Instrumental vision

This chapter interrogates stereo-immersive ‘virtual reality’ (VR), the technology that enables a perceiver to experience what it is like to be immersed in a simulated environment. While the simulation is powered by the “geometry engine” (Cutting, 1997: 31) associated with high-end computer imaging technology, the visual experience itself is powered by ordinary human vision: the vision system’s innate capacity to see “in 3D”. To understand and critically appraise stereo-immersive VR, we should study not its purported ‘virtuality’, but its specific visuality, because the ‘reality’ of a so-called ‘virtual environment’ is afforded by the stereoacuity of binocular vision itself. By way of such a critique of the visuality of stereo-immersive VR, this chapter suggests that we think about the ‘practice’ of vision, and consider on what basis vision can have its own ‘materiality’. Pictorial perception is proposed as an exemplary visual mode in which the possibilities of perception might emerge. Against the ‘possibilities’ of vision associated with pictures, the visuality of stereo-immersive VR emerges as a harnessing, or ‘instrumentalisation’ of vision’s innate capabilities. James J. Gibson’s ‘ecological’ approach to vision studies is referenced to show the degree to which developers of VR have sought — and succeeded — to mimic the ‘realness’ of ordinary perceptual reality. This raises a question concerning whether the success of stereo-immersive VR is simultaneously the source of its own perceptual redundancy: for to bring into being the perceptual basis of ordinary ‘real’ reality, is to return the perceiver to what is already familiar and known.

Adaptive autobiographical memory in younger and older adults : the indirect association of integrative and instrumental reminiscence with depressive symptoms

Despite the established effectiveness of reminiscence-based interventions for depression, little research exists into the pathways through which specific reminiscence functions are related to depressive symptoms. Drawing on theory of the mechanisms of change in cognitive-reminiscence therapy, the current study tests the hypothesised indirect associations of adaptive integrative and instrumental reminiscence functions with depressive symptoms and whether these relationships might differ among younger and older adults. Questionnaires were completed by a large community sample of the Australian population. Multiple mediation models were tested in two groups: younger adults (n=730, M age=52.24, SD=9.84) and older adults (n=725, M age= 73.59, SD=6.29). Results were consistent across age groups, indicating that there was direct relationship between these reminiscence functions and depressive symptoms, but that integrative reminiscence is indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through meaning in life, self-esteem, and optimism, and that instrumental reminiscence is indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through primary control and self-efficacy. This study provides support for the relationships between constructs underlying the proposed mechanisms of change in cognitive-reminiscence therapy for the treatment of depression, and suggests these relationships are similar for younger and older adults.

Developing an instrumental activities of daily living tool as part of the low vision assessment of daily activities protocol

To determine the validity, reliability, and measurement characteristics using factor and Rasch analysis of the Very Low Vision Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL-VLV) in persons with severe vision loss.

Relationships between wearer assessment and the instrumental measurement of the handle and prickle of knitted wool fabrics

The relationships between wearer-assessed comfort and objectively measured comfort and handle parameters were investigated using 19 pure wool single jersey garments made of single ply yarns. Wearer trials were used to determine prickle discomfort, and whether wearers “liked” the garments. Fabrics then were objectively evaluated using the Wool HandleMeter, which measures seven primary handle attributes; and the Wool ComfortMeter (WCM), to predict a wearer's perception of fabric-evoked prickle. Wearer responses and the relationships within and between objective measurements and the effect of fibre, yarn and fabrics attributes were analysed by general linear modelling. Mean fibre diameter, fibre diameter coefficient of variation, yarn count, fabric thickness, fabric density, fabric mass per unit area and decatising affected one or more handle parameters. The best model for predicting wearer prickle discomfort accounted for 90.9% of the variance and included only terms for the WCM and WCM2. The WCM was a good predictor whereas mean fibre diameter was a poor predictor of whether wearers “liked” garments. Wearer assessment of prickle and whether or not wearers “liked” fabrics were independent of fabric handle assessment. The results indicate that the handle and comfort properties of lightweight, wool jersey fabrics can be quantified accurately using the Wool HandleMeter and the Wool ComfortMeter. For fabric handle, fibre and yarn characteristics were less important than changes in the properties of the fabric.

How do homeopaths reason and make decisions? Integrating theory, practice, and education

BACKGROUND: Homeopathy is a major modality in complementary and alternative medicine. Significant tensions exist between homeopathic practice and education, evident in the diversity of practice styles and pedagogic models. Utilizing clinical reasoning knowledge in conventional medicine and allied health sciences, this article seeks to identify and critique existing research in this important area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search utilizing MEDLINE,(®) Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED), and CINAHL(®) (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) was conducted. Key terms including clinical thinking, clinical reasoning, decision-making, homeopathy, and complementary medicine were utilized. A critical appraisal of the evidence was undertaken. RESULTS: Four (4) studies have examined homeopathic clinical reasoning. Two (2) studies sought to measure and quantify homeopathic reasoning. One (1) study proposed a reasoning model, based on pattern recognition, hypothetico-deductive reasoning, intuition, and remedy-matching (PHIR-M), resembling much that has been previously mapped in conventional medical reasoning research. The fourth closely investigated the meaning and use of intuition in homeopathic decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these four studies provide valuable insight into what is currently known about homeopathic clinical reasoning. However, despite the history and breadth of practice, little is known about homeopathic clinical reasoning and decision-making. Building on the research would require viewing clinical reasoning not only as a cognitive phenomenon but also as a situated and interactive one. Further research into homeopathic clinical reasoning is indicated.

Learning to reason: a journey of professional socialisation

One of the key attributes that health professional students and new graduates develop during professional socialisation is clinical reasoning ability. Clinical reasoning is a complex skill that is essential for professional practice. There is limited research specifically addressing how physiotherapists learn to reason in the workplace. The research reported in this paper addressed this gap by investigating how experienced physiotherapists learned to reason in daily practice. This learning journey was examined in the context of professional socialisation. A hermeneutic phenomenological research study was conducted using multiple methods of data collection including observation, written reflective exercises and repeated, semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using phenomenological and hermeneutic strategies involving in-depth, iterative reading and interpretation to identify themes in the data. Twelve physiotherapists with clinical and supervisory experience were recruited from the areas of cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal and neurological physiotherapy to participate in this study. Participants' learning journeys were diverse, although certain episodes of learning were common or similar. Role models, mentors and colleagues were found to be influential in the development of reasoning. An important implication for the professional socialisation of physiotherapists and other health professionals and for those involved in practice development is the need to recognise and enhance the role of practice communities in the explicit learning of clinical reasoning skills.

Yet another reason to tax goods

The optimal taxation of goods, labor and capital income is considered in a two period model where: i) private information changes through time; ii) savings are not observed, and; iii) savings a§ect preferences conditional on the realization of types. The simultaneous appearance of these three elements cause optimal commodity taxes to depend on o§-equilibrium savings. As a consequence, separability no longer su¢ ces for the uniform taxation prescription of Atkinson and Stiglitz (AS) to obtain. If preferences are homothetic AS is partially restored: taxes are uniform within periods, however, future consumption is taxed at a higher rate than current consumption.

O modelo instrumental e o modelo político de gestão de pessoas: uma análise em profundidade da implementação destes modelos em empresas brasileiras

A orientação teórica que divide a nossa sociedade em um modelo Industrial e em um modelo Pós-Industrial vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço e importância no estudo das organizações. Vários estudos acadêmicos nacionais e estrangeiros relatam o fato de que as organizações atuais mudam rapidamente o seu discurso a fim de adaptar-se às modificações que ocorrem nos processos produtivos e na gestão de pessoas, porém a implementação prática destas mudanças não ocorre de modo tão rápido quanto quer a mudança no discurso. Dado este período de transição, a distância entre a teoria professada e a prática efetiva nas organizações aumenta, surgindo maiores contradições entre discurso e prática, o que tem conseqüências para a produtividade. Estudamos neste projeto dois modelos de Gestão de Pessoas: O modelo Instrumental e o Modelo Político. Muitas organizações dizem que adotam o modelo Político, mas na prática mantém estruturas próximas ao modelo Instrumental. Neste relatório realizamos dois estudos de caso: Um em uma grande empresa nacional, a Souza Cruz, onde a empresa conseguiu superar a dicotomia discurso-ação implantando gradualmente o modelo Político de Recursos Humanos em consonância com a implementação de um sistema de informação que modificou toda a área de gestão de pessoas. Em segundo lugar, apresentamos um outro estudo de caso realizado em uma grande cooperativa Agro-Industrial onde já havia se consolidado práticas relativas ao modelo Político de Gestão de Pessoas e a implementação do modelo Instrumental, em uma ação top-down pelo presidente provocou fenômenos de resistência à mudança e a não implementação efetiva do ERP Entreprise Resource Planning na organização. Comparamos assim um estudo de caso que confirma a problemática levantada pela revisão da literatura (o da cooperativa) e um outro estudo de caso que oferece pistas de como evitar-se este problema, construir um sistema organizacional coerente e seguir em frente monitorando um sistema de aprendizagem baseado no modelo Político de Recursos Humanos.

Motivação para o trabalho como fator de produtividade e criatividade em empresas de médio porte - o caso ACEPLAC

O propósito primeiro desta dissertação foi o de mostrar, por meio de um estudo de caso, o da ACEPLAC, a aplicação do conceito de motivação como fator de criatividade e incremento de produção, em empresas de médio porte, sustentado por um modelo de gestão e de projetos de recompensa. Buscou-se justificar tal modelo pela observação sistemática dos esforços de trabalho, que se mostraram capazes de manter a motivação organizacional, apesar de sua volatilidade e voluntariedade. O método visava a trazer a experiência no campo concreto para o campo do conhecimento. Para isto, dividiu-se o longo processo em passos distintos, em que a obtenção de um arcabouço teórico sobre o complexo fenômeno que representa a motivação para o trabalho revelou-se o inequívoco ponto de partida. O estudo das várias características desse fenômeno e das inúmeras contribuições apresentadas desde Elton Mayo e Mary Follet até os dias atuais permitiu a construção de instrumental seguro para a análise crítica da realidade observada. Fez-se a opção de desenvolver a análise por meio do estudo de caso selecionado, uma vez que se pretendia ligar as abordagens teóricas à prática de modelos eficazes. O objetivo foi sinalizar para executivos e gerentes de empresas de médio porte aspectos relevantes para sua constituição e operacionalização, criando, assim, um panorama sobre a temática capaz de gerar novas alternativas para a tomada de decisão relativa ao assunto. Esse modelo é significativo porque conseguiu reduzir os aspectos voláteis e maximizar a voluntariedade dos empregados. O referido caso é rico em experiências, decisões e exemplos que podem ser adaptados e levados a outras empresas do mesmo porte. A análise criteriosa de todo o material de pesquisa levantado possibilitou a confirmação da afirmativa inicial, a qual priorizava a motivação como fator de criatividade e incremento de produção nas empresas de médio porte. Essas conclusões culminaram com a implantação do referido modelo, em maio de 1994, na Acesita Placas S/A - ACEPLAC.