Energy in the Eastern Mediterranean: promise or peril? Egmont Paper No. 65, May 2014

From the Introduction. In order to address the different challenges and opportunities on energy cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Levant Basin, EGMONT – The Royal Institute for International Relations of Belgium – together with the Atlantic Council, and supported by H. E. Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs Didier Reynders, opened an expert dialogue in 2013 in order to look at how the management of the new energy resources could act as a vector of cooperation instead of conflict between the concerned countries. The activities have targeted finding new possibilities for cooperation on political and security challenges, energy infrastructure development, the regulatory and legal framework, environmental concerns, and bilateral and regional structures, in a manner that enhances stability and security in the region, increases European energy security, contributes to rather than hinders a comprehensive Cyprus settlement, and promotes wider regional cooperation.

Consensus, contradiction, and conciliation of interests: the geo-economics of the Energy Union. EPC Policy Brief, 8 July 2015

European Union energy policy calls for nothing less than a profound transformation of the EU's energy system: by 2050 decarbonised electricity generation with 80-95% fewer greenhouse gas emissions, increased use of renewables, more energy efficiency, a functioning energy market and increased security of supply are to be achieved. Different EU policies (e.g., EU climate and energy package for 2020) are intended to create the political and regulatory framework for this transformation. The sectorial dynamics resulting from these EU policies already affect the systems of electricity generation, transportation and storage in Europe, and the more effective the implementation of new measures the more the structure of Europe's power system will change in the years to come. Recent initiatives such as the 2030 climate/energy package and the Energy Union are supposed to keep this dynamic up. Setting new EU targets, however, is not necessarily the same as meeting them. The impact of EU energy policy is likely to have considerable geo-economic implications for individual member states: with increasing market integration come new competitors; coal and gas power plants face new renewable challengers domestically and abroad; and diversification towards new suppliers will result in new trade routes, entry points and infrastructure. Where these implications are at odds with powerful national interests, any member state may point to Article 194, 2 of the Lisbon Treaty and argue that the EU's energy policy agenda interferes with its given right to determine the conditions for exploiting its energy resources, the choice between different energy sources and the general structure of its energy supply. The implementation of new policy initiatives therefore involves intense negotiations to conciliate contradicting interests, something that traditionally has been far from easy to achieve. In areas where this process runs into difficulties, the transfer of sovereignty to the European level is usually to be found amongst the suggested solutions. Pooling sovereignty on a new level, however, does not automatically result in a consensus, i.e., conciliate contradicting interests. Rather than focussing on the right level of decision making, European policy makers need to face the (inconvenient truth of) geo-economical frictions within the Union that make it difficult to come to an arrangement. The reminder of this text explains these latter, more structural and sector-related challenges for European energy policy in more detail, and develops some concrete steps towards a political and regulatory framework necessary to overcome them.

Biennial report of the Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities of the State of Illinois.

Vol. for 1908/1909 has title: Fractional biennial report of the Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities of the State of Illinois.

Municipal parks and playgrounds in Illinois. August, 1939.

Mode of access: Internet.

WRC research report.

Description based on: No. 10, published in 1967.

Comparative statistics of the public utilities of Illinois : years 1914 and 1919 /

Cover title.

Public aid in Illinois.

Title from caption.

The Illinois waterway report, with plans and estimates of cost for a waterway from Lockport, Illinois, to Utica, Illinois, by way of the Desplaines and Illinois rivers.

"The report herewith is the result of the studies and estimates of ... Commission, and is its final recommmendation for a plan of development ... We reprint so much of the original report [published in 1907 as 'The Lakes and Gulf waterway'] as is consistent with the conclusions we have arrived at after another period of study of the problems."--p. vii.

A guide to federal and state assistance for business in Illinois /

"May 1980."

A beginning blueprint for crime and delinquency prevention and control in Illinois.

"Chairman: Arthur J. Bilek."

A State Board of Education for Illinois; the report.

Cover title.

A study of direct student loan programs and alternative student loan program models : submitted to the Illinois General Assembly /

Includes bibliography.

A summary of the disposition of the recommendations made to the ... General Assembly by the ... School Problems Commission.

Description based on: 1965; title from cover.

A Socio-economic profile of Illinois, 1970-1980.

"September 1983."

A Review of the Illinois State Mandates Act, 1981-1985.

"June 1986."