A comparison of the chemical repair rates of free radical precursors of DNA damage and cell killing in Chinese hamster V79 cells.

One of the important temporal stages of radiation action in cellular systems is the chemical phase, where oxygen fixation reactions compete with chemical repair reactions involving reducing agents such as GSH. Using the gas explosion technique it is possible to follow the kinetics of these fast (> 1 ms) reactions in intact cells. We have compared the chemical repair kinetics of the oxygen-dependent free radical precursors leading to DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks, measured using filter elution techniques, with those leading to cell killing in V79 cells. The chemical repair rates for DNA dsb (670s-1 at pH 7.2 and 380s-1 at pH 9.6) and cell killing (530s-1) were similar. This is in agreement with the important role of DNA dsb in radiation induced cell lethality. The rate for DNA ssb precursors was significantly slower (210s-1). The difference in rate between DNA ssb and dsb precursors may be explained on the basis of a dsb free radical precursor consisting of a paired radical, one radical on each strand. The instantaneous probability of one or other of these radicals being chemically repaired and not proceeding to form a dsb will be twice that of a ssb radical precursor. This agrees well with the concept of locally multiply damaged sites (LMDS) produced from clusters of ionizations in DNA (Ward 1985).

The Neolithic site of San Marco, Gubbio (Perugia) Umbria: survey and excavation. 1985-8.

Malone, C. and S. Stoddart, Papers of the British School at Rome, 1992. 60: p. 1-69.

Comparing the decline in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality in neighbouring countries with different healthcare systems

Objective
To examine age and gender specific trends in coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke mortality in two neighbouring countries, the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and Northern Ireland (NI). Design Epidemiological study of time trends in CHD and stroke mortality.

Setting/patients
The populations of the ROI and NI, 1985–2010.

Interventions
None.

Main outcome measures
Directly age standardised CHD and stroke mortality rates were calculated and analysed using joinpoint regression to identify years where the slope of the linear trend changed significantly. This was performed separately for specific age groups (25–54, 55–64, 65–74 and 75–84 years) and by gender. Annual percentage change (APC) and 95% CIs are presented.

Results
There was a striking similarity between the two countries, with percentage change between 1985 and 1989 and between 2006 and 2010 of 67% and 69% in
CHD mortality, and 64% and 62% in stroke mortality for the ROI and NI, respectively. However, joinpoint analysis identified differences in the pace of change between the two countries. There was an accelerated pace of decline (negative APC) in mortality for both CHD and stroke in both countries from the mid-1990s (APC ROI −8% (95% CI −9.5 to 6.5) and NI −6.6% (−6.9 to −6.3)), but the accelerated decrease started later for CHD mortality in the ROI. In recent years, a levelling off in CHD mortality was observed in the 25–54 year age group in NI and in stroke mortality for men and women in the ROI.

Conclusions
While differences in the pace of change in mortality were observed at different time points, similar, substantial decreases in CHD and stroke mortality were achieved between 1985 and 1989 and between 2006 and 2010 in the ROI and NI despite important differences in health service structures. There is evidence of a levelling in mortality rates in some groups in recent years.

The frequency of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours in a well-defined population--Northern Ireland 1970-1985

The reported incidence of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours is variable. In Northern Ireland circumstances allowing such an assessment are favourable with a central diagnostic laboratory and register established to collect data on tumours from a well-defined population of 1.5 million people. From 1970 to 1985, 368 cases were recorded of which 85 per cent were carcinoid tumours. The annual incidence of carcinoid tumours was 1.3 per 100,000 of the population and the majority occurred in the appendix (61 per cent). No patients presented with the carcinoid syndrome. The annual incidence for other tumours was 0.12 per 100,000 for insulinomas; islet cell tumours of unknown type 0.07; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 0.05; and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 0.05. There were two cases of VIPoma, one glucagonoma, one neurotensinoma and one tumour producing ACTH. It is possible that some tumours are more uncommon than others because of difficulty in diagnosis.

Vaccination and All Cause Child Mortality 1985-2011: Global Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys

Based on models with calibrated parameters for infection, case fatality rates, and vaccine efficacy, basic childhood vaccinations have been estimated to be highly cost effective. We estimate the association of vaccination with mortality directly from survey data. Using 149 cross-sectional Demographic and Health Surveys, we determine the relationship between vaccination coverage and under five mortality at the survey cluster level. Our data include approximately one million children in 68,490 clusters in 62 countries. We consider the childhood measles, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT), Polio, and maternal tetanus vaccinations. Using modified Poisson regression to estimate the relative risk of child mortality in each cluster, we also adjust for selection bias caused by the vaccination status of dead children not being reported. Childhood vaccination, and in particular measles and tetanus vaccination, is associated with substantial reductions in childhood mortality. We estimate that children in clusters with complete vaccination coverage have relative risk of mortality 0.73 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.68, 0.77) that of children in a cluster with no vaccination. While widely used, basic vaccines still have coverage rates well below 100% in many countries, and our results emphasize the effectiveness of increasing their coverage rates in order to reduce child mortality.

A fase utópico-patriótica da poesia angolana (1965-1985)

O presente trabalho propõe-se analisar a poesia dos autores angolanos que publicaram entre 1965 e 1985, identificando este segmento temporal como uma fase literária da literatura angolana (designada como utópico-patriótica), a qual exprime os princípios anticoloniais e projeta um espaço utópico genuinamente angolano. Tendo em conta a evolução da literatura angolana, subjaz à produção poética dos autores estudados um certo sentido de continuidade, o qual, estimulado pela difusão do nacionalismo, passa pela poesia «da terra» dos mensageiros e continua com os versos encriptados e anticoloniais das décadas de 60 e 70. O espaço utópico projetado na primeira parte da fase utópico-patriótica encontra a sua possibilidade de concretização com a independência de Angola, em 1975, participando os escritores da construção do recém-nascido Estado-Nação. A produção poética da segunda parte da fase utópico-patriótica é, assim, caraterizada pela celebração dos heróis, na ótica de uma (re)perspetivação da história nacional. A partir de 1985, quando se torna evidente o falhanço da utopia, a poesia angolana ensaia um novo rumo pela mão da «geração das incertezas». Ao longo deste percurso, a poesia angolana publicada entre 1965 e 1985 representa um meio de consciencialização ético-política dos cidadãos e concorre para a construção da identidade político-literária da nação angolana, cuja legitimação decorre do processo de conquista da independência.

Análise e diagnose da paisagem da região do Algarve (1985-2007): prognose e proposta de uma infra-estrutura verde para o centro-litoral do Algarve

Dissertação de mest., Arquitectura Paisagista, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

THE CITADEL THE MILITARY COLLEGE OF SOUTH CAROLINA ANNUAL REPORT 1985-1986

South Carolina laws require that each state agency submit an annual accountability report to the Governor and General Assembly that contains the agency's or department's mission, objectives to accomplish the mission, and performance measures that show the degree to which objectives are being met.