Industrial arts in our elementary schools,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Indian tribes of the United States: their history antiquities, customs, religion, arts, language, traditions, oral legends, and myths.

An abridgment of the author's "Information respecting the history, condition and prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States," with additions by the editor.

Thinking in the language of mathematics; the elementary school level.

Bibliography: p. 121-126, 129-130.

Esquisse de l'état d'Alger considéré sous les rapports politique, historique et civil contenant un tableau sur la géographie, la population, le gouvernement, les revenues, le commerce, l'agriculture, les arts, les manufactures, les tribus, les moeurs, les usages, le language, les événemens politiques et récens de ce pays /

Mode of access: Internet.

A complete guide to the art of writing short-hand : being an entirely new and comprehensive system of representing the elementary sounds of the English language in stenographic characters /

Mode of access: Internet.

Cheever's Latin accidence : an elementary grammar, for beginners in the study of the Latin language, compiled by Ezekiel Cheever ...

Attributed incorrectly on title-page to Ezekiel Cheever.

An easy grammar of the French language, for the use of colleges and schools : being the first elementary work in the complete course of French instruction to be published /

Mode of access: Internet.

A vocabulary; or, Collection of words and phrases, which have been supposed to be peculiar to the United States of America. To which is prefixed an essay on the present state of the English language in the United States. Originally published in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; and now republished with corrections and additions.

Mode of access: Internet.

First steps in Zulu; being an elementary grammar of the Zulu language,

Spine title: First steps in Zulu-Kafir.

An elementary course in free-hand geometrical drawing, for schools, and for the training of the eye and hand destined to mechanical pursuits and arts of geometrical design.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Mende language, containing useful phrases, elementary grammar, short vocabularies, reading materials,

Mode of access: Internet.

Universal dictionary of the English language; a new and original work presenting for convenient reference the orthography, pronunciation, meaning, use, origin and development of every word in the English language together with condensed explanations of fifty thousand important subjects and an exhaustive encyclopaedia of all the arts and sciences profusely illustrated,

According to Brit. mus. Catalogue, first published in London in 1879 under the title The encyclopaedic dictionary.

To speak or not to speak English during English lessons : A literature study on language use in the elementary classroom

There are different views regarding which language should be used in the second language classroom. Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to find out if the teachers’ choice of language use in the classroom can affect the students’ motivation to speak English and if there are other factors that can affect the teachers’ choice of language use. This study is based on six different sources who all have investigated the use of the first language and/or the target language in schools in different parts of the world. The results of this study show that both the use of the first language and the target language can affect the students’ motivation to speak English. The results also show that there are many different factors that can affect the teachers’ choice of language in the classroom, apart from motivation. These factors include the use of the first or the target language to ensure comprehension, encourage communication, create and maintain relationships between teachers and students, keep up a good classroom climate, and to uphold discipline. There are arguments both for using the first language and the second language in the second language classroom and it is difficult to determine which language is the best to use. However, what can be determined is that it is the teachers’ responsibility to decide and to have a reason for choosing one language or the other.

Finnish Kullervo and chinese martial arts stories

Introduction: There are many important Finnish plays but, due to language barrier, Finnish drama is seldom exported, particularly to Hong Kong and China.. Objective: To find out differences in mentality between the Finnish and Chinese peoples by comparing the partially localized Chinese translation of Aleksis Kivi’s tragedy, Kullervo, with genuine Chinese martial arts literature. Methodology: 1. Chapman Chen has translated the Finnish classic, Kullervo, directly from Finnish into Chinese and published it in 2005. 2. In Chen’s Chinese translation, cultural markers are domesticated. On the other hand, values, characterization, plot, and rhythm remain unchanged. 3. According to Gideon Tory, the translator has to strike a golden mean between the norms of the source language and the target language. 4. Lau Tingci lists and explicates the essential components of martial arts drama. 5. According to Ehrnrooth’s “Mentality”, equality is the most important value in Finnish culture. Findings: i. Finland emphasizes independence while China emphasizes bilateral relationships. ii. The Finnish people loves freedom, but Gai Sizung argues that the Chinese people is slavish. iii. Finns are mature while many Chinese are, according to Sun Lung-kee (“The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture”; “The Deep Structure of Chinese Sexuality”), fixated at the oral and anal stages. iv. Finnish society highly values equality while Chinese interpersonal relationships are extremely complicated and hierachical. If Kullervo were a genuine Chinese kungfu story, the plot would be much more convoluted. Conclusion: The differences between Finnish and Chinese mentalities are so significant that partially localized or adapted Chinese translations of Finnish drama may still be able to introduce Finnish culture to the Chinese audience.