Embebição de sementes de soja em solução de fosfato de potássio

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a possibilidade de aumentar a concentração de fósforo e de potássio nas sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), cv. EMBRAPA 66, utilizando três métodos de embebição (contato com substrato úmido, imersão em solução e imersão em solução a vácuo) e as concentrações de KH2PO4: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mM. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (métodos de embebição x concentrações de solução), com quatro repetições. As determinações dos conteúdos de P e K nas sementes e as avaliações de germinação e vigor foram realizadas imediatamente após o procedimento e após a secagem. Os métodos da imersão e da imersão a vácuo proporcionam 14% de acúmulo de P nas sementes de soja. Os métodos de embebição e as concentrações de KH2PO4 não aumentam o teor de K das sementes de soja. O método do substrato úmido provoca menor prejuízo à qualidade fisiológica inicial das sementes. A secagem das sementes acentua os danos causados pelos métodos de imersão e imersão a vácuo.

Gender, age, and body surface area are the major determinants of ascending aorta dimensions in subjects with apparently normal echocardiograms.

BACKGROUND: Limited data have been published on the normal size of the ascending aorta (AA) measured using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). METHODS: AA diameters were measured in 1799 patients with normal cardiac findings on TTE and compared with the diameters of the sinus of Valsalva (SoV). RESULTS: Mean diameters in men and women, respectively, were 3.4 and 3.1 cm for the SoV and 3.2 and 3.0 cm for the AA. The sizes of the SoV and the AA showed strong correlations with age, age squared, and body surface area. The 5th and 95th percentile curves for the SoV and AA showed faster growth of diameters in early adulthood compared with old age. The dimensions of the SoV were larger than those of the AA (mean differences, 0.19 cm in men and 0.08 cm in women), and the difference between the SoV and AA was negatively correlated with age. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study stress the importance of indexing dimensions of the SoV and the AA to age and body surface area separately for men and women.

Interruptions of cART limits CD4 T-cell recovery and increases the risk for opportunistic complications and death.

BACKGROUND: A major goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1-infected persons is the recovery of CD4 T lymphocytes, resulting in thorough protection against opportunistic complications. Interruptions of ART are still frequent. The long-term effect on CD4 T-cell recovery and clinical events remains unknown. METHODS: Immunological and clinical endpoints were evaluated in 2491 participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study initiating ART during a mean follow-up of 7.1 years. Data were analysed in persons with treatment interruptions (n = 1271; group A), continuous ART, but intermittent HIV-1 RNA at least 1000 copies/ml (n = 469; group B) and continuous ART and HIV-1 RNA constantly less than 1000 copies/ml (n = 751; group C). Risk factors for low CD4 T-cell counts and clinical events were analysed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: In groups A-C, CD4 T lymphocytes increased to a median of 427, 525 and 645 cells/μl at 8 years. In group A, 63.0 and 37.2% reached above 350 and 500 CD4 T cells/μl, whereas in group B 76.3 and 55.8% and in group C 87.3 and 68.0% reached these thresholds (P < 0.001). CD4 T-cell recovery directly depended on the cumulative duration of treatment interruptions. In addition, participants of group A had more Centers for Disease Control and Prevention B/C events, resulting in an increased risk of death. Major risk factors for not reaching CD4 T cells above 500 cells/μl included lower baseline CD4 T-cell count, higher age and hepatitis C virus co-infection. CONCLUSION: In persons receiving continuous ART larger CD4 T-cell recovery and a reduced risk for opportunistic complications and death was observed. CD4 T-cell recovery was smaller in persons with treatment interruptions more than 6 months.

Vers un naturalisme social; À la croisée des sciences sociales et des sciences cognitives

Pour les sociologues, l'explication de l'action ne peut reposer sur la nature première de l'esprit (les mécanismes universels de détection et de traitement de l'information dont les sciences cognitives prétendent rendre compte) mais sur sa nature seconde (les raisons d'agir plus ou moins collectives qui le meublent). Même les paradigmes sociologiques les plus opposés s'accordent pour traiter le social et le culturel comme le résultat d'un patient travail de dénaturalisation qui creuse un fossé incompressible entre l'ordre réducteur des causes naturelles et l'ordre respectable, de facture mentale ou sociale, des raisons, entre les instincts de base de l'organisme et la logique de haut-niveau des significations partagées et des normes culturelles. Or, l'objectif du naturalisme est précisément le dépassement de la rupture interne entre l'humain et l'animal, entre l'histoire culturelle et l'histoire biologique. Il vise à harmoniser, dans le sens de "rendre compatible", les hypothèses et les résultats des sciences sociales avec ceux des sciences naturelles, entreprise qui incite la sociologie à expliciter et à réviser les modèles cognitifs et anthropologiques auxquels elle fait implicitement appel. Un des apports potentiels des sciences cognitives et, plus généralement, du naturalisme est donc d'améliorer, de remplacer ou de falsifier, au sens poppérien du terme, les modèles cognitifs et les conceptions anthropologiques sur lesquels se basent les sciences de la société.

Enjeux éthiques et sociaux de la médecine génomique

La médecine génomique est souvent présentée comme un nouveau paradigme permettant une prise en charge personnalisée du patient. Englobant à la fois une démarche de recherche et une vision de la médecine du futur, elle pourrait avoir des conséquences importantes sur la manière de diagnostiquer, traiter et prévenir la maladie. Cet article présente quelques grands enjeux éthiques et sociaux soulevés par le développement de la médecine génomique: les implications sur nos conceptions de la maladie et de l'identité, la question de la validité et de l'utilité clinique des analyses du génome, les enjeux liés à la maîtrise de l'information génétique par les soignants et à sa communication aux patients, et la question des coûts pour le système de santé.

Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex versus streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Preliminary results of a randomised study.

25 patients with acute myocardial infarction pain lasting more than 20 minutes which was not relieved by nitrates, whose ECGs showed ST segment elevations of 1 mm or more in 2 or more ECG leads, and who presented less than 3 hours after onset of their symptoms were randomly assigned to one of 2 thrombolytic treatment groups: a single intravenous bolus of anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) 30U in 5 minutes or an intravenous infusion of streptokinase 1,500,000U over 60 minutes. 3 to 4 hours after the administration of the thrombolytic agent, all patients received intravenous heparin at full dosage for 24 hours. The patency of the infarct-related coronary vessels was assessed by angiography 1 to 4 hours after administration of the thrombolytic agent. Clinical signs, ECGs, pulse, blood pressure and temperature were monitored regularly for 24 hours after treatment or as clinically appropriate. APSAC seemed to be at least as effective as streptokinase in terms of patency of the infarct-related vessel (92% vs 63%, respectively). The adverse events were similar and none was life-threatening. APSAC and streptokinase caused similar falls in blood fibrinogen levels. APSAC, given as a bolus injection over 5 minutes, was easier to administer than streptokinase, which was given as an infusion during 60 minutes.

Nouvelle sociologie et morale naturalisée

La première partie de cet article vise à soutenir, à l'aide d'une perspective biologique, l'entreprise interdisciplinaire de la nouvelle sociologie décrite et défendue par Laurence Kaufmann et Laurent Cordonier dans leur article « Vers un naturalisme social » paru dans SociologieS en octobre 2011. La seconde partie est consacrée à la question de l'évolution de la morale ; l'idée d'un module de « morale naïve » est remise en question.