Modélisation des bi-grappes et sélection des variables pour des données de grande dimension : application aux données d’expression génétique

Les simulations ont été implémentées avec le programme Java.

Essays on numerically efficient inference in nonlinear and non-Gaussian state space models, and commodity market analysis.

The first two articles build procedures to simulate vector of univariate states and estimate parameters in nonlinear and non Gaussian state space models. We propose state space speci fications that offer more flexibility in modeling dynamic relationship with latent variables. Our procedures are extension of the HESSIAN method of McCausland[2012]. Thus, they use approximation of the posterior density of the vector of states that allow to : simulate directly from the state vector posterior distribution, to simulate the states vector in one bloc and jointly with the vector of parameters, and to not allow data augmentation. These properties allow to build posterior simulators with very high relative numerical efficiency. Generic, they open a new path in nonlinear and non Gaussian state space analysis with limited contribution of the modeler. The third article is an essay in commodity market analysis. Private firms coexist with farmers' cooperatives in commodity markets in subsaharan african countries. The private firms have the biggest market share while some theoretical models predict they disappearance once confronted to farmers cooperatives. Elsewhere, some empirical studies and observations link cooperative incidence in a region with interpersonal trust, and thus to farmers trust toward cooperatives. We propose a model that sustain these empirical facts. A model where the cooperative reputation is a leading factor determining the market equilibrium of a price competition between a cooperative and a private firm

Méthode de simulation avec les variables antithétiques

Les fichiers qui accompagnent mon document ont été réalisés avec le logiciel Latex et les simulations ont été réalisés par Splus(R).

Les sources d'influence des pratiques d'emploi instaurées par les entreprises multinationales originaires des pays européens dans leurs filiales québécoises.

Le but de notre recherche est de répondre à la question suivante : Quelles sont les sources d’influence des pratiques d’emploi instaurées par les EMN originaires de pays européens dans leurs filiales québécoises? Comme les EMN constituent notre objet de recherche, nous avons, dans un premier temps, recensé les principales caractéristiques de celles-ci. Il faut noter que les EMN ont un portrait différent par rapport à celui des entreprises qui ne sont pas multinationales. Comme le Québec est l’endroit où notre recherche a eu lieu, nous avons aussi expliqué les caractéristiques socioéconomiques du marché québécois. Nous avons constaté que le marché québécois se distingue du reste du Canada par son hybridité résultant d’un mélange de caractéristiques libérales et coordonnées. Comme les EMN étudiées sont d’origine européenne, nous avons aussi expliqué les caractéristiques des pays européens à économie coordonnée et libérale. Il faut noter que les pays à économie coordonnée et à économie libérale ont de caractéristiques différentes, voire opposées. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons recensé les études qui ont tenté de répondre à notre question de recherche. La littérature identifie quatre sources d’influence des pratiques d’emploi que les EMN instaurent dans leurs filiales étrangères : le pays d’accueil, le pays d’origine, les sources d’influence hybrides, et les sources d’influence globales. Les sources d’influence provenant des pays d’accueil déterminent les pratiques d’emploi des filiales étrangères en mettant en valeur l’isomorphisme, les principes calculateur et collaborateur, et la capacité des filiales à modifier les marchés dans lesquels elles opèrent. Les sources d’influence provenant des pays d’origine influencent les pratiques d’emploi en mettant en valeur l’isomorphisme culturel, l’effet du pays d’origine, et l’effet du pays de gestion. Les sources d’influence hybrides combinent les facteurs en provenance des pays d’accueil, des pays d’origine, et du marché global pour déterminer les pratiques d’emploi des filiales étrangères. Finalement, les sources d’influence globales mettent en valeur les pressions d’intégration au marché mondial pour expliquer la convergence des pratiques d’emploi des filiales étrangères vers un modèle universel anglo-saxon. Pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons identifié les niveaux de coordination des pays d’origine comme variable indépendante, et les niveaux de coordination des pratiques d’emploi comme variable dépendante. Sept hypothèses avec leurs indicateurs respectifs ont tenu compte des relations entre nos variables indépendantes et dépendante. Nous avons préparé un questionnaire de recherche, et avons interviewé des membres du personnel de RH de dix EMN européennes ayant au moins une filiale au Québec. Les filiales faisant partie de notre échantillon appartiennent à des EMN originaires de divers pays européens, autant à marché libéral que coordonné. Nous avons décrit en détail les caractéristiques de chacune de ces EMN et de leurs filiales québécoises. Nous avons identifié des facteurs explicatifs (index de coordination de Hall et Gingerich, secteur d’activité, taille des filiales, et degré de globalisation des EMN) qui auraient pu aussi jouer un rôle dans la détermination et la nature des pratiques d’emploi des filiales. En matière de résultats, nous n’avons constaté de lien entre le type de marché du pays d’origine et le degré de coordination des pratiques d’emploi que pour les pratiques salariales; confirmant ainsi notre première hypothèse. Les pratiques de stabilité d’emploi, de formation, et de relations de travail ont un lien avec le secteur d’activité; soit le secteur de la production des bien, ou celui des services. Ainsi, les filiales dans le secteur de la production de biens font preuve de plus de coordination en matière de ces trois pratiques comparativement aux filiales dans le secteur des services. Finalement, les pratiques de développement de carrière et de partage d’information et consultation sont de nature coordonnée dans toutes les filiales, mais aucun facteur explicatif n’explique ce résultat. Compte tenu que le marché d’accueil québécois est commun à toutes les filiales, le Québec comme province d’accueil pourrait expliquer le fort degré de coordination de ces deux pratiques. Outre le marché d’accueil, le caractère multinational des EMN auxquelles ces filiales appartiennent pourrait aussi expliquer des résultats semblables en matière des pratiques d’emploi. Notre recherche comporte des forces et des faiblesses. Concernant les forces, notre méthode de recherche nous a permis d’obtenir des données de source directe, car nous avons questionné directement les gens concernées par les pratiques d’emploi. Ceci a pour effet d’assurer une certaine validité à notre recherche. Concernant nos faiblesses, la nature restreinte de notre échantillon ne nous permet pas de généraliser les résultats. Il faudrait réaliser d’autres recherches pour améliorer la fiabilité. De plus, les pays d’origine des filiales demeure ambigu pour certaines d’entre elles, car celles-ci ont changé de propriétaire plusieurs fois. D’autres ont au moins deux propriétaires originaires de pays distincts.

Analysis of System Signals Based on Cross Recurrence Method for System Dynamics Characterization

Natural systems are inherently non linear. Recurrent behaviours are typical of natural systems. Recurrence is a fundamental property of non linear dynamical systems which can be exploited to characterize the system behaviour effectively. Cross recurrence based analysis of sensor signals from non linear dynamical system is presented in this thesis. The mutual dependency among relatively independent components of a system is referred as coupling. The analysis is done for a mechanically coupled system specifically designed for conducting experiment. Further, cross recurrence method is extended to the actual machining process in a lathe to characterize the chatter during turning. The result is verified by permutation entropy method. Conventional linear methods or models are incapable of capturing the critical and strange behaviours associated with the dynamical process. Hence any effective feature extraction methodologies should invariably gather information thorough nonlinear time series analysis. The sensor signals from the dynamical system normally contain noise and non stationarity. In an effort to get over these two issues to the maximum possible extent, this work adopts the cross recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) methodology since it is found to be robust against noise and stationarity in the signals. The study reveals that the CRQA is capable of characterizing even weak coupling among system signals. It also divulges the dependence of certain CRQA variables like percent determinism, percent recurrence and entropy to chatter unambiguously. The surrogate data test shows that the results obtained by CRQA are the true properties of the temporal evolution of the dynamics and contain a degree of deterministic structure. The results are verified using permutation entropy (PE) to detect the onset of chatter from the time series. The present study ascertains that this CRP based methodology is capable of recognizing the transition from regular cutting to the chatter cutting irrespective of the machining parameters or work piece material. The results establish this methodology to be feasible for detection of chatter in metal cutting operation in a lathe.

An Effective Path Protection Method to Attain the Route Stability in MANET

With the increasing popularity of wireless network and its application, mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETS) emerged recently. MANET topology is highly dynamic in nature and nodes are highly mobile so that the rate of link failure is more in MANET. There is no central control over the nodes and the control is distributed among nodes and they can act as either router or source. MANTEs have been considered as isolated stand-alone network. Node can add or remove at any time and it is not infrastructure dependent. So at any time at any where the network can setup and a trouble free communication is possible. Due to more chances of link failures, collisions and transmission errors in MANET, the maintenance of network became costly. As per the study more frequent link failures became an important aspect of diminishing the performance of the network and also it is not predictable. The main objective of this paper is to study the route instability in AODV protocol and suggest a solution for improvement. This paper proposes a new approach to reduce the route failure by storing the alternate route in the intermediate nodes. In this algorithm intermediate nodes are also involved in the route discovery process. This reduces the route establishment overhead as well as the time to find the reroute when a link failure occurs.

Statistical evaluation of texture analysis from the biocrystallization method

The consumers are becoming more concerned about food quality, especially regarding how, when and where the foods are produced (Haglund et al., 1999; Kahl et al., 2004; Alföldi, et al., 2006). Therefore, during recent years there has been a growing interest in the methods for food quality assessment, especially in the picture-development methods as a complement to traditional chemical analysis of single compounds (Kahl et al., 2006). The biocrystallization as one of the picture-developing method is based on the crystallographic phenomenon that when crystallizing aqueous solutions of dihydrate CuCl2 with adding of organic solutions, originating, e.g., from crop samples, biocrystallograms are generated with reproducible crystal patterns (Kleber & Steinike-Hartung, 1959). Its output is a crystal pattern on glass plates from which different variables (numbers) can be calculated by using image analysis. However, there is a lack of a standardized evaluation method to quantify the morphological features of the biocrystallogram image. Therefore, the main sakes of this research are (1) to optimize an existing statistical model in order to describe all the effects that contribute to the experiment, (2) to investigate the effect of image parameters on the texture analysis of the biocrystallogram images, i.e., region of interest (ROI), color transformation and histogram matching on samples from the project 020E170/F financed by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection(BMELV).The samples are wheat and carrots from controlled field and farm trials, (3) to consider the strongest effect of texture parameter with the visual evaluation criteria that have been developed by a group of researcher (University of Kassel, Germany; Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), Netherlands and Biodynamic Research Association Denmark (BRAD), Denmark) in order to clarify how the relation of the texture parameter and visual characteristics on an image is. The refined statistical model was accomplished by using a lme model with repeated measurements via crossed effects, programmed in R (version 2.1.0). The validity of the F and P values is checked against the SAS program. While getting from the ANOVA the same F values, the P values are bigger in R because of the more conservative approach. The refined model is calculating more significant P values. The optimization of the image analysis is dealing with the following parameters: ROI(Region of Interest which is the area around the geometrical center), color transformation (calculation of the 1 dimensional gray level value out of the three dimensional color information of the scanned picture, which is necessary for the texture analysis), histogram matching (normalization of the histogram of the picture to enhance the contrast and to minimize the errors from lighting conditions). The samples were wheat from DOC trial with 4 field replicates for the years 2003 and 2005, “market samples”(organic and conventional neighbors with the same variety) for 2004 and 2005, carrot where the samples were obtained from the University of Kassel (2 varieties, 2 nitrogen treatments) for the years 2004, 2005, 2006 and “market samples” of carrot for the years 2004 and 2005. The criterion for the optimization was repeatability of the differentiation of the samples over the different harvest(years). For different samples different ROIs were found, which reflect the different pictures. The best color transformation that shows efficiently differentiation is relied on gray scale, i.e., equal color transformation. The second dimension of the color transformation only appeared in some years for the effect of color wavelength(hue) for carrot treated with different nitrate fertilizer levels. The best histogram matching is the Gaussian distribution. The approach was to find a connection between the variables from textural image analysis with the different visual criteria. The relation between the texture parameters and visual evaluation criteria was limited to the carrot samples, especially, as it could be well differentiated by the texture analysis. It was possible to connect groups of variables of the texture analysis with groups of criteria from the visual evaluation. These selected variables were able to differentiate the samples but not able to classify the samples according to the treatment. Contrarily, in case of visual criteria which describe the picture as a whole there is a classification in 80% of the sample cases possible. Herewith, it clearly can find the limits of the single variable approach of the image analysis (texture analysis).

Uncover the Concealed Link: Gender & Ethnicity-Divided Local Knowledge on the Agro-Ecosystem of a Forest Margin

This research is a study about knowledge interface that aims to analyse knowledge discontinuities, the dynamic and emergent characters of struggles and interactions within gender system and ethnicity differences. The cacao boom phenomenon in Central Sulawesi is the main context for a changing of social relations of production, especially when the mode of production has shifted or is still underway from subsistence to petty commodity production. This agrarian change is not only about a change of relationship and practice, but, as my previous research has shown, also about the shift of knowledge domination, because knowledge construes social practice in a dialectical process. Agroecological knowledge is accumulated through interaction, practice and experience. At the same time the knowledge gained from new practices and experiences changes mode of interaction, so such processes provide the arena where an interface of knowledge is manifested. In the process of agro-ecological knowledge interface, gender and ethnic group interactions materialise in the decision-making of production and resource allocation at the household and community level. At this point, power/knowledge is interplayed to gain authority in decision-making. When authority dominates, power encounters resistance, whereas the dominant power and its resistance are aimed to ensure socio-economic security. Eventually, the process of struggle can be identified through the pattern of resource utilisation as a realisation of production decision-making. Such processes are varied from one community to another, and therefore, it shows uniqueness and commonalities, especially when it is placed in a context of shifting mode of production. The focus is placed on actors: men and women in their institutional and cultural setting, including the role of development agents. The inquiry is informed by 4 major questions: 1) How do women and men acquire, disseminate, and utilise their agro ecological knowledge, specifically in rice farming as a subsistence commodity, as well as in cacao farming as a petty commodity? How and why do such mechanisms construct different knowledge domains between two genders? How does the knowledge mechanism apply in different ethnics? What are the implications for gender and ethnicity based relation of production? ; 2) Using the concept of valued knowledge in a shifting mode of production context: is there any knowledge that dominates others? How does the process of domination occur and why? Is there any form of struggle, strategies, negotiation, and compromise over this domination? How do these processes take place at a household as well as community level? How does it relate to production decision-making? ; 3) Putting the previous questions in two communities with a different point of arrival on a path of agricultural commercialisation, how do the processes of struggle vary? What are the bases of the commonalities and peculiarities in both communities?; 4) How the decisions of production affect rice field - cacao plantation - forest utilisation in the two villages? How does that triangle of resource use reflect the constellation of local knowledge in those two communities? What is the implication of this knowledge constellation for the cacao-rice-forest agroecosystem in the forest margin area? Employing a qualitative approach as the main method of inquiry, indepth and dialogic interviews, participant observer role, and document review are used to gather information. A small survey and children’s writing competition are supplementary to this data collection method. The later two methods are aimed to give wider information on household decision making and perception toward the forest. It was found that local knowledge, particularly knowledge pertaining to rice-forest-cacao agroecology is divided according to gender and ethnicity. This constellation places a process of decision-making as ‘the arena of interface’ between feminine and masculine knowledge, as well as between dominant and less dominant ethnic groups. Transition from subsistence to a commercial mode of production is a context that frames a process where knowledge about cacao commodity is valued higher than rice. Market mechanism, as an external power, defines valued knowledge. Valued knowledge defines the dominant knowledge holder, and decision. Therefore, cacao cultivation becomes a dominant practice. Its existence sacrifices the presence of rice field and the forest. Knowledge about rice production and forest ecosystem exist, but is less valued. So it is unable to challenge the domination of cacao. Various forms of struggles - within gender an ethnicity context - to resist cacao domination are an expression of unequal knowledge possession. Knowledge inequality implies to unequal access to withdraw benefit from market valued crop. When unequal knowledge fails to construct a negotiated field or struggles fail to reveal ‘marginal’ decision, e.g. intensification instead of cacao expansion to the forest, interface only produces divergence. Gender and ethnicity divided knowledge is unabridged, since negotiation is unable to produce new knowledge that accommodates both interests. Rice is loaded by ecological interest to conserve the forest, while cacao is driven by economic interest to increase welfare status. The implication of this unmediated dominant knowledge of cacao production is the construction of access; access to the forest, mainly to withdraw its economic benefit by eliminating its ecological benefit. Then, access to cacao as the social relationship of production to acquire cacao knowledge; lastly, access to defend sustainable benefit from cacao by expansion. ‘Socio-economic Security’ is defined by Access. The convergence of rice and cacao knowledge, however, should be made possible across gender and ethnicity, not only for the sake of forest conservation as the insurance of ecological security, but also for community’s socio-economic security. The convergence might be found in a range of alternative ways to conduct cacao sustainable production, from agroforestry system to intensification.

Inteligencia emocional en adolescentes de dos colegios de Bogotá y variables asociadas

En 1990 Mayer y Salovey acuñan el término Inteligencia Emocional. La Trait Meta-Mood Scale 24 (TMMS-24) es la versión española de la primera medida de autoinforme de la IE basada en el modelo de Mayer y Salovey. Objetivo: Explorar las diferencias en el grado de desarrollo de la IE asociadas a género, edad y escolaridad. Método: Diseño observacional de corte transversal, comparativo entre dos grupos de adolescentes escolarizados en educación oficial, uno en colegio femenino y el otro en colegio masculino. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 451 adolescentes, 224 mujeres con una edad de 14,04 ±1,58 años y 227 hombres con una edad de 14,25 ±1,68 años. Los alfas de Cronbach de la TMMS-24 para esta investigación fueron de 0,802 en Percepción, 0,756 en Comprensión y 0,748 en Regulación. Las mujeres puntuaron mejor que los hombres en Percepción (p=0,007). Se encontró mayor puntuación en Regulación en los grados 6º, 7º y 11º en las mujeres (p=0,005). No hubo evidencia de relación entre la edad y la IE. Conclusiones: La TMMS-24 es una medida de la IE con una adecuada consistencia interna al ser empleada en adolescentes entre los 12 y 17 años de edad de colegios de la ciudad de Bogotá. Este estudio muestra la importancia de combinar métodos de evaluación de la IE con el fin de mejorar su valoración, así como la necesidad de realizar más investigación acerca de IE en nuestro medio.

Research Method Overview: Experimental and Comparative Methods

Experimental and comparative methods in the social sciences

Acciones de promoción de la salud organizacional y su relación con variables estructurales y el bienestar de los trabajadores: análisis desde un modelo de organizaciones saludables

El bienestar de los trabajadores es un imperativo categórico para las organizaciones tanto por razones éticas como por razones de competitividad. La creación de organizaciones o entornos laborales que promuevan el bienestar de los trabajadores constituye un gran reto para las organizaciones y un ámbito de estudio académico. En el presente artículo se describe la relación que existe entre un conjunto de factores organizacionales y su impacto en el bienestar de un grupo de trabajadores, expresado a través del engagement, la satisfacción con el trabajo y la ansiedad relacionada con el trabajo. Para probar las relaciones hipotetizadas se empleó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales y los resultados obtenidos señalan que las acciones de promoción de la salud organizacional tiene un impacto significativo en los valores culturales y en la adopción de prácticas organizacionales

Variables relacionadas con respuestas inconsistentes en una encuesta sobre relaciones sexuales realizada a estudiantes de Santa Marta, Colombia

Antecedentes: la encuesta autoadministrada es la forma más usada y confiable para investigar comportamientos relacionados con la salud en adolescentes. Por lo general, un grupo significativo de participantes responde de forma inconsistente a algunos puntos de tópicos relacionados,particularmente con temas sensibles; en consecuencia, dichos puntos deben ser eliminados del análisis. Hasta la fecha, no se han comparado extensamente las características demográficas de los estudiantes que responden y los que no responden consistentemente una encuesta. Objetivo: comparar algunas variables demográficas relacionadas con respuestas inconsistentes sobre comportamiento sexual en estudiantes de secundaria de Santa Marta, Colombia. Método: una muestra probabilística por conglomerados de estudiantes diligenció una encuesta anónima sobre relaciones sexuales. Se usó regresión logística para ajustar las variables de la encuesta en las cuales se respondió de forma inconsistente. Resultados: un total de 3813 estudiantes completó la encuesta. Un grupo de 3 575 estudiantes (93,8%) respondió de forma consistente a los puntos sobre comportamiento sexual y uno de 238 (6,2%) respondió de forma inconsistente. Después de ajustar por estrato socioeconómico se evidenció que los estudiantes que con mayor frecuencia respondieron inconsistentemente eran varones (OR=2,1; IC95% 1,6-2,8) y pertenecían a colegios privados (OR=3,5; IC95% 2,6-4,8). Conclusiones: aproximadamente uno de cada veinte estudiantes responde de forma inconsistente las preguntas sobre comportamiento sexual. Las respuestas inconsistentes están relacionadas con estudiantes de colegios privados y sexo masculino. Se necesitan más investigaciones.

A new IRT-based standard setting method : Application to eCat-Listening

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Select-divide-and-conquer method for large-scale configuration interaction

A select-divide-and-conquer variational method to approximate configuration interaction (CI) is presented. Given an orthonormal set made up of occupied orbitals (Hartree-Fock or similar) and suitable correlation orbitals (natural or localized orbitals), a large N-electron target space S is split into subspaces S0,S1,S2,...,SR. S0, of dimension d0, contains all configurations K with attributes (energy contributions, etc.) above thresholds T0={T0egy, T0etc.}; the CI coefficients in S0 remain always free to vary. S1 accommodates KS with attributes above T1≤T0. An eigenproblem of dimension d0+d1 for S0+S 1 is solved first, after which the last d1 rows and columns are contracted into a single row and column, thus freezing the last d1 CI coefficients hereinafter. The process is repeated with successive Sj(j≥2) chosen so that corresponding CI matrices fit random access memory (RAM). Davidson's eigensolver is used R times. The final energy eigenvalue (lowest or excited one) is always above the corresponding exact eigenvalue in S. Threshold values {Tj;j=0, 1, 2,...,R} regulate accuracy; for large-dimensional S, high accuracy requires S 0+S1 to be solved outside RAM. From there on, however, usually a few Davidson iterations in RAM are needed for each step, so that Hamiltonian matrix-element evaluation becomes rate determining. One μhartree accuracy is achieved for an eigenproblem of order 24 × 106, involving 1.2 × 1012 nonzero matrix elements, and 8.4×109 Slater determinants

Simple finite field nuclear relaxation method for calculating vibrational contribution to degenerate four-wave mixing

A simple extended finite field nuclear relaxation procedure for calculating vibrational contributions to degenerate four-wave mixing (also known as the intensity-dependent refractive index) is presented. As a by-product one also obtains the static vibrationally averaged linear polarizability, as well as the first and second hyperpolarizability. The methodology is validated by illustrative calculations on the water molecule. Further possible extensions are suggested