Effect of Neutralization of Endogenous Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) or Luteinizing Hormone (LH) on Ovarian Lipids in the Hamster: A Histochemical and Biochemical Evaluation

The effect of neutralizing FSH or LH on ovarian lipids in the cycling hamster was studied. In the normal cycling hamster on the day of proestrus, histochemical examination revealed the presence of sudanophilic lipids in the granulosa cells of the follicles and in the interstitium. A clear reduction in the intensity of lipid staining was observed on proestrus in the ovary of hamsters treated with FSH antiserum on the previous proestrus. Similar treatment with antiserum to LH, on the other hand, caused an accumulation of lipids in these structures. Estimation of the free and esterified fractions of cholesterol and triglycerides in the nonluteal tissue of the ovary of hamsters on proestrus following treatment with FSH antiserum on the previous proestrus revealed a significant reduction in all 3 lipid components. Even a short term deprivation of FSH caused a similar reduction in these lipids in the ovary. In contrast, treatment with LH antiserum either on the previous proestrus or on the previous day (diestrus-2) resulted in an enhancement in esterified cholesterol and triglycerides, while it caused a reduction in the free cholesterol fraction of the ovary on proestrus.It is suggested that though treatment with antisera to either FSH or LH causes a disruption in follicular maturation, their effect on lipid metabolism is different. A positive role for FSH and LH in maintaining normal sterol and triglyceride levels in the nonluteal ovarian tissue of cycling hamster is indicated.

Pattern recognition and cellular immune responses to novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis-antigens in individuals from Belarus

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an enduring health problem worldwide and the emerging threat of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB is of particular concern. A better understanding of biomarkers associated with TB will aid to guide the development of better targets for TB diagnosis and for the development of improved TB vaccines. Methods: Recombinant proteins (n = 7) and peptide pools (n = 14) from M. tuberculosis (M.tb) antigens associated with M.tb pathogenicity, modification of cell lipids or cellular metabolism, were used to compare T cell immune responses defined by IFN-gamma production using a whole blood assay (WBA) from i) patients with TB, ii) individuals recovered from TB and iii) individuals exposed to TB without evidence of clinical TB infection from Minsk, Belarus. Results: We identified differences in M.tb target peptide recognition between the test groups, i.e. a frequent recognition of antigens associated with lipid metabolism, e.g. cyclopropane fatty acyl phospholipid synthase. The pattern of peptide recognition was broader in blood from healthy individuals and those recovered from TB as compared to individuals suffering from pulmonary TB. Detection of biologically relevant M.tb targets was confirmed by staining for intracellular cytokines (IL-2, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma) in T cells from non-human primates (NHPs) after BCG vaccination. Conclusions: PBMCs from healthy individuals and those recovered from TB recognized a broader spectrum of M.tb antigens as compared to patients with TB. The nature of the pattern recognition of a broad panel of M.tb antigens will devise better strategies to identify improved diagnostics gauging previous exposure to M.tb; it may also guide the development of improved TB-vaccines.

Crystal structures of SCP2-thiolases of Trypanosomatidae, human pathogens causing widespread tropical diseases: the importance for catalysis of the cysteine of the unique HDCF loop

Thiolases are essential CoA-dependent enzymes in lipid metabolism. In the present study we report the crystal structures of trypanosomal and leishmanial SCP2 (sterol carrier protein, type-2)-thiolases. Trypanosomatidae cause various widespread devastating (sub)-tropical diseases, for which adequate treatment is lacking. The structures reveal the unique geometry of the active site of this poorly characterized subfamily of thiolases. The key catalytic residues of the classical thiolases are two cysteine residues, functioning as a nucleophile and an acid/base respectively. The latter cysteine residue is part of a CxG motif. Interestingly, this cysteine residue is not conserved in SCP2-thiolases. The structural comparisons now show that in SCP2-thiolases the catalytic acid/base is provided by the cysteine residue of the HDCF motif, which is unique for this thiolase subfamily. This HDCF cysteine residue is spatially equivalent to the CxG cysteine residue of classical thiolases. The HDCF cysteine residue is activated for acid/base catalysis by two main chain NH-atoms, instead of two water molecules, as present in the CxG active site. The structural results have been complemented with enzyme activity data, confirming the importance of the HDCF cysteine residue for catalysis. The data obtained suggest that these trypanosomatid SCP2-thiolases are biosynthetic thiolases. These findings provide promise for drug discovery as biosynthetic thiolases catalyse the first step of the sterol biosynthesis pathway that is essential in several of these parasites.

Phylogenetic relationships and classification of thiolases and thiolase-like proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis

Thiolases are enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Thiolases remove the acetyl-CoA moiety from 3-ketoacyl-CoAs in the degradative reaction. They can also catalyze the reverse Claisen condensation reaction, which is the first step of biosynthetic processes such as the biosynthesis of sterols and ketone bodies. In human, six distinct thiolases have been identified. Each of these thiolases is different from the other with respect to sequence, oligomeric state, substrate specificity and subcellular localization. Four sequence fingerprints, identifying catalytic loops of thiolases, have been described. In this study genome searches of two mycobacterial species (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis), were carried out, using the six human thiolase sequences as queries. Eight and thirteen different thiolase sequences were identified in M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis, respectively. In addition, thiolase-like proteins (one encoded in the Mtb and two in the Msm genome) were found. The purpose of this study is to classify these mostly uncharacterized thiolases and thiolase-like proteins. Several other sequences obtained by searches of genome databases of bacteria, mammals and the parasitic protist family of the Trypanosomatidae were included in the analysis. Thiolase-like proteins were also found in the trypanosomatid genomes, but not in those of mammals. In order to study the phylogenetic relationships at a high confidence level, additional thiolase sequences were included such that a total of 130 thiolases and thiolase-like protein sequences were used for the multiple sequence alignment. The resulting phylogenetic tree identifies 12 classes of sequences, each possessing a characteristic set of sequence fingerprints for the catalytic loops. From this analysis it is now possible to assign the mycobacterial thiolases to corresponding homologues in other kingdoms of life. The results of this bioinformatics analysis also show interesting differences between the distributions of M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis thiolases over the 12 different classes. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural and functional analysis of two universal stress proteins YdaA and YnaF from Salmonella typhimurium: possible roles in microbial stress tolerance

In many organisms ``Universal Stress Proteins'' CUSPS) are induced in response to a variety of environmental stresses. Here we report the structures of two USPs, YnaF and YdaA from Salmonella typhimurium determined at 1.8 angstrom and 2.4 angstrom resolutions, respectively. YnaF consists of a single USP domain and forms a tetrameric organization stabilized by interactions mediated through chloride ions. YdaA is a larger protein consisting of two tandem USP domains. Two protomers of YdaA associate to form a structure similar to the YnaF tetramer. YdaA showed ATPase activity and an ATP binding motif G-2X-G-9X-G(S/T/N) was found in its C-terminal domain. The residues corresponding to this motif were not conserved in YnaF although YnaF could bind ATP. However, unlike YdaA, YnaF did not hydrolyse ATP in vitro. Disruption of interactions mediated through chloride ions by selected mutations converted YnaF into an ATPase. Residues that might be important for ATP hydrolysis could be identified by comparing the active sites of native and mutant structures. Only the C-terminal domain of YdaA appears to be involved in ATP hydrolysis. The structurally similar N-terminal domain was found to bind a zinc ion near the segment equivalent to the phosphate binding loop of the C-terminal domain. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that YdaA might bind a ligand of approximate molecular weight 800 daltons. Structural comparisons suggest that the ligand, probably related to an intermediate in lipid A biosynthesis, might bind at a site close to the zinc ion. Therefore, the N-terminal domain of YdaA binds zinc and might play a role in lipid metabolism. Thus, USPs appear to perform several distinct functions such as ATP hydrolysis, altering membrane properties and chloride sensing. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Simvastatin Induced Neurite Outgrowth Unveils Role of Cell Surface Cholesterol and Acetyl CoA Carboxylase in SH-SY5Y Cells

Statins are known to modulate cell surface cholesterol (CSC) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in nonneural cells; however no study demonstrates whether CSC and AMPK may regulate simvastatin induced neuritogenesis (SIN). We found that simvastatin (SIM) maintains CSC as shown by Fillipin III staining, Flotillin-2 protein expression / localization and phosphorylation of various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in the plasma membrane. Modulation of CSC revealed that SIN is critically dependent on this CSC. Simultaneously, phospho array for mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) revealed PI3K / Akt as intracellular pathway which modulates lipid pathway by inhibiting AMPK activation. Though, SIM led to a transient increase in AMPK phosphorylation followed by a sudden decline; the effect was independent of PI3K. Strikingly, AMPK phosphorylation was regulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity which was enhanced upon SIM treatment as evidenced by increase in threonine phosphorylation. Moreover, it was observed that addition of AMP analogue and PP2A inhibitor inhibited SIN. Biocomposition of neurites shows that lipids form a major part of neurites and AMPK is known to regulate lipid metabolism majorly through acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). AMPK activity is negative regulator of ACC activity and we found that phosphorylation of ACC started to decrease after 6 hrs which becomes more pronounced at 12 hrs. Addition of ACC inhibitor showed that SIN is dependent on ACC activity. Simultaneously, addition of Fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor confirmed that endogenous lipid pathway is important for SIN. We further investigated SREBP-1 pathway activation which controls ACC and FAS at transcriptional level. However, SIM did not affect SREBP-1 processing and transcription of its target genes likes ACC1 and FAS. In conclusion, this study highlights a distinct role of CSC and ACC in SIN which might have implication in process of neuronal differentiation induced by other agents.

Transgenic Drosophila model to study apolipoprotein E4-induced neurodegeneration

The epsilon 4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4) that is involved in neuron-glial lipid metabolism has been demonstrated as the main genetic risk factor in late-onset of Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanism underlying ApoE4-mediated neurodegeneration remains unclear. We created a transgenic model of neurodegenerative disorder by expressing epsilon 3 and epsilon 4 isoforms of human ApoE in the Drosophila melanogaster. The genetic models exhibited progressive neurodegeneration, shortened lifespan and memory impairment. Genetic interaction studies between amyloid precursor protein and ApoE in axon pathology of the disease revealed that over expression of hApoE in Appl-expressing neurons of Drosophila brain causes neurodegeneration. Moreover, acute oxidative damage in the hApoE transgenic flies triggered a neuroprotective response of hApoE3 while chronic induction of oxidative damage accelerated the rate of neurodegeneration. This Drosophila model may facilitate analysis of the molecular and cellular events implicated in hApoE4 neurotoxicity. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Transgenic Drosophila model to study apolipoprotein E4-induced neurodegeneration

The epsilon 4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4) that is involved in neuron-glial lipid metabolism has been demonstrated as the main genetic risk factor in late-onset of Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanism underlying ApoE4-mediated neurodegeneration remains unclear. We created a transgenic model of neurodegenerative disorder by expressing epsilon 3 and epsilon 4 isoforms of human ApoE in the Drosophila melanogaster. The genetic models exhibited progressive neurodegeneration, shortened lifespan and memory impairment. Genetic interaction studies between amyloid precursor protein and ApoE in axon pathology of the disease revealed that over expression of hApoE in Appl-expressing neurons of Drosophila brain causes neurodegeneration. Moreover, acute oxidative damage in the hApoE transgenic flies triggered a neuroprotective response of hApoE3 while chronic induction of oxidative damage accelerated the rate of neurodegeneration. This Drosophila model may facilitate analysis of the molecular and cellular events implicated in hApoE4 neurotoxicity. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Regulation of Growth, Cell Shape, Cell Division, and Gene Expression by Second Messengers (p)ppGpp and Cyclic Di-GMP in Mycobacterium smegmatis

The alarmone (p)ppGpp regulates transcription, translation, replication, virulence, lipid synthesis, antibiotic sensitivity, biofilm formation, and other functions in bacteria. Signaling nucleotide cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) regulates biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, and other functions. In Mycobacterium smegmatis, both (p) ppGpp and c-di-GMP are synthesized and degraded by bifunctional proteins Rel(Msm) and DcpA, encoded by rel(Msm) and dcpA genes, respectively. We have previously shown that the Delta rel(Msm) and Delta dcpA knockout strains are antibiotic resistant and defective in biofilm formation, show altered cell surface properties, and have reduced levels of glycopeptidolipids and polar lipids in their cell wall (K. R. Gupta, S. Kasetty, and D. Chatterji, Appl Environ Microbiol 81:2571-2578, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03999-14). In this work, we have explored the phenotypes that are affected by both (p) ppGpp and c-di-GMP in mycobacteria. We have shown that both (p) ppGpp and c-di-GMP are needed to maintain the proper growth rate under stress conditions such as carbon deprivation and cold shock. Scanning electron microscopy showed that low levels of these second messengers result in elongated cells, while high levels reduce the cell length and embed the cells in a biofilm-like matrix. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the elongated Delta rel(Msm) and Delta dcpA cells are multinucleate, while transmission electron microscopy showed that the elongated cells are multiseptate. Gene expression analysis also showed that genes belonging to functional categories such as virulence, detoxification, lipid metabolism, and cell-wall-related processes were differentially expressed. Our results suggests that both (p) ppGpp and c-di-GMP affect some common phenotypes in M. smegmatis, thus raising a possibility of cross talk between these two second messengers in mycobacteria. IMPORTANCE Our work has expanded the horizon of (p) ppGpp and c-di-GMP signaling in Gram-positive bacteria. We have come across a novel observation that M. smegmatis needs (p) ppGpp and c-di-GMP for cold tolerance. We had previously shown that the Delta rel(Msm) and Delta dcpA strains are defective in biofilm formation. In this work, the overproduction of (p) ppGpp and c-di-GMP encased M. smegmatis in a biofilm-like matrix, which shows that both (p) ppGpp and c-di-GMP are needed for biofilm formation. The regulation of cell length and cell division by (p) ppGpp was known in mycobacteria, but our work shows that c-di-GMP also affects the cell size and cell division in mycobacteria. This is perhaps the first report of c-di-GMP regulating cell division in mycobacteria.

Independent component analysis of microarray data in the study of endometrial cancer.

Gene microarray technology is highly effective in screening for differential gene expression and has hence become a popular tool in the molecular investigation of cancer. When applied to tumours, molecular characteristics may be correlated with clinical features such as response to chemotherapy. Exploitation of the huge amount of data generated by microarrays is difficult, however, and constitutes a major challenge in the advancement of this methodology. Independent component analysis (ICA), a modern statistical method, allows us to better understand data in such complex and noisy measurement environments. The technique has the potential to significantly increase the quality of the resulting data and improve the biological validity of subsequent analysis. We performed microarray experiments on 31 postmenopausal endometrial biopsies, comprising 11 benign and 20 malignant samples. We compared ICA to the established methods of principal component analysis (PCA), Cyber-T, and SAM. We show that ICA generated patterns that clearly characterized the malignant samples studied, in contrast to PCA. Moreover, ICA improved the biological validity of the genes identified as differentially expressed in endometrial carcinoma, compared to those found by Cyber-T and SAM. In particular, several genes involved in lipid metabolism that are differentially expressed in endometrial carcinoma were only found using this method. This report highlights the potential of ICA in the analysis of microarray data.

The E2F2 Transcription Factor Sustains Hepatic Glycerophospholipid Homeostasis in Mice

Increasing evidence links metabolic signals to cell proliferation, but the molecular wiring that connects the two core machineries remains largely unknown. E2Fs are master regulators of cellular proliferation. We have recently shown that E2F2 activity facilitates the completion of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) by regulating the expression of genes required for S-phase entry. Our study also revealed that E2F2 determines the duration of hepatectomy-induced hepatic steatosis. A transcriptomic analysis of normal adult liver identified "lipid metabolism regulation" as a major E2F2 functional target, suggesting that E2F2 has a role in lipid homeostasis. Here we use wild-type (E2F2(+/+)) and E2F2 deficient (E2F2(-/-)) mice to investigate the in vivo role of E2F2 in the composition of liver lipids and fatty acids in two metabolically different contexts: quiescence and 48-h post-PH, when cellular proliferation and anabolic demands are maximal. We show that liver regeneration is accompanied by large triglyceride and protein increases without changes in total phospholipids both in E2F2(+/+) and E2F2(-/-) mice. Remarkably, we found that the phenotype of quiescent liver tissue from E2F2(-/-) mice resembles the phenotype of proliferating E2F2(+/+) liver tissue, characterized by a decreased phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio and a reprogramming of genes involved in generation of choline and ethanolamine derivatives. The diversity of fatty acids in total lipid, triglycerides and phospholipids was essentially preserved on E2F2 loss both in proliferating and non-proliferating liver tissue, although notable exceptions in inflammation-related fatty acids of defined phospholipid classes were detected. Overall, our results indicate that E2F2 activity sustains the hepatic homeostasis of major membrane glycerolipid components while it is dispensable for storage glycerolipid balance.

Alteração do ciclo menstrual na adolescência: manifestação precoce da Síndrome Metabólica?

Na última década, surgiram evidências de que a Síndrome Metabólica (SM), relatada de forma crescente entre adolescentes, tem início na vida intrauterina e seus sinais e sintomas já estão presentes na adolescência, porém, ainda faltam critérios diagnósticos específicos para essa faixa etária. O ciclo menstrual representa o resultado do funcionamento normal não apenas do eixo Hipotálamo-Hipófise-Ovário (HHO), do útero e do aparelho genital, mas também, do equilíbrio metabólico do organismo. Alterações no ciclo menstrual podem representar sinais de desequilíbrio e anormalidade. A SM está também relacionada à Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP), disfunção ovariana caracterizada por oligoanovulação, hiperandrogenismo e/ou ovários policísticos. A resistência à insulina (RI) tem um papel central na fisiopatologia e na inter-relação dos componentes tanto da SM como também da SOP. A RI é compensada pelo aumento da produção de insulina pelas células beta pancreáticas, e essa hiperinsulinemia compensatória tem conseqüências no endotélio, nos fatores inflamatórios, no metabolismo glicídico e lipídico, além de afetar o ciclo menstrual pelo estímulo da androgênese ovariana, suprimindo a SHBG e possivelmente alterando o padrão da secreção pulsátil do GnRH. Estas alterações menstruais podem apresentar-se de forma precoce, antes das alterações metabólicas da RI, portanto, a avaliação atenta do padrão menstrual de adolescentes pode representar um valioso sinal que alerta para o risco metabólico e cardiovascular. Avaliamos o comportamento de parâmetros da Síndrome Metabólica e sua relação com o ciclo menstrual em adolescentes através de um estudo observacional transversal com 59 adolescentes do sexo feminino entre 12 e 19 anos e presença de pelo menos um dos seguintes fatores de risco para SM: Sobrepeso - Obesidade - Acantose Nigricans. Todas as adolescentes foram submetidas a uma avaliação clínica com levantamento de dados antropométricos, e laboratoriais composta de: Glicose de Jejum, Colesterol Total, HDL-Colesterol, Triglicerídeos, Teste Oral de Tolerância a Glicose (Glicose 120), Insulina pré (insulina jejum), pós TOTG (insulina 120), Folículo-Estimulante (FSH), Hormônio Luteinizante (LH), Testosterona Total (TT), Androstenediona, Foram criados 2 grupos:G-1- adolescentes com ciclos irregulares, e G-2- adolescentes com ciclos regulares. Das 59 adolescentes avaliadas, 36 formaram o G-1, e 23 o G-2. A média da idade ginecológica foi de 4,5 anos e da menarca 11,3 anos. Na análise estatística das diferenças nas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos, observou-se que o G-1 apresentou: Cintura (p=0,026), Insulina de jejum (p=0,001), Glicose 120 (p=0,002), insulina 120 (p=0,0001), HOMA-IR (p=0,0008), Triglicerídeos (p=0,013), SM (p<0,0001) e SOP (p<0,0001) significativamente maiores e QUICK (p=0,008), G/I (p=0,002), HDL (p=0,001) significativamente menores que o G-2. (88,8% das adolescentes com ciclos irregulares no ultimo ano apresentavam irregularidade desde a menarca. Estes resultados demonstram uma associação significativa entre a irregularidade menstrual, RI, SM e SOP na população estudada. Todas as adolescentes com diagnóstico de SM apresentavam irregularidade desde a menarca e destas, 93,5% tiveram o diagnóstico de SOP. O nosso estudo chama a atenção para o comportamento do ciclo menstrual na adolescência em relação aos riscos cardiovasculares e metabólicos, sinalizando assim que outros estudos precisam ser desenvolvidos nesta população.

Avaliação do efeito da ingestão do chocolate-cacau 70% sobre a pressão arterial, biomarcadores circulantes da função endotelial, metabolismo glicídico e lipídico em hipertensos primários estágio 1

Estima-se que aproximadamente 30 milhões de brasileiros apresentem hipertensão arterial e a despeito da grande quantidade de hipotensores disponíveis, acredita-se que apenas 2,7 milhões estejam sendo tratados adequadamente. Recentemente vários estudos clínicos, epidemiológicos e experimentais têm mostrado uma associação entre o consumo de alimentos ricos em cacau e a redução da pressão arterial assim como relacionando este efeito a uma possível ação dos flavonóides do cacau sobre a função endotelial. Objetivos: avaliar em pacientes hipertensos primários, estágio 1, o efeito da administração dos flavonóides do chocolate amargo 70% de cacau sobre: a pressão arterial; a função endotelial e as possíveis correlações entre as variações da pressão arterial e da função endotelial. Tipo de estudo: experimental, clínico e aberto. Casuística: 20 pacientes, sem distinção de raça ou sexo, com hipertensão arterial primária no estágio 1, sem tratamento anti-hipertensivo prévio, eutróficos, com sobrepeso ou obesos grau I, com idades entre 18 e 60 anos. Local do estudo: Disciplina de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental Clinex. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Variáveis estudadas: pressão arterial, PCR-US, IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM, ICAM, E-selectina, LDL-OX, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides, glicemia, insulina, HOMA, índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura, circunferência de quadril, relação cintura quadril e percentual de gordura corporal. Resultados: o chocolate-cacau 70% reduziu de forma significativa a pressão arterial avaliada pelo método oscilométrico casual. Através deste método observamos que a pressão arterial sistólica reduziu de forma significativa após 4 semanas de tratamento, (V0: 146,50 1,28; V1: 140,40 3,02; V2: 138,50 2,44; V3: 140,60 2,50; V4: 136,90 2,60; V4 vs. V0, p<0,001) enquanto a pressão arterial diastólica apresentou redução significativa a partir de 2 semanas de tratamento e assim permanecendo até o final do estudo (V0: 93,2 0,74; V1: 87,50 1,8; V2: 86,05 1,67; V3: 88,35 1,48; V4: 87,45 1,78; V2 vs. V0, p< 0,05 e V4 vs. V0, p<0,03). A pressão arterial avaliada pelo método de monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial durante 24h (MAPA) não modificou de maneira significativa após a intervenção. Observamos reduções expressivas, embora não estatisticamente significativas nas concentrações de PCR-US, TNF-α, LDL-OX, IL-6, VCAM, ICAM e E-selectina As correlações da PCR-US com IL-6 e ICAM foram significativas (r=0,3; p=0,05 e r=0.45, p=0,04) e de IL-6 com ICAM forte mas sem significância (r=0,42, p=0,06). As demais variáveis avaliadas não se modificaram de forma significativa após 4 semanas de consumo de chocolate-cacau 70%. Conclusões: os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que o chocolate-cacau 70% tem efeito benéfico sobre a função endotelial e controverso em relação ao comportamento da pressão arterial

Associações da espessura do complexo médio-intimal da carótida com o estado oxidativo, metabólico e nutricional em crianças pré-púberes obesas e eutróficas

A prevalência de obesidade infantil vem crescendo em todo o mundo e está associada com aumento da morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta. A obesidade na infância, somada às alterações no metabolismo glicêmico e lipídico e ao aumento do estresse oxidativo e estado inflamatório contribuem para o aumento da espessura do complexo médio-intimal da carótida (carotid artery intima-medial thickness - cIMT) em tenra idade, possibilitando o desenvolvimento precoce do processo aterosclerótico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a cIMT, os indicadores do metabolismo glicídico e lipídico, o estado oxidativo e antioxidante, a composição corporal e o consumo alimentar em crianças pré-púberes obesas e eutróficas e determinar as inter-relações entre as variáveis. Foram medidos massa corporal total (MCT), estatura (E), circunferência da cintura (CC); glicemia, insulina, colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), ácido úrico, proteína C-reativa ultra-sensível (PCR-us) e capacidade antioxidante (DPPH) sanguíneos; cIMT (USG, General Eletric); consumo alimentar (3 recordatórios de 24 h) para análise de macronutrientes e ácidos graxos. Foram, ainda, calculados o índice de massa corporal por idade (IMC/I) e HOMA-IR. O grupo de crianças obesas (n = 30) apresentava IMC/I acima do p97 (WHO, 2007) cujos dados foram comparados com os de um grupo controle (n = 25), composto por crianças eutróficas, da mesma faixa etária. As análises estatísticas acompanharam as características da amostra para dados não-paramétricos, com graus de significância de p < 0,05. A idade das crianças, em média, foi de 7,8 1,3 anos. A comparação dos indicadores entre os grupos mostrou valores significativamente maiores de MCT, IMC/I, CC, consumo calórico e de carboidratos, CT, LDL-colesterol, insulina, HOMA-IR, ácido úrico, PCR-us e cIMT no grupo de crianças obesas. Foram encontradas associações positivas da cIMT com MCT, IMC/I e CC. Essa última associou-se positivamente com ácido úrico, insulina e HOMA-IR. A PCR-us mostrou associação positiva com MCT, IMC/I, CC, ácido úrico, insulina e HOMA-IR. Os resultados analisados nos permitem concluir que as crianças obesas apresentaram maior massa adiposa abdominal, maior consumo energético, proveniente de carboidratos e valores maiores dos fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares do que seus pares eutróficos. Nossos resultados analisados em conjunto, mostram que a obesidade infantil acarreta danos cardiometabólicos que poderão causar prejuízos a saúde na vida adulta. O processo de aterosclerose precoce sofre influência da massa de gordura total e abdominal, a qual está diretamente relacionada à resistência à insulina, ao estado inflamatório e antioxidante. O conhecimento dos fatores de risco desta população deverá embasar estratégias de tratamento com o objetivo de reduzir a morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares na idade adulta.

Efeitos da associação entre dieta hiperlipídica e ovariectomia sobre aspectos comportamentais, lipídeos séricos e o desenvolvimento corporal de ratas adultas

O aumento da longevidade evidenciou nas mulheres os efeitos deletérios da deficiência ovariana como, a obesidade central e as doenças neurodegenerativas. Os hábitos alimentares modernos favorecem o consumo excessivo de gorduras, que contribuem para efeitos adversos sobre a saúde, incluindo alteração da composição corporal e da função nervosa. Assim, objetivamos estudar como a dieta hiperlipídica (DH), contendo óleo de soja, associada à perda da função gonadal influenciam o comportamento e o desenvolvimento corporal de ratas adultas. Ratas Wistar adultas foram ovariectomizadas (OVX) ou pseudo-operadas (C) e após 7d passaram a receber dieta contendo 4%(normo) ou 19%(hiperlípidica) de óleo de soja: C4 (n=29), OVX4 (n=30), C19 (n=30), OVX19 (n=30). Foram avaliados a massa e o comprimento corporais e a ingestão alimentar, e aspectos comportamentais de ansiedade, através de teste no Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE); de busca pela novidade, por testes no Campo Vazado (CV); e aprendizagem/memória avaliada no labirinto aquático radial de 8 braços (LAROB). Ao final dos testes, os animais foram anestesiados, exsanguinados e o tecido adiposo intra-abdominal foi coletado e pesado. O soro foi utilizado para dosagens de triglicerídeo (TG), VLDL-c, colesterol (COL), HDL-c e estradiol. A ingestão alimentar média e o comprimento corporal não diferiram entre os grupos, mas o grupo OVX19 mostrou ganho significativo (13,6%) de massa corporal mais precocemente que os demais. O mesmo padrão foi observado quanto à massa de tecido adiposo, que foi 86% maior no OVX19. Os TG, VLDL e COL aumentaram cerca de 28% no OVX19, porém sem alteração de HDL-c (33,762,2 mg/dl). A DH e a ovariectomia se mostraram ansiogênicos e quando associados, a DH parece reverter o efeito ansiogênico da castração. Padrão similar de resposta foi observado na resposta ao teste de busca por novidade. No teste de aprendizagem/memória o OVX4 apresentou maior tempo de latência no primeiro dia, e todos responderam de forma semelhante nos demais dias. Conclui-se que a deficiência de estradiol acompanhada da ingestão de dieta hiperlipídica mantém o desempenho cognitivo, o comportamento emocional e a motivação, embora prejudique a adiposidade e o metabolismo lipídico.