Estudo colorimétrico da montmorilonita I : obtenção da reta padrão e estudo da influência do quartzo e da caolinita na absorbância do sistema colorido

O objetivo deste trabalho é iniciar estudos no sentido de estabelecer um método colorimétrico para a determinação quantitativa da montmorilonita. E para tal baseou-se na reação deste argilo-mineral com uma solução aquosa de benzidina. Os testes iniciais mostraram que o complexo colorido segue a lei de Lambert-Beer, pelo menos no intervalo de concentração de 7,35 a 36,75 microgramas de montmorilonita por mililitro, sendo que a equação obtida para relacionar a absorbância com a concentração foi : X - 5 L - 14,7 (L é a absorbância e X é microgramas de montmorilonita). Testou-se também a influência da presença do quartzo e da caolonita, chegando-se a conclusão que a presença destes minerais concorre para aumentar a absorçância (embora não houvesse aumento na intensidade da cor azul, sendo que tal aumento era maior nas misturas em que os três minerais estavam presentes.

Estructura de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados del arroyo Achiras (Córdoba, Argentina): análisis previo a la construcción de una presa

La regulación de ríos y arroyos mediante diques modifica parámetros que influyen directamente sobre la biota. En la cuenca endorreica Achiras-del Gato ha finalizado recientemente la construcción de una presa de mediana envergadura que alterará las características limnológicas del sistema y la estructura de las comunidades bentónicas. Este estudio aporta los primeros registros del macrobentos de este sistema lótico y analiza la variación espacio-temporal de la estructura de la comunidad en tramos pedemontanos del arroyo Achiras. Durante un año, antes de la construcción de la presa, se colectaron muestras de zoobentos y se registraron variables abióticas en correderas y rabiones de dos sitios del arroyo, uno situado río arriba del área del dique y otro aguas abajo de la misma. Para cada sitio, hábitat y estación del año se determinó abundancia, frecuencia, riqueza taxonómica, Índice de Shannon y equidad, y se analizaron mediante ANOVA de una y tres vías. Los atributos de las comunidades de referencia se complementaron con la determinación de taxa exclusivos e indicadores y detectores ecológicos. En el primer sitio se registraron 73 taxa, Simulium fue más abundante y Leptohyphes eximius Eaton, 1882, más frecuente. En el segundo se hallaron 75 taxa, Caenis fue más abundante y Cricotopus sp. 3 más frecuente. La abundancia y la riqueza fueron significativamente mayores en primavera, y la diversidad en rabiones de invierno. Se determinó que los atributos de la comunidad estuvieron afectados por la época de muestreo. El arroyo Achiras posee un régimen hídrico freático-pluvial, con caudales bajos en invierno y altos en verano, por lo que se esperan cambios en la biota nativa y la integridad del sistema en respuesta a la reducción de la variabilidad hidráulica cuando el funcionamiento de la presa altere el caudal natural.

Secreción de fósforo durante la absorción de azúcares: I. Métodos de determinación del fósforo

Se hace un estudio bastante detenido de los métodos colorimétricos para la determinación del fósforo y se ensayan tres agente reductores. a) Cloruro estannoso - Cuando se utiliza este reductor, se presenta una aparente desviación a la ley de Lambert Beer; los valores se ajustan a los reales mediante el procedimiento descrito por Sols. Es un reductor adecuado para concentraciones de fósforo comprendidas entre las 8 y las 25 μg; la lectura colorimétrica debe hacerse antes de los 40 minutos. b) La reducción con solución amidol (Fianl Agfa) es muy adecuada para la valorización del fósforo y sigue la ley de Beer dentro de límites de concentración entre las 2 y las 75 μg. Los tubos deben mantenerse a 37º. c) Las internsidades de color conseguidas con el 1-amino-2-naftol-4-sulfónico son buenas despues de los 15 minutos de desarrollo de color. Hay suficiente regularidad entre concentraciones y densidades ópticas. Se propone un método original para el estudio del fósforo durante la absorción intestinal. Se basa en ligeras modificaciones del clásico método de FISKE & SUBBAROW.

Welfare comparisons: sequential procedures for heterogenous populations

Some analysts use sequential dominance criteria, and others use equivalence scales in combination with non-sequential dominance tests, to make welfare comparisons of oint distributions of income and needs. In this paper we present a new sequential procedure hich copes with situations in which sequential dominance fails. We also demonstrate that there commendations deriving from the sequential approach are valid for distributions of equivalent income whatever equivalence scale the analyst might adopt. Thus the paper marries together the sequential and equivalizing approaches, seen as alternatives in much previous literature. All results are specified in forms which allow for demographic differences in the populations being compared.

Results of a collaborative study of the EDNAP group regarding mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy and segregation in hair shafts.

A collaborative exercise was carried out by the European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP) in order to evaluate the distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy amongst the hairs of an individual who displays point heteroplasmy in blood and buccal cells. A second aim of the exercise was to study reproducibility of mtDNA sequencing of hairs between laboratories using differing chemistries, further to the first mtDNA reproducibility study carried out by the EDNAP group. Laboratories were asked to type 2 sections from each of 10 hairs, such that each hair was typed by at least two laboratories. Ten laboratories participated in the study, and a total of 55 hairs were typed. The results showed that the C/T point heteroplasmy observed in blood and buccal cells at position 16234 segregated differentially between hairs, such that some hairs showed only C, others only T and the remainder, C/T heteroplasmy at varying ratios. Additionally, differential segregation of heteroplasmic variants was confirmed in independent extracts at positions 16093 and the poly(C) tract at 302-309, whilst a complete A-G transition was confirmed at position 16129 in one hair. Heteroplasmy was observed at position 16195 on both strands of a single extract from one hair segment, but was not observed in the extracts from any other segment of the same hair. Similarly, heteroplasmy at position 16304 was observed on both strands of a single extract from one hair. Additional variants at positions 73, 249 and the HVII poly(C) region were reported by one laboratory; as these were not confirmed in independent extracts, the possibility of contamination cannot be excluded. Additionally, the electrophoresis and detection equipment used by this laboratory was different to those of the other laboratories, and the discrepancies at position 249 and the HVII poly(C) region appear to be due to reading errors that may be associated with this technology. The results, and their implications for forensic mtDNA typing, are discussed in the light of the biology of hair formation.

Temporal and spatial appearance of the membrane cytoskeleton and perineuronal nets in the rat neocortex.

Parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons are surrounded by perineuronal nets, containing molecules of the extracellular matrix (e.g. tenascin-R). Furthermore, they seem to have a special cytoskeleton composed of, among others, ankyrinR and beta Rspectrin. In the present developmental study we showed that the intracellular markers parvalbumin, ankyrinR and beta Rspectrin as well as Vicia Villosa agglutinin, an extracellular marker for perineuronal nets, appeared in the second postnatal week. In the third postnatal week, ankyrinR and beta R spectrin were present in the parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Tenascin-R appeared in a similar topographic distribution as the intracellular markers. The adult pattern was established upon the end of the fourth postnatal week. Our results indicate that cytoskeletal maturity maybe a prerequisite for the organization of perineuronal nets of extracellular matrix.

Characterizing aging in the human brainstem using quantitative multimodal MRI analysis.

Aging is ubiquitous to the human condition. The MRI correlates of healthy aging have been extensively investigated using a range of modalities, including volumetric MRI, quantitative MRI (qMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging. Despite this, the reported brainstem related changes remain sparse. This is, in part, due to the technical and methodological limitations in quantitatively assessing and statistically analyzing this region. By utilizing a new method of brainstem segmentation, a large cohort of 100 healthy adults were assessed in this study for the effects of aging within the human brainstem in vivo. Using qMRI, tensor-based morphometry (TBM), and voxel-based quantification (VBQ), the volumetric and quantitative changes across healthy adults between 19 and 75 years were characterized. In addition to the increased R2* in substantia nigra corresponding to increasing iron deposition with age, several novel findings were reported in the current study. These include selective volumetric loss of the brachium conjunctivum, with a corresponding decrease in magnetization transfer and increase in proton density (PD), accounting for the previously described "midbrain shrinkage." Additionally, we found increases in R1 and PD in several pontine and medullary structures. We consider these changes in the context of well-characterized, functional age-related changes, and propose potential biophysical mechanisms. This study provides detailed quantitative analysis of the internal architecture of the brainstem and provides a baseline for further studies of neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by early, pre-clinical involvement of the brainstem, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study.

We sought to provide a contemporary picture of the presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) in a large patient cohort from multiple locations worldwide. Prospective cohort study of 2781 adults with definite IE who were admitted to 58 hospitals in 25 countries from June 1, 2000, through September 1, 2005. The median age of the cohort was 57.9 (interquartile range, 43.2-71.8) years, and 72.1% had native valve IE. Most patients (77.0%) presented early in the disease (<30 days) with few of the classic clinical hallmarks of IE. Recent health care exposure was found in one-quarter of patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen (31.2%). The mitral (41.1%) and aortic (37.6%) valves were infected most commonly. The following complications were common: stroke (16.9%), embolization other than stroke (22.6%), heart failure (32.3%), and intracardiac abscess (14.4%). Surgical therapy was common (48.2%), and in-hospital mortality remained high (17.7%). Prosthetic valve involvement (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.90), increasing age (1.30; 1.17-1.46 per 10-year interval), pulmonary edema (1.79; 1.39-2.30), S aureus infection (1.54; 1.14-2.08), coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection (1.50; 1.07-2.10), mitral valve vegetation (1.34; 1.06-1.68), and paravalvular complications (2.25; 1.64-3.09) were associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death, whereas viridans streptococcal infection (0.52; 0.33-0.81) and surgery (0.61; 0.44-0.83) were associated with a decreased risk. In the early 21st century, IE is more often an acute disease, characterized by a high rate of S aureus infection. Mortality remains relatively high.

The antibody response in mice to carrier-free synthetic polymers of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite repetitive epitope is I-Ab-restricted: possible implications for malaria vaccines.

The immunogenicity of a novel synthetic peptide consisting of an average of 40 (Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro) repeats of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum, (NANP)40, was studied in mice without using any carrier proteins. First, high titers of anti-(NANP)40 antibodies could be obtained after immunization of C57BL/6 mice. These antibodies also reacted with an extract of mosquitoes infected with P. falciparum sporozoites. C57BL/6 nu/nu mice did not produce antibodies against (NANP)40. Secondly, when 14 strains of mice with nine different H-2 haplotypes were immunized with (NANP)40 without carrier, only H-2b mice were found to produce anti-(NANP)40 antibodies, whereas all non-H-2b mice were consistently unresponsive. This response was demonstrated to be I-A-linked by using recombinant and mutant mice. I-Ab [B10.A(5R)] mice produced anti-(NANP)40 antibodies as well as H-2b inbred mice. B6CH-2bm12 I-Ab-mutant mice showed only a very low response. Third, the antibody response against (NANP)40 could be induced in nonresponder mice by immunization with the peptide coupled to a carrier protein. In view of the existence of such an exceptional H-2b restriction in the response to sporozoite synthetic peptides in mice, the triggering of peptide-specific T cell responses in humans receiving sporozoite malaria vaccines might be difficult to achieve.

Pretreatment and outcome correlates of past sexual and physical trauma in 118 bipolar I disorder patients with a first episode of psychotic mania.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and correlates of childhood and adolescent sexual and/or physical abuse (SPA) in bipolar I disorder (BDI) patients treated for a first episode of psychotic mania. METHODS: The Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre admitted 786 first-episode psychosis patients between 1998 and 2000. Data were collected from patients' files using a standardized questionnaire. A total of 704 files were available; 43 were excluded because of a nonpsychotic diagnosis at endpoint and 3 due to missing data regarding past stressful events. Among 658 patients with available data, 118 received a final diagnosis of BDI and were entered in this study. RESULTS: A total of 80% of patients had been exposed to stressful life events during childhood and adolescence and 24.9% to SPA; in particular, 29.8% of female patients had been exposed to sexual abuse. Patients who were exposed to SPA had poorer premorbid functioning, higher rates of forensic history, were less likely to live with family during treatment period, and were more likely to disengage from treatment. CONCLUSIONS: SPA is highly prevalent in BDI patients presenting with a first episode of psychotic mania; exposed patients have lower premorbid functional levels and poorer engagement with treatment. The context in which such traumas occur must be explored in order to determine whether early intervention strategies may contribute to diminish their prevalence. Specific psychological interventions must also be developed.