reconfiguration procedures (if nodes’ mobility, or energy drain, etc..., cause disconnections). The main part of the PhD activity has been focused on an analytical study on connectivity models for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, nevertheless a small part of my work was experimental. Anyway, both the theoretical and experimental activities have had a common aim, related to the performance evaluation of WASNs. Concerning the theoretical analysis, the objective of the connectivity studies has been the evaluation of models for the interference estimation. This is due to the fact that interference is the most important performance degradation cause in WASNs. As a consequence, is very important to find an accurate model that allows its investigation, and I’ve tried to obtain a model the most realistic and general as possible, in particular for the evaluation of the interference coming from bounded interfering areas (i.e. a WiFi hot spot, a wireless covered research laboratory, ...). On the other hand, the experimental activity has led to Throughput and Packet Error Rare measurements on a real IEEE802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Network.

Body ares networks for human motor assessment

Healthcare, Human Computer Interfaces (HCI), Security and Biometry are the most promising application scenario directly involved in the Body Area Networks (BANs) evolution. Both wearable devices and sensors directly integrated in garments envision a word in which each of us is supervised by an invisible assistant monitoring our health and daily-life activities. New opportunities are enabled because improvements in sensors miniaturization and transmission efficiency of the wireless protocols, that achieved the integration of high computational power aboard independent, energy-autonomous, small form factor devices. Application’s purposes are various: (I) data collection to achieve off-line knowledge discovery; (II) user notification of his/her activities or in case a danger occurs; (III) biofeedback rehabilitation; (IV) remote alarm activation in case the subject need assistance; (V) introduction of a more natural interaction with the surrounding computerized environment; (VI) users identification by physiological or behavioral characteristics. Telemedicine and mHealth [1] are two of the leading concepts directly related to healthcare. The capability to borne unobtrusiveness objects supports users’ autonomy. A new sense of freedom is shown to the user, not only supported by a psychological help but a real safety improvement. Furthermore, medical community aims the introduction of new devices to innovate patient treatments. In particular, the extension of the ambulatory analysis in the real life scenario by proving continuous acquisition. The wide diffusion of emerging wellness portable equipment extended the usability of wearable devices also for fitness and training by monitoring user performance on the working task. The learning of the right execution techniques related to work, sport, music can be supported by an electronic trainer furnishing the adequate aid. HCIs made real the concept of Ubiquitous, Pervasive Computing and Calm Technology introduced in the 1988 by Marc Weiser and John Seeley Brown. They promotes the creation of pervasive environments, enhancing the human experience. Context aware, adaptive and proactive environments serve and help people by becoming sensitive and reactive to their presence, since electronics is ubiquitous and deployed everywhere. In this thesis we pay attention to the integration of all the aspects involved in a BAN development. Starting from the choice of sensors we design the node, configure the radio network, implement real-time data analysis and provide a feedback to the user. We present algorithms to be implemented in wearable assistant for posture and gait analysis and to provide assistance on different walking conditions, preventing falls. Our aim, expressed by the idea to contribute at the development of a non proprietary solutions, driven us to integrate commercial and standard solutions in our devices. We use sensors available on the market and avoided to design specialized sensors in ASIC technologies. We employ standard radio protocol and open source projects when it was achieved. The specific contributions of the PhD research activities are presented and discussed in the following. • We have designed and build several wireless sensor node providing both sensing and actuator capability making the focus on the flexibility, small form factor and low power consumption. The key idea was to develop a simple and general purpose architecture for rapid analysis, prototyping and deployment of BAN solutions. Two different sensing units are integrated: kinematic (3D accelerometer and 3D gyroscopes) and kinetic (foot-floor contact pressure forces). Two kind of feedbacks were implemented: audio and vibrotactile. • Since the system built is a suitable platform for testing and measuring the features and the constraints of a sensor network (radio communication, network protocols, power consumption and autonomy), we made a comparison between Bluetooth and ZigBee performance in terms of throughput and energy efficiency. Test in the field evaluate the usability in the fall detection scenario. • To prove the flexibility of the architecture designed, we have implemented a wearable system for human posture rehabilitation. The application was developed in conjunction with biomedical engineers who provided the audio-algorithms to furnish a biofeedback to the user about his/her stability. • We explored off-line gait analysis of collected data, developing an algorithm to detect foot inclination in the sagittal plane, during walk. • In collaboration with the Wearable Lab – ETH, Zurich, we developed an algorithm to monitor the user during several walking condition where the user carry a load. The remainder of the thesis is organized as follows. Chapter I gives an overview about Body Area Networks (BANs), illustrating the relevant features of this technology and the key challenges still open. It concludes with a short list of the real solutions and prototypes proposed by academic research and manufacturers. The domain of the posture and gait analysis, the methodologies, and the technologies used to provide real-time feedback on detected events, are illustrated in Chapter II. The Chapter III and IV, respectively, shown BANs developed with the purpose to detect fall and monitor the gait taking advantage by two inertial measurement unit and baropodometric insoles. Chapter V reports an audio-biofeedback system to improve balance on the information provided by the use centre of mass. A walking assistant based on the KNN classifier to detect walking alteration on load carriage, is described in Chapter VI.

Sistemi riconfigurabili a basso consumo per applicazioni di monitoraggio distribuito

The term Ambient Intelligence (AmI) refers to a vision on the future of the information society where smart, electronic environment are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people and their activities (Context awareness). In an ambient intelligence world, devices work in concert to support people in carrying out their everyday life activities, tasks and rituals in an easy, natural way using information and intelligence that is hidden in the network connecting these devices. This promotes the creation of pervasive environments improving the quality of life of the occupants and enhancing the human experience. AmI stems from the convergence of three key technologies: ubiquitous computing, ubiquitous communication and natural interfaces. Ambient intelligent systems are heterogeneous and require an excellent cooperation between several hardware/software technologies and disciplines, including signal processing, networking and protocols, embedded systems, information management, and distributed algorithms. Since a large amount of fixed and mobile sensors embedded is deployed into the environment, the Wireless Sensor Networks is one of the most relevant enabling technologies for AmI. WSN are complex systems made up of a number of sensor nodes which can be deployed in a target area to sense physical phenomena and communicate with other nodes and base stations. These simple devices typically embed a low power computational unit (microcontrollers, FPGAs etc.), a wireless communication unit, one or more sensors and a some form of energy supply (either batteries or energy scavenger modules). WNS promises of revolutionizing the interactions between the real physical worlds and human beings. Low-cost, low-computational power, low energy consumption and small size are characteristics that must be taken into consideration when designing and dealing with WSNs. To fully exploit the potential of distributed sensing approaches, a set of challengesmust be addressed. Sensor nodes are inherently resource-constrained systems with very low power consumption and small size requirements which enables than to reduce the interference on the physical phenomena sensed and to allow easy and low-cost deployment. They have limited processing speed,storage capacity and communication bandwidth that must be efficiently used to increase the degree of local ”understanding” of the observed phenomena. A particular case of sensor nodes are video sensors. This topic holds strong interest for a wide range of contexts such as military, security, robotics and most recently consumer applications. Vision sensors are extremely effective for medium to long-range sensing because vision provides rich information to human operators. However, image sensors generate a huge amount of data, whichmust be heavily processed before it is transmitted due to the scarce bandwidth capability of radio interfaces. In particular, in video-surveillance, it has been shown that source-side compression is mandatory due to limited bandwidth and delay constraints. Moreover, there is an ample opportunity for performing higher-level processing functions, such as object recognition that has the potential to drastically reduce the required bandwidth (e.g. by transmitting compressed images only when something ‘interesting‘ is detected). The energy cost of image processing must however be carefully minimized. Imaging could play and plays an important role in sensing devices for ambient intelligence. Computer vision can for instance be used for recognising persons and objects and recognising behaviour such as illness and rioting. Having a wireless camera as a camera mote opens the way for distributed scene analysis. More eyes see more than one and a camera system that can observe a scene from multiple directions would be able to overcome occlusion problems and could describe objects in their true 3D appearance. In real-time, these approaches are a recently opened field of research. In this thesis we pay attention to the realities of hardware/software technologies and the design needed to realize systems for distributed monitoring, attempting to propose solutions on open issues and filling the gap between AmI scenarios and hardware reality. The physical implementation of an individual wireless node is constrained by three important metrics which are outlined below. Despite that the design of the sensor network and its sensor nodes is strictly application dependent, a number of constraints should almost always be considered. Among them: • Small form factor to reduce nodes intrusiveness. • Low power consumption to reduce battery size and to extend nodes lifetime. • Low cost for a widespread diffusion. These limitations typically result in the adoption of low power, low cost devices such as low powermicrocontrollers with few kilobytes of RAMand tenth of kilobytes of program memory with whomonly simple data processing algorithms can be implemented. However the overall computational power of the WNS can be very large since the network presents a high degree of parallelism that can be exploited through the adoption of ad-hoc techniques. Furthermore through the fusion of information from the dense mesh of sensors even complex phenomena can be monitored. In this dissertation we present our results in building several AmI applications suitable for a WSN implementation. The work can be divided into two main areas:Low Power Video Sensor Node and Video Processing Alghoritm and Multimodal Surveillance . Low Power Video Sensor Nodes and Video Processing Alghoritms In comparison to scalar sensors, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, velocity, and acceleration sensors, vision sensors generate much higher bandwidth data due to the two-dimensional nature of their pixel array. We have tackled all the constraints listed above and have proposed solutions to overcome the current WSNlimits for Video sensor node. We have designed and developed wireless video sensor nodes focusing on the small size and the flexibility of reuse in different applications. The video nodes target a different design point: the portability (on-board power supply, wireless communication), a scanty power budget (500mW),while still providing a prominent level of intelligence, namely sophisticated classification algorithmand high level of reconfigurability. We developed two different video sensor node: The device architecture of the first one is based on a low-cost low-power FPGA+microcontroller system-on-chip. The second one is based on ARM9 processor. Both systems designed within the above mentioned power envelope could operate in a continuous fashion with Li-Polymer battery pack and solar panel. Novel low power low cost video sensor nodes which, in contrast to sensors that just watch the world, are capable of comprehending the perceived information in order to interpret it locally, are presented. Featuring such intelligence, these nodes would be able to cope with such tasks as recognition of unattended bags in airports, persons carrying potentially dangerous objects, etc.,which normally require a human operator. Vision algorithms for object detection, acquisition like human detection with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and abandoned/removed object detection are implemented, described and illustrated on real world data. Multimodal surveillance: In several setup the use of wired video cameras may not be possible. For this reason building an energy efficient wireless vision network for monitoring and surveillance is one of the major efforts in the sensor network community. Energy efficiency for wireless smart camera networks is one of the major efforts in distributed monitoring and surveillance community. For this reason, building an energy efficient wireless vision network for monitoring and surveillance is one of the major efforts in the sensor network community. The Pyroelectric Infra-Red (PIR) sensors have been used to extend the lifetime of a solar-powered video sensor node by providing an energy level dependent trigger to the video camera and the wireless module. Such approach has shown to be able to extend node lifetime and possibly result in continuous operation of the node.Being low-cost, passive (thus low-power) and presenting a limited form factor, PIR sensors are well suited for WSN applications. Moreover techniques to have aggressive power management policies are essential for achieving long-termoperating on standalone distributed cameras needed to improve the power consumption. We have used an adaptive controller like Model Predictive Control (MPC) to help the system to improve the performances outperforming naive power management policies.

Cooperative Wireless Networks for Localization

This thesis adresses the problem of localization, and analyzes its crucial aspects, within the context of cooperative WSNs. The three main issues discussed in the following are: network synchronization, position estimate and tracking. Time synchronization is a fundamental requirement for every network. In this context, a new approach based on the estimation theory is proposed to evaluate the ultimate performance limit in network time synchronization. In particular the lower bound on the variance of the average synchronization error in a fully connected network is derived by taking into account the statistical characterization of the Message Delivering Time (MDT) . Sensor network localization algorithms estimate the locations of sensors with initially unknown location information by using knowledge of the absolute positions of a few sensors and inter-sensor measurements such as distance and bearing measurements. Concerning this issue, i.e. the position estimate problem, two main contributions are given. The first is a new Semidefinite Programming (SDP) framework to analyze and solve the problem of flip-ambiguity that afflicts range-based network localization algorithms with incomplete ranging information. The occurrence of flip-ambiguous nodes and errors due to flip ambiguity is studied, then with this information a new SDP formulation of the localization problem is built. Finally a flip-ambiguity-robust network localization algorithm is derived and its performance is studied by Monte-Carlo simulations. The second contribution in the field of position estimate is about multihop networks. A multihop network is a network with a low degree of connectivity, in which couples of given any nodes, in order to communicate, they have to rely on one or more intermediate nodes (hops). Two new distance-based source localization algorithms, highly robust to distance overestimates, typically present in multihop networks, are presented and studied. The last point of this thesis discuss a new low-complexity tracking algorithm, inspired by the Fano’s sequential decoding algorithm for the position tracking of a user in a WLAN-based indoor localization system.

Implementazione di una rete di sensori per il controllo di gas inquinanti nell'ambiente

Negli ultimi anni i progressi tecnologici in termini di miniaturizzazione elettronica, hanno permesso la realizzazione di componenti hardware ed in particolare di microprocessori e sensori dalle dimensioni ridottissime. Questo ha favorito la recente diffusione di reti di sensori wireless (Wireless Sensor Network) basate su sistemi embedded più o meno complessi ed applicate a settori di mercato che vanno dalla domotica alle applicazioni industriali, fino al monitoraggio dei pazienti. Lo scopo di questa tesi, svolta in collaborazione con la società Rinnova di Forlì, consiste nell’implementazione di un dimostratore che mostri la reale capacità di realizzare una rete WS che si appoggia su di un sistema embedded commerciale ed ampiamente diffuso come la piattaforma Arduino ed in grado di rilevare il livello di ammoniaca presente negli allevamenti di pollame. Tale gas infatti, se presente in quantità notevole, provoca una dannosa alterazione comportamentale dei polli e risulta quindi un parametro molto importante da monitorare. Oltre al sensore di ammoniaca, misurazione principale richiesta dal progetto, ne sono stati aggiunti uno per la temperatura ed uno per l’umidità. L’architettura finale implementata è quella tipica di una rete a stella, in cui il master centrale colleziona a polling i dati provenienti dai sensori collegati agli slave e li invia ad un server web, rendendoli accessibili mediante la rete Internet. L’utente finale può così accedere alla pagina web da un qualunque PC dotato di connessione Internet, monitorare i dati dei sensori e soprattutto verificare quando il livello di ammoniaca supera la soglia di attenzione, potendo così intervenire immediatamente nell’allevamento per effettuare le dovute operazioni di pulizia.

Progetto ed implementazione di protocolli a basso consumo energetico per reti wireless

"I computer del nuovo millennio saranno sempre più invisibili, o meglio embedded, incorporati agli oggetti, ai mobili, anche al nostro corpo. L'intelligenza elettronica sviluppata su silicio diventerà sempre più diffusa e ubiqua. Sarà come un'orchestra di oggetti interattivi, non invasivi e dalla presenza discreta, ovunque". [Mark Weiser, 1991] La visione dell'ubiquitous computing, prevista da Weiser, è ormai molto vicina alla realtà e anticipa una rivoluzione tecnologica nella quale l'elaborazione di dati ha assunto un ruolo sempre più dominante nella nostra vita quotidiana. La rivoluzione porta non solo a vedere l'elaborazione di dati come un'operazione che si può compiere attraverso un computer desktop, legato quindi ad una postazione fissa, ma soprattutto a considerare l'uso della tecnologia come qualcosa di necessario in ogni occasione, in ogni luogo e la diffusione della miniaturizzazione dei dispositivi elettronici e delle tecnologie di comunicazione wireless ha contribuito notevolmente alla realizzazione di questo scenario. La possibilità di avere a disposizione nei luoghi più impensabili sistemi elettronici di piccole dimensioni e autoalimentati ha contribuito allo sviluppo di nuove applicazioni, tra le quali troviamo le WSN (Wireless Sensor Network), ovvero reti formate da dispositivi in grado di monitorare qualsiasi grandezza naturale misurabile e inviare i dati verso sistemi in grado di elaborare e immagazzinare le informazioni raccolte. La novità introdotta dalle reti WSN è rappresentata dalla possibilità di effettuare monitoraggi con continuità delle più diverse grandezze fisiche, il che ha consentito a questa nuova tecnologia l'accesso ad un mercato che prevede una vastità di scenari indefinita. Osservazioni estese sia nello spazio che nel tempo possono essere inoltre utili per poter ricavare informazioni sull'andamento di fenomeni naturali che, se monitorati saltuariamente, non fornirebbero alcuna informazione interessante. Tra i casi d'interesse più rilevanti si possono evidenziare: - segnalazione di emergenze (terremoti, inondazioni) - monitoraggio di parametri difficilmente accessibili all'uomo (frane, ghiacciai) - smart cities (analisi e controllo di illuminazione pubblica, traffico, inquinamento, contatori gas e luce) - monitoraggio di parametri utili al miglioramento di attività produttive (agricoltura intelligente, monitoraggio consumi) - sorveglianza (controllo accessi ad aree riservate, rilevamento della presenza dell'uomo) Il vantaggio rappresentato da un basso consumo energetico, e di conseguenza un tempo di vita della rete elevato, ha come controparte il non elevato range di copertura wireless, valutato nell'ordine delle decine di metri secondo lo standard IEEE 802.15.4. Il monitoraggio di un'area di grandi dimensioni richiede quindi la disposizione di nodi intermedi aventi le funzioni di un router, il cui compito sarà quello di inoltrare i dati ricevuti verso il coordinatore della rete. Il tempo di vita dei nodi intermedi è di notevole importanza perché, in caso di spegnimento, parte delle informazioni raccolte non raggiungerebbero il coordinatore e quindi non verrebbero immagazzinate e analizzate dall'uomo o dai sistemi di controllo. Lo scopo di questa trattazione è la creazione di un protocollo di comunicazione che preveda meccanismi di routing orientati alla ricerca del massimo tempo di vita della rete. Nel capitolo 1 vengono introdotte le WSN descrivendo caratteristiche generali, applicazioni, struttura della rete e architettura hardware richiesta. Nel capitolo 2 viene illustrato l'ambiente di sviluppo del progetto, analizzando le piattaforme hardware, firmware e software sulle quali ci appoggeremo per realizzare il progetto. Verranno descritti anche alcuni strumenti utili per effettuare la programmazione e il debug della rete. Nel capitolo 3 si descrivono i requisiti di progetto e si realizza una mappatura dell'architettura finale. Nel capitolo 4 si sviluppa il protocollo di routing, analizzando i consumi e motivando le scelte progettuali. Nel capitolo 5 vengono presentate le interfacce grafiche utilizzate utili per l'analisi dei dati. Nel capitolo 6 vengono esposti i risultati sperimentali dell'implementazione fissando come obiettivo il massimo lifetime della rete.

From fall-risk assessment to fall detection: inertial sensors in the clinical routine and daily life

Falls are caused by complex interaction between multiple risk factors which may be modified by age, disease and environment. A variety of methods and tools for fall risk assessment have been proposed, but none of which is universally accepted. Existing tools are generally not capable of providing a quantitative predictive assessment of fall risk. The need for objective, cost-effective and clinically applicable methods would enable quantitative assessment of fall risk on a subject-specific basis. Tracking objectively falls risk could provide timely feedback about the effectiveness of administered interventions enabling intervention strategies to be modified or changed if found to be ineffective. Moreover, some of the fundamental factors leading to falls and what actually happens during a fall remain unclear. Objectively documented and measured falls are needed to improve knowledge of fall in order to develop more effective prevention strategies and prolong independent living. In the last decade, several research groups have developed sensor-based automatic or semi-automatic fall risk assessment tools using wearable inertial sensors. This approach may also serve to detect falls. At the moment, i) several fall-risk assessment studies based on inertial sensors, even if promising, lack of a biomechanical model-based approach which could provide accurate and more detailed measurements of interests (e.g., joint moments, forces) and ii) the number of published real-world fall data of older people in a real-world environment is minimal since most authors have used simulations with healthy volunteers as a surrogate for real-world falls. With these limitations in mind, this thesis aims i) to suggest a novel method for the kinematics and dynamics evaluation of functional motor tasks, often used in clinics for the fall-risk evaluation, through a body sensor network and a biomechanical approach and ii) to define the guidelines for a fall detection algorithm based on a real-world fall database availability.

Tracking di target multipli in reti di sensori radar

Viene proposta una possibile soluzione al problema del tracking multitarget, tramite una rete di sensori radar basata su tecnoligia ultra wide-band. L'area sorvegliata ha una superficie pari a 100 metri quadri e all'interno di essa si vuole tracciare la traiettoria di più persone.

Caratterizzazione sperimentale di trasduttori piezoelettrici mediante circuiti equivalenti elettromeccanici

Attualmente la costante diffusione delle sensor network e lo sviluppo di apparati elettronici a basso consumo di energia hanno fatto in modo di motivare la ricerca nel campo dell’elettronica che tenta di spiegare il concetto dell'energy harvesting per raccogliere energia dall'ambiente circostante. I sistemi che raccolgono quella energia che normalmente va persa sono di diversi tipi.

Middleware per Internet of Things: Java Embedded come caso di studio

Grazie al progresso dell'elettronica, ai giorni nostri, è possibile costruire dispositivi elettronici molto piccoli, che col passare del tempo lo sono sempre più. Questo ci permette di poter imboccare nuove strade nel mondo dell'informatica, sfruttando proprio questo fatto. Le dimensioni ridotte dei dispositivi in commercio, come sensori, attuatori, tag e tanto altro, sono particolarmente adatte a nuovi scenari applicativi. Internet of Things è una visione in cui Internet viene esteso alle cose. Facendo largo uso di dispositivi come sensori e tag è possibile realizzare sistemi intelligenti che possono avere riscontri positivi nella vita di tutti i giorni. Tracciare la posizione degli oggetti, monitorare pazienti da remoto, rilevare dati sull'ambiente per realizzare sistemi automatici (ad esempio regolare automaticamente la luce o la temperatura di una stanza) sono solo alcuni esempi. Internet of Things è la naturale evoluzione di Internet, ed è destinato a cambiare radicalmente la nostra vita futura, poichè la tecnologia sarà sempre più parte integrante della nostra vita, aumentando sempre più il nostro benessere e riducendo sempre più il numero delle azioni quotidiane da compiere. Sempre più sono middleware, le piattaforme e i sistemi operativi che nascono per cercare di eliminare o ridurre le problematiche relative allo sviluppo di sistemi di questo genere, e lo scopo di questa tesi è proprio sottolinearne l'importanza e di analizzare gli aspetti che questi middleware devono affrontare. La tesi è strutturata in questo modo: nel capitolo uno verrà fatta una introduzione a Internet of Things, analizzando alcuni degli innumerevoli scenari applicativi che ne derivano, insieme però alle inevitabili problematiche di tipo tecnologico e sociale. Nel secondo capitolo verranno illustrate le tecnologie abilitanti di Internet of Things, grazie alle quali è possibile realizzare sistemi intelligenti. Nel terzo capitolo verranno analizzati gli aspetti relativi ai middleware, sottolineandone l'importanza e prestando attenzione alle funzioni che devono svolgere, il tutto riportando anche degli esempi di middleware esistenti. Nel quarto capitolo verrà approfondito il middleware Java Embedded di Oracle.

Progettazione, caratterizzazione e calibrazione di un sensore di tensione contactless per smart metering

Progettazione di un sistema di misura contactless per la tensione, da integrare in un nodo sensore di una Wireless Sensor Network per Smart Metering Distribuito

Misure sperimentali per il monitoraggio e la sorveglianza di aree e strutture mediante reti di sensori wireless

Studio e realizzazione di una rete Wireless Sensor Network per il monitoraggio ambientale di area archeologica. Trasmissione dati raccolti su server tcp. Misure sperimentali su rete di sensori radar UWB per la localizzazione di un target in ambiente indoor

Introduzione agli elettrodi senza contatto per uso medico

I segnali biopotenziali cardiaci e neurali nelle forme di elettroencefalogramma (EEG) ed elettrocardiogramma (ECG) sono due indicatori fisiologici molto importanti che ben si prestano ad un monitoraggio sanitario wireless a lungo termine. Nonostante gli innumerevoli progressi compiuti nel campo della tecnologia wireless e della microelettronica, l’utilizzo dell'EEG/ECG risulta essere ancora limitato dai disagi e dalle scomodità dovute all’impiego di elettrodi a contatto bagnato (wet contact electrodes). Gli elettrodi adesivi ad uso clinico sono spesso percepiti dai pazienti su cui vengono applicati come irritanti e scomodi, riducendo notevolmente l’accondiscendenza ad un loro utilizzo costante nell'ambiente domestico, ovvero al di fuori dello stretto controllo medico-sanitario. Come alternativa si ricorre all’uso di elettrodi a secco (dry electrodes), questi però, in mancanza della capacità di conduzione del gel, sono molto più sensibili alle condizioni della pelle e pertanto suscettibili agli artefatti legati al movimento. Questa tesi si ripropone di illustrare in maniera il più possibile organica e precisa il principio di funzionamento degli elettrodi senza contatto, con particolare attenzione al ruolo rivestito dai segnali EEG ed ECG. L’analisi intende inoltre mettere in evidenza l’entità dei vantaggi derivanti dall’impiego degli elettrodi senza contatto rispetto a quelli tradizionali.