Exam 2001

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Exam 1998 pdf

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Contribución a la crítica, la metodología matemática y la didáctica de la mecánica.

Profundizar en el conocimiento de métodos matemáticos de la Mecánica y mejorar su didáctica . Se divide en ocho capítulos más el que se dedica a notas. La introducción es un bosquejo histórico crítico de las tres formulaciones de la dinámica: Newtoniana, Lagrangiana y Hamiltoniana. El capítulo segundo presenta resultados originales sobre los pequeños movimientos en torno a la curva más baja de una superficie. El capítulo tercero demuestra cómo se puede construir un péndulo esférico en rotación equivalente a cualquier péndulo sobre una superficie de revolución. El cuarto demuestra que es posible construir un péndulo esférico en rotación que reproduzca el péndulo de Foucalt por procedimientos eléctricos. En el quinto se expone la teoría de las oscilaciones de un sistema holónomo con dos grados de libertad y en el sexto la mecánica analítica de hilos a partir de un principio variacional. En el séptimo se resuelven, por las ecuaciones de Newton y Lagrange, dos sistemas mecánicos no lineales. El octavo estudia las oscilaciones no lineales de un punto material sobre una recta cuando la fuerza es sólo función de la posición. Finalmente, en el capítulo de notas se proporciona una amplia información y justificación de los formalismos empleados en la Tesis, incluyendo ejemplos y aplicaciones. Se obtienen algunos resultados nuevos en mecánica teórica y se aportan novedades originales sobre los métodos matemáticos de la mecánica, que aportan mejoras en la didáctica de la mecánica.

Enseñanza de las Matemáticas en el Bachillerato : análisis epistemológico y didáctico de los conceptos de límite y continuidad.

Estudiar las concepciones y obstáculos epistemológicos que han aparecido en el desarrollo histórico de los conceptos de límite y continuidad. Descubrir las concepciones que tienen los alumnos sobre estos dos conceptos. Encontrar las relaciones existentes entre ambas concepciones (históricas y de los alumnos). Analizar la transposición didáctica del saber matemático al saber escolar a través de los textos utilizados en el bachillerato y Curso de Orientación Universitaria y su evolución desde la década de los 50 hasta nuestros días, como posibles instrumentos generadores de las concepciones de los alumnos. Establecimiento de las dos hipótesis de trabajo. Temporalización de la investigación en dos cursos académicos. Curso 94-95: análisis de la transposición didáctica de los conceptos límite y continuidad, análisis de los libros de texto desde los 50ïs con la metodología de Schubring (1987). Elaboración de un precuestionario para conocer las concepciones de los alumnos y posteriormente elaboración del cuestionario definitivo. Curso 95-96 presentación del cuestionario a los alumnos, análisis de los datos. Estudio del desarrollo histórico de los conceptos. Búsqueda de las relaciones existentes entre las concepciones de los alumnos y las históricas. En el cuestionario donde se planteaban situaciones problemáticas referidas a ambos conceptos se pusieron de manifiesto los siguientes aspectos: el criterio más utilizado en la aplicación de límites es el de límite por la derecha o por la izquierda, clasificado como conocimiento escolar. La idea de aproximarse corresponde a las concepciones de Dálembert y Cauchy. El tercer criterio de justificación más utilizado es el de sustituir valores, que correspondería a la concepción de Euler-Lagrange. Para la continuidad, el criterio más usado es el plantear que una función es continua si se puede dibujar su gráfica sin levantar el lápiz del papel, próxima a la concepción intuitivo-geométrica. El segundo criterio - que se manifiesta como erróneo- es el afirmar que una función es continua si esta definida en todo punto. El tercer criterio más usado es próximo a la concepción de Cauchy. La dificultad que entrañan ambos conceptos hace que se presenten muchas respuestas erróneas entre los alumnos. El análisis de los libros de texto muestra diferencias notables entre ellos. Después de un primer periodo donde la atención estaba puesta en el rigor de la definiciones, se continuó con un énfasis en la formalización de la matemática moderna. Superado este periodo los autores tratan de presentar los conceptos conectados con situaciones y apelando a la intuición. Para el límite y la continuidad existe una evolución desde la consideración de ambos conceptos ligados al de función, pasando por un largo periodo en que tienen entidad propia, hasta la última reforma en que se enfatiza el carácter instrumental de los mismos. La transposición didáctica desde el saber matemático al saber contenido en los libros de texto son fuente de las concepciones detectadas en el saber escolar, a través del análisis de las respuestas al cuestionario. Durante el aprendizaje de los citados conceptos, los alumnos desarrollan una serie de concepciones que están relacionadas con las que han surgido en el desarrollo histórico y además aparecen otras inducidas por la propia enseñanza.

A cell by cell anisotropic adaptive mesh ALE scheme for the numerical solution of the Euler equations

In this paper a cell by cell anisotropic adaptive mesh technique is added to an existing staggered mesh Lagrange plus remap finite element ALE code for the solution of the Euler equations. The quadrilateral finite elements may be subdivided isotropically or anisotropically and a hierarchical data structure is employed. An efficient computational method is proposed, which only solves on the finest level of resolution that exists for each part of the domain with disjoint or hanging nodes being used at resolution transitions. The Lagrangian, equipotential mesh relaxation and advection (solution remapping) steps are generalised so that they may be applied on the dynamic mesh. It is shown that for a radial Sod problem and a two-dimensional Riemann problem the anisotropic adaptive mesh method runs over eight times faster.

Consistent approximate models of the global atmosphere: shallow, deep, hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic

We study global atmosphere models that are at least as accurate as the hydrostatic primitive equations (HPEs), reviewing known results and reporting some new ones. The HPEs make spherical geopotential and shallow atmosphere approximations in addition to the hydrostatic approximation. As is well known, a consistent application of the shallow atmosphere approximation requires omission of those Coriolis terms that vary as the cosine of latitude and of certain other terms in the components of the momentum equation. An approximate model is here regarded as consistent if it formally preserves conservation principles for axial angular momentum, energy and potential vorticity, and (following R. Müller) if its momentum component equations have Lagrange's form. Within these criteria, four consistent approximate global models, including the HPEs themselves, are identified in a height-coordinate framework. The four models, each of which includes the spherical geopotential approximation, correspond to whether the shallow atmosphere and hydrostatic (or quasi-hydrostatic) approximations are individually made or not made. Restrictions on representing the spatial variation of apparent gravity occur. Solution methods and the situation in a pressure-coordinate framework are discussed. © Crown copyright 2005.

Optimization algorithms in FMRF model-based segmentation for LIDAR data and co-registered bands

In this paper, a fuzzy Markov random field (FMRF) model is used to segment land-objects into free, grass, building, and road regions by fusing remotely, sensed LIDAR data and co-registered color bands, i.e. scanned aerial color (RGB) photo and near infra-red (NIR) photo. An FMRF model is defined as a Markov random field (MRF) model in a fuzzy domain. Three optimization algorithms in the FMRF model, i.e. Lagrange multiplier (LM), iterated conditional mode (ICM), and simulated annealing (SA), are compared with respect to the computational cost and segmentation accuracy. The results have shown that the FMRF model-based ICM algorithm balances the computational cost and segmentation accuracy in land-cover segmentation from LIDAR data and co-registered bands.

Optimal kinematic control of an autonomous underwater vehicle

This note investigates the motion control of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The AUV is modeled as a nonholonomic system as any lateral motion of a conventional, slender AUV is quickly damped out. The problem is formulated as an optimal kinematic control problem on the Euclidean Group of Motions SE(3), where the cost function to be minimized is equal to the integral of a quadratic function of the velocity components. An application of the Maximum Principle to this optimal control problem yields the appropriate Hamiltonian and the corresponding vector fields give the necessary conditions for optimality. For a special case of the cost function, the necessary conditions for optimality can be characterized more easily and we proceed to investigate its solutions. Finally, it is shown that a particular set of optimal motions trace helical paths. Throughout this note we highlight a particular case where the quadratic cost function is weighted in such a way that it equates to the Lagrangian (kinetic energy) of the AUV. For this case, the regular extremal curves are constrained to equate to the AUV's components of momentum and the resulting vector fields are the d'Alembert-Lagrange equations in Hamiltonian form.

Land-cover classification from airborne LIDAR data fused with aerial optical images

Airborne LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) provides accurate height information for objects on the earth, which makes LIDAR become more and more popular in terrain and land surveying. In particular, LIDAR data offer vital and significant features for land-cover classification which is an important task in many application domains. In this paper, an unsupervised approach based on an improved fuzzy Markov random field (FMRF) model is developed, by which the LIDAR data, its co-registered images acquired by optical sensors, i.e. aerial color image and near infrared image, and other derived features are fused effectively to improve the ability of the LIDAR system for the accurate land-cover classification. In the proposed FMRF model-based approach, the spatial contextual information is applied by modeling the image as a Markov random field (MRF), with which the fuzzy logic is introduced simultaneously to reduce the errors caused by the hard classification. Moreover, a Lagrange-Multiplier (LM) algorithm is employed to calculate a maximum A posteriori (MAP) estimate for the classification. The experimental results have proved that fusing the height data and optical images is particularly suited for the land-cover classification. The proposed approach works very well for the classification from airborne LIDAR data fused with its coregistered optical images and the average accuracy is improved to 88.9%.

Analysis of spectroscopic measurements of leaf water content at terahertz frequencies using linear transforms

We provide a unified framework for a range of linear transforms that can be used for the analysis of terahertz spectroscopic data, with particular emphasis on their application to the measurement of leaf water content. The use of linear transforms for filtering, regression, and classification is discussed. For illustration, a classification problem involving leaves at three stages of drought and a prediction problem involving simulated spectra are presented. Issues resulting from scaling the data set are discussed. Using Lagrange multipliers, we arrive at the transform that yields the maximum separation between the spectra and show that this optimal transform is equivalent to computing the Euclidean distance between the samples. The optimal linear transform is compared with the average for all the spectra as well as with the Karhunen–Loève transform to discriminate a wet leaf from a dry leaf. We show that taking several principal components into account is equivalent to defining new axes in which data are to be analyzed. The procedure shows that the coefficients of the Karhunen–Loève transform are well suited to the process of classification of spectra. This is in line with expectations, as these coefficients are built from the statistical properties of the data set analyzed.

Probabilistic downscaling of remote sensing data with applications for multi-scale biogeochemical flux modeling

Upscaling ecological information to larger scales in space and downscaling remote sensing observations or model simulations to finer scales remain grand challenges in Earth system science. Downscaling often involves inferring subgrid information from coarse-scale data, and such ill-posed problems are classically addressed using regularization. Here, we apply two-dimensional Tikhonov Regularization (2DTR) to simulate subgrid surface patterns for ecological applications. Specifically, we test the ability of 2DTR to simulate the spatial statistics of high-resolution (4 m) remote sensing observations of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in a tundra landscape. We find that the 2DTR approach as applied here can capture the major mode of spatial variability of the high-resolution information, but not multiple modes of spatial variability, and that the Lagrange multiplier (γ) used to impose the condition of smoothness across space is related to the range of the experimental semivariogram. We used observed and 2DTR-simulated maps of NDVI to estimate landscape-level leaf area index (LAI) and gross primary productivity (GPP). NDVI maps simulated using a γ value that approximates the range of observed NDVI result in a landscape-level GPP estimate that differs by ca 2% from those created using observed NDVI. Following findings that GPP per unit LAI is lower near vegetation patch edges, we simulated vegetation patch edges using multiple approaches and found that simulated GPP declined by up to 12% as a result. 2DTR can generate random landscapes rapidly and can be applied to disaggregate ecological information and compare of spatial observations against simulated landscapes.

On the structure of infinity-harmonic maps

Let H ∈ C 2(ℝ N×n ), H ≥ 0. The PDE system arises as the Euler-Lagrange PDE of vectorial variational problems for the functional E ∞(u, Ω) = ‖H(Du)‖ L ∞(Ω) defined on maps u: Ω ⊆ ℝ n → ℝ N . (1) first appeared in the author's recent work. The scalar case though has a long history initiated by Aronsson. Herein we study the solutions of (1) with emphasis on the case of n = 2 ≤ N with H the Euclidean norm on ℝ N×n , which we call the “∞-Laplacian”. By establishing a rigidity theorem for rank-one maps of independent interest, we analyse a phenomenon of separation of the solutions to phases with qualitatively different behaviour. As a corollary, we extend to N ≥ 2 the Aronsson-Evans-Yu theorem regarding non existence of zeros of |Du| and prove a maximum principle. We further characterise all H for which (1) is elliptic and also study the initial value problem for the ODE system arising for n = 1 but with H(·, u, u′) depending on all the arguments.

Optimal infinity-quasiconformal immersions

For a Hamiltonian K ∈ C2(RN × n) and a map u:Ω ⊆ Rn − → RN, we consider the supremal functional (1) The “Euler−Lagrange” PDE associated to (1)is the quasilinear system (2) Here KP is the derivative and [ KP ] ⊥ is the projection on its nullspace. (1)and (2)are the fundamental objects of vector-valued Calculus of Variations in L∞ and first arose in recent work of the author [N. Katzourakis, J. Differ. Eqs. 253 (2012) 2123–2139; Commun. Partial Differ. Eqs. 39 (2014) 2091–2124]. Herein we apply our results to Geometric Analysis by choosing as K the dilation function which measures the deviation of u from being conformal. Our main result is that appropriately defined minimisers of (1)solve (2). Hence, PDE methods can be used to study optimised quasiconformal maps. Nonconvexity of K and appearance of interfaces where [ KP ] ⊥ is discontinuous cause extra difficulties. When n = N, this approach has previously been followed by Capogna−Raich ? and relates to Teichmüller’s theory. In particular, we disprove a conjecture appearing therein.

UNIFORM DISSIPATIVENESS, ROBUST SYNCHRONIZATION AND LOCATION OF THE ATTRACTOR OF PARAMETRIZED NONAUTONOMOUS DISCRETE SYSTEMS

In this series of papers, we study issues related to the synchronization of two coupled chaotic discrete systems arising from secured communication. The first part deals with uniform dissipativeness with respect to parameter variation via the Liapunov direct method. We obtain uniform estimates of the global attractor for a general discrete nonautonomous system, that yields a uniform invariance principle in the autonomous case. The Liapunov function is allowed to have positive derivative along solutions of the system inside a bounded set, and this reduces substantially the difficulty of constructing a Liapunov function for a given system. In particular, we develop an approach that incorporates the classical Lagrange multiplier into the Liapunov function method to naturally extend those Liapunov functions from continuous dynamical system to their discretizations, so that the corresponding uniform dispativeness results are valid when the step size of the discretization is small. Applications to the discretized Lorenz system and the discretization of a time-periodic chaotic system are given to illustrate the general results. We also show how to obtain uniform estimation of attractors for parametrized linear stable systems with nonlinear perturbation.

A discontinuous-Galerkin-based immersed boundary method

A numerical method to approximate partial differential equations on meshes that do not conform to the domain boundaries is introduced. The proposed method is conceptually simple and free of user-defined parameters. Starting with a conforming finite element mesh, the key ingredient is to switch those elements intersected by the Dirichlet boundary to a discontinuous-Galerkin approximation and impose the Dirichlet boundary conditions strongly. By virtue of relaxing the continuity constraint at those elements. boundary locking is avoided and optimal-order convergence is achieved. This is shown through numerical experiments in reaction-diffusion problems. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.