943 resultados para La Fayette, Marie-Paul-Jean-Roch-Yves-Gilbert Motié, Mis de
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Contiene: Premiere section (VII, [1] en bl., 544 p., LI h. de lám. pleg.
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"Extrait du tome XXIV des Mémoires couronnés et autres mémoires publiés par l'Académie royale de Belgique. 1874."
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No more published?
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"Par J.B. Noellat et J.C. Paul."[-Quérard.]
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Frontispiece of v. 1: portrait of Columbus designed by Don Pedro Corlon, duque de Veragua, after the Columbus monument in Genoa; v. 3: facsimile of autograph letter to N. Oderigo, 27. dec. 1504.
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Thèse -- Université de Paris.
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This study comes to reflect on the place of truth in everyday human experience. The notion of truth, expressed in different ways, in different systems of thought, cultural and historical, reveals the non-uniformity of their meaning and the arbitrary grouping under one name, truth. Given this fact, of so many beliefs taken as absolute, we ask with the historian Jean Marie Paul Veyne, if the truth is only one, or many called by a word namesake. If, through their ideas, men cannot access a definitely solid knowledge, unchanging and jaunty interference of the human condition (as their interests and affections), then in what sense it can claim a greater and exclusivist truth? Assuming the impossibility of apprehension of the reality of this type, Paul Veyne develops the notion of truth programs, referential beliefs assumed as cartographies that direct action and thought. He defends thus the idea of heterogeneity and plurality, as irreducible elements of human truths. On the one hand there is in society a plurality of truth programs, on the other there is a plurality of beliefs that is inside man. That is, in the way they believe the men also shows plural, because they believe in more than one program and counter programs. The thought of Paul Veyne is nonetheless a form of skepticism directed at all supposedly absolute and universal anthropological truths, because depending on the belief system studied and the specific moment in its history, a set of rules is established to distinguish the true from the false.
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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Étudier la critique sociale de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, c'est, à première vue, reprendre après un grand nombre d'auteurs, un sujet épuisé. Si on l'étudié plus profondément, on se rend compte que les idées sociales et politiques de Rousseau sont toujours matière à controverse et source de polémiques. C'est un problème difficile que de saisir la cohérence interne des oeuvres de Rousseau. Tous ceux qui ont étudié l'oeuvre de Rousseau s'accordent à dire qu'elle est très complexe. L'oeuvre de Rousseau pour certains est si diverse qu'on ne peut lui trouver une cohérence interne. D'autres, au contraire, croient découvrir, dans ses projets, au-delà des contradictions apparentes, une unité profonde. Quelles sont les raisons de ces polémiques? Dans le passé d'abord, les études sur Rousseau ont été influencées par le déroulement historique. Les événements conditionnaient le jugement de l'oeuvre. L'ère des études plus objectives fait son apparition durant le XXe siècle. Les études sur Rousseau peuvent maintenant bénéficier d'une circonstance nouvelle: le recul de deux siècles. Par conséquent, on constate que les études sur Rousseau ont depuis un demi-siècle une plus rigoureuse objectivité. Ces études ne sont pas arrivées à des conclusions définitives. On ne s'est pas encore entendu sur la nature sociale et politique des écrits de Rousseau. La querelle existe toujours. La nature réelle des idées de Rousseau est l'objet de recherches approfondies par plusieurs chercheurs. Nous espérons, par ce mémoire, contribuer à cette recherche importante en traitant de la critique des privilégiés sociaux dans les écrits politiques de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. [...]
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El presente trabajo de investigación está orientado a comprender el arte posmoderno desde la perspectiva estética de Jean François Lyotard.La categoría principal que abordamos es lo sublime y su vinculación con la producción artística. Para esto realizamos un breve estudio histórico de esta categoría, hasta el pensamiento del filósofo francés. Luego ahondamos en la posmodernidad según Lyotard, pues es el contexto de sus reflexiones. El germen de lo que hoy se conoce como mundo posmoderno, fue identificado por Lyotard en la década de los setenta. Llamó condición posmoderna a la deslegitimación de los metarrelatos modernos y al auge de las tecnologías como un apoyo al capitalismo. En su conceptualización recurriría a lo sublime y establecería una relación con las artes de las vanguardias, de aquí se desprenden dos acepciones: lo sublime moderno y lo sublime posmoderno.
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Bananas are susceptible to a diverse range of biotic and abiotic stresses, many of which cause serious production constraints worldwide. One of the most destructive banana diseases is Fusarium wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). No effective control strategy currently exists for this disease which threatens global banana production. Although disease resistance exists in some wild bananas, attempts to introduce resistance into commercially acceptable bananas by conventional breeding have been hampered by low fertility, long generation times and association of poor agronomical traits with resistance genes. With the advent of reliable banana transformation protocols, molecular breeding is now regarded as a viable alternative strategy to generate disease-resistant banana plants. Recently, a novel strategy involving the expression of anti-apoptosis genes in plants was shown to result in resistance against several necrotrophic fungi. Further, the transgenic plants showed increased resistance to a range of abiotic stresses. In this thesis, the use of anti-apoptosis genes to generate transgenic banana plants with resistance to Fusarium wilt was investigated. Since water stress is an important abiotic constraint to banana production, the resistance of the transgenic plants to water stress was also examined. Embryogenic cell suspensions (ECS) of two commercially important banana cultivars, Grand Naine (GN) and Lady Finger (LF), were transformed using Agrobacterium with the anti-apoptosis genes, Bcl-xL, Bcl-xL G138A, Ced-9 and Bcl- 2 3’ UTR. An interesting, and potentially important, outcome was that the use of anti-apoptosis genes resulted in up to a 50-fold increase in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency of both LF and GN cells over vector controls. Regenerated plants were subjected to a complete molecular characterisation in order to detect the presence of the transgene (PCR), transcript (RT-PCR) and gene product (Western blot) and to determine the gene copy number (Southern blot). A total of 36 independently-transformed GN lines (8 x Bcl-xL, 5 x Bcl-xL G138A, 15 x Ced-9 and 8 x Bcl-2 3’ UTR) and 41 independently-transformed LF lines (8 x Bcl-xL, 7 x BclxL G138A, 13 x Ced-9 and 13 x Bcl-2 3’ UTR) were identified. The 41 transgenic LF lines were multiplied and clones from each line were acclimatised and grown under glasshouse conditions for 8 weeks to allow monitoring for phenotypic abnormalities. Plants derived from 3 x Bcl-xL, 2 x Ced-9 and 5 x Bcl-2 3’ UTR lines displayed a variety of aberrant phenotypes. However, all but one of these abnormalities were off-types commonly observed in tissue-cultured, non-transgenic banana plants and were therefore unlikely to be transgene-related. Prior to determining the resistance of the transgenic plants to Foc race 1, the apoptotic effects of the fungus on both wild-type and Bcl-2 3’ UTR-transgenic LF banana cells were investigated using rapid in vitro root assays. The results from these assays showed that apoptotic-like cell death was elicited in wild-type banana root cells as early as 6 hours post-exposure to fungal spores. In contrast, these effects were attenuated in the root cells of Bcl-2 3’ UTR-transgenic lines that were exposed to fungal spores. Thirty eight of the 41 transgenic LF lines were subsequently assessed for resistance to Foc race 1 in small-plant glasshouse bioassays. To overcome inconsistencies in rating the internal (vascular discolouration) disease symptoms, a MatLab-based computer program was developed to accurately and reliably assess the level of vascular discolouration in banana corms. Of the transgenic LF banana lines challenged with Foc race 1, 2 x Bcl-xL, 3 x Ced-9, 2 x Bcl-2 3’ UTR and 1 x Bcl-xL G138A-transgenic line were found to show significantly less external and internal symptoms than wild-type LF banana plants used as susceptible controls at 12 weeks post-inoculation. Of these lines, Bcl-2 3’ UTR-transgenic line #6 appeared most resistant, displaying very mild symptoms similar to the wild-type Cavendish banana plants that were included as resistant controls. This line remained resistant for up to 23 weeks post-inoculation. Since anti-apoptosis genes have been shown to confer resistance to various abiotic stresses in other crops, the ability of these genes to confer resistance against water stress in banana was also investigated. Clonal plants derived from each of the 38 transgenic LF banana plants were subjected to water stress for a total of 32 days. Several different lines of transgenic plants transformed with either Bcl-xL, Bcl-xL G138A, Ced-9 or Bcl-2 3’ UTR showed a delay in visual water stress symptoms compared with the wild-type control plants. These plants all began producing new growth from the pseudostem following daily rewatering for one month. In an attempt to determine whether the protective effect of anti-apoptosis genes in transgenic banana plants was linked with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated programmed cell death (PCD), the effect of the chloroplast-targeting, ROS-inducing herbicide, Paraquat, on wild-type and transgenic LF was investigated. When leaf discs from wild-type LF banana plants were exposed to 10 ìM Paraquat, complete decolourisation occurred after 48 hours which was confirmed to be associated with cell death and ROS production by trypan blue and 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining, respectively. When leaf discs from the transgenic lines were exposed to Paraquat, those derived from some lines showed a delay in decolourisation, suggesting only a weak protective effect from the transgenes. Finally, the protective effect of anti-apoptosis genes against juglone, a ROS-inducing phytotoxin produced by the causal agent of black Sigatoka, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, was investigated. When leaf discs from wild-type LF banana plants were exposed to 25 ppm juglone, complete decolourisation occurred after 48 hours which was again confirmed to be associated with cell death and ROS production by trypan blue and DAB staining, respectively. Further, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assays on these discs suggested that the cell death was apoptotic. When leaf discs from the transgenic lines were exposed to juglone, discs from some lines showed a clear delay in decolourisation, suggesting a protective effect. Whether these plants are resistant to black Sigatoka is unknown and will require future glasshouse and field trials. The work presented in this thesis provides the first report of the use of anti-apoptosis genes as a strategy to confer resistance to Fusarium wilt and water stress in a nongraminaceous monocot, banana. Such a strategy may be exploited to generate resistance to necrotrophic pathogens and abiotic stresses in other economically important crop plants.
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Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is one of the most devastating diseases of banana (Musa spp.). Apart from resistant cultivars, there are no effective control measures for the disease. We investigated whether the transgenic expression of apoptosis-inhibition related genes in banana could be used to confer disease resistance. Embryogenic cell suspensions of the banana cultivar, ‘Lady Finger’, were stably transformed with animal genes that negatively regulate apoptosis, namely Bcl-xL, Ced-9 and Bcl-2 3’ UTR, and independently transformed plant lines were regenerated for testing. Following a 12 week exposure to Foc race 1 in small-plant glasshouse bioassays, seven transgenic lines (2 x Bcl-xL, 3 x Ced-9 and 2 x Bcl-2 3’ UTR) showed significantly less internal and external disease symptoms than the wild-type susceptible ‘Lady Finger’ banana plants used as positive controls. Of these, one Bcl-2 3’ UTR line showed resistance that was equivalent to that of wild-type Cavendish bananas that were included as resistant negative controls. Further, the resistance of this line continued for 23 weeks post-inoculation at which time the experiment was terminated. Using TUNEL assays, Foc race 1 was shown to induce apoptosis-like features in the roots of wild-type ‘Lady Finger’ plants consistent with a necrotrophic phase in the lifecycle of this pathogen. This was further supported by the observed reduction of these effects in the roots of the resistant Bcl-2 3’ UTR transgenic line. This is the first report on the generation of transgenic banana plants with resistance to Fusarium wilt.
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Resumen: Aunque de innegable utilidad, el énfasis cientificista en el estudio de la consciencia tal como lo ha desarrollado la filosofía de la mente contemporánea ha obnubilado otras perspectivas. Hoy resulta imperativo retrotraernos a ellas en el estudio de tesis sobre la consciencia. En aras de contribuir al debate actual, el presente trabajo se propone una interpretación de las tesis de Friedrich Nietzsche sobre la consciencia. Se analizarán, además, los presupuestos epistemológicos nietzscheanos involucrados en su crítica de la consciencia. Finalmente, se estudiará la interpretación de Paul Katsafanas sobre cómo debemos entender el concepto “consciencia” en Nietzsche
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Pour montrer comment s'articulent les mécanismes de l'interprétation dans la chanson populaire, nous nous sommes inspirée [inspirés] de travaux de sociologues qui se sont penchés sur la chanson depuis une vingtaine d'années (Authelain, Buxton, Calvet, Giroux, Hennion, Frith, Middleton) ou sur le marché des biens symboliques (Bourdieu), ainsi que de la sémiologie musicale de Jean-Jacques Nattiez. Comme lui, nous avons identifié un processus poïétique, un niveau neutre et un processus esthésique dans la pratique de la chanson, processus qui se dédoublent dans la chanson populaire selon le point d'ancrage de l'analyse: la partition (la trace, constituant un premier"niveau neutre") puis la chanson interprétée (ou résultat musical, qui constitue un second"niveau neutre"). Nous avons par la suite identifié les différents lieux où entre en jeu l'interprétation: chez les exécutants (musiciens et interprètes) qui actualisent la partition, produisant ainsi la chanson interprétée; dans le processus de production/promotion, où s'élaborent l'image de marque de l'artiste et les discours promotionnels; chez le public où l'interprétation apparaît aussi sous ses deux facettes, c'est-à-dire l'exécution possible par les auditeurs/spectateurs, mais surtout la lecture que propose le discours critique. Un exemple précis, l'album D'instinct (1995) de l'auteur/compositeur/interprète Richard Séguin, nous a permis de mettre à l'épreuve ce modèle ainsi qu'une méthode d'analyse qui permet à la fois de se pencher sur une chanson et sur la chanson. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé une chanson à partir de la partition puis de la chanson interprétée (sous forme de chanson, d'album, de vidéoclip et de spectacle), sans tenir compte des discours que l'on tient sur cette chanson. Dans un deuxième temps, notre attention s'est portée sur la chanson, analysant l'objet"chanson" transformé par les discours, puis les discours eux-mêmes. Ces analyses nous ont permis de nous pencher sur l'interprétation, d'abord comme exécution (de la partition), et surtout comme lecture, puis de schématiser le réseau des discours, promotionnels et critiques, qui circulent entre l'artiste (et sa musique) et l'auditeur/spectateur. Notre recherche s'intéresse ainsi de façon nouvelle à la chanson populaire et la méthode d'analyse que nous proposons permet de tenir compte de la spécificité de son objet: une approche multidisciplinaire s'imposait pour étudier un phénomène pluridimensionnel comme la chanson. Aussi, les résultats de nos analyses confirment que le modèle et la méthode sont opératoires, mais surtout, ils laissent entrevoir de nombreuses possibilités d'analyses nouvelles d'une/de la chanson, analyses qui permettraient d'en saisir le caractère stylistique, les qualités esthétiques, etc. et même, il nous semble qu'ils pourraient s'avérer tout aussi opératoires appliqués à d'autres corpus."--Résumé abrégé par UMI