"Platonis de Republica libri decem".

Acquis en brumaire an VII (octobre-novembre 1798); cf. B.n.F., département des Manuscrits, Archives Modernes 492, registre des acquisitions du département des Manuscrits an II-an XIV (1793-1805), f. 40 "VI M DLXXXVIII A. Codex chartaceus, Parisiis emptus anno 7 seu 1798, quo continentur Platonis de Republica libri X, interprete Antonio Cassarino siculo, praemisso hujus prooemio. Is codex seculo (blanc) videtur exaratus"; — note ms. de la fin du XVIIIe s. ou du début du XIXe s. de la main de La Porte du Theil "L'exemplaire que l'on voit ici de la traduction latine des Livres de Platon De Republica a été proposé par le citoyen Du Vivier, graveur en médailles, et acquis pour la Bibliothèque, au moyen d'un échange de quelques livres de piété à prendre dans ce qu'on appeloit alors les Dépôts provisoires, authorisé par le Ministère; comme il appert par les Lettres et états conservés ans le secrétariat de la Bibliothèque" (contreplat sup.)

Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels.

Levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol are heritable, modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. To identify new loci and refine known loci influencing these lipids, we examined 188,577 individuals using genome-wide and custom genotyping arrays. We identify and annotate 157 loci associated with lipid levels at P < 5 × 10(-8), including 62 loci not previously associated with lipid levels in humans. Using dense genotyping in individuals of European, East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry, we narrow association signals in 12 loci. We find that loci associated with blood lipid levels are often associated with cardiovascular and metabolic traits, including coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. Our results demonstrate the value of using genetic data from individuals of diverse ancestry and provide insights into the biological mechanisms regulating blood lipids to guide future genetic, biological and therapeutic research.

Ins1 (Cre) knock-in mice for beta cell-specific gene recombination.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Pancreatic beta cells play a central role in the control of glucose homeostasis by secreting insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control beta cell function and plasticity has critical implications for the pathophysiology and therapy of major forms of diabetes. Selective gene inactivation in pancreatic beta cells, using the Cre-lox system, is a powerful approach to assess the role of particular genes in beta cells and their impact on whole body glucose homeostasis. Several Cre recombinase (Cre) deleter mice have been established to allow inactivation of genes in beta cells, but many show non-specific recombination in other cell types, often in the brain. METHODS: We describe the generation of Ins1 (Cre) and Ins1 (CreERT2) mice in which the Cre or Cre-oestrogen receptor fusion protein (CreERT2) recombinases have been introduced at the initiation codon of the Ins1 gene. RESULTS: We show that Ins1 (Cre) mice induce efficient and selective recombination of floxed genes in beta cells from the time of birth, with no recombination in the central nervous system. These mice have normal body weight and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, we show that tamoxifen treatment of adult Ins1 (CreERT2) mice crossed with Rosa26-tdTomato mice induces efficient recombination in beta cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These two strains of deleter mice are useful new resources to investigate the molecular physiology of pancreatic beta cells.

Evolutionary impact assessment: accounting for evolutionary consequences of fishing in an ecosystem approach to fisheries management

Managing fisheries resources to maintain healthy ecosystems is one of the main goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). While a number of international treaties call for the implementation of EAF, there are still gaps in the underlying methodology. One aspect that has received substantial scientific attention recently is fisheries-induced evolution (FIE). Increasing evidence indicates that intensive fishing has the potential to exert strong directional selection on life-history traits, behaviour, physiology, and morphology of exploited fish. Of particular concern is that reversing evolutionary responses to fishing can be much more difficult than reversing demographic or phenotypically plastic responses. Furthermore, like climate change, multiple agents cause FIE, with effects accumulating over time. Consequently, FIE may alter the utility derived from fish stocks, which in turn can modify the monetary value living aquatic resources provide to society. Quantifying and predicting the evolutionary effects of fishing is therefore important for both ecological and economic reasons. An important reason this is not happening is the lack of an appropriate assessment framework. We therefore describe the evolutionary impact assessment (EvoIA) as a structured approach for assessing the evolutionary consequences of fishing and evaluating the predicted evolutionary outcomes of alternative management options. EvoIA can contribute to EAF by clarifying how evolution may alter stock properties and ecological relations, support the precautionary approach to fisheries management by addressing a previously overlooked source of uncertainty and risk, and thus contribute to sustainable fisheries.

Food security, food safety and small farmers

Some of the elements that characterize the globalization of food and agriculture are industrialization and intensification of agriculture and liberalization of agricultural markets, that favours elongation of the food chain and homogenization of food habits (nutrition transition), among other impacts. As a result, the probability of food contamination has increased with the distance and the number of “hands" that may contact the food (critical points); the nutritional quality of food has been reduced because of increased transport and longer periods of time from collection to consumption; and the number of food-related diseases due to changes in eating patterns has increased. In this context, there exist different agencies and regulations intended to ensure food safety at different levels, e.g. at the international level, Codex Alimentarius develops standards and regulations for the marketing of food in a global market. Although governments determine the legal framework, the food industry manages the safety of their products, and thus, develops its own standards for their marketing, such as the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) programs. The participation of the private sector in the creation of regulatory standards strengthens the free trade of food products, favouring mostly large agribusiness companies. These standards are in most cases unattainable for small producers and food safety regulations are favouring removal of the peasantry and increase concentration and control in the food system by industrial actors. Particularly women, who traditionally have been in charge of the artisanal transformation process, can be more affected by these norms than men. In this project I am analysing the impcact of food safety norms over small farms, based on the case of artisanal production made by women in Spain.

Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease.

Triglycerides are transported in plasma by specific triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; in epidemiological studies, increased triglyceride levels correlate with higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is unclear whether this association reflects causal processes. We used 185 common variants recently mapped for plasma lipids (P < 5 × 10(-8) for each) to examine the role of triglycerides in risk for CAD. First, we highlight loci associated with both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride levels, and we show that the direction and magnitude of the associations with both traits are factors in determining CAD risk. Second, we consider loci with only a strong association with triglycerides and show that these loci are also associated with CAD. Finally, in a model accounting for effects on LDL-C and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, the strength of a polymorphism's effect on triglyceride levels is correlated with the magnitude of its effect on CAD risk. These results suggest that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins causally influence risk for CAD.

Can fisheries-induced evolution shift reference points for fisheries management?

Biological reference points are important tools for fisheries management. Reference points are not static, but may change when a population's environment or the population itself changes. Fisheries-induced evolution is one mechanism that can alter population characteristics, leading to "shifting" reference points by modifying the underlying biological processes or by changing the perception of a fishery system. The former causes changes in "true" reference points, whereas the latter is caused by changes in the yardsticks used to quantify a system's status. Unaccounted shifts of either kind imply that reference points gradually lose their intended meaning. This can lead to increased precaution, which is safe, but potentially costly. Shifts can also occur in more perilous directions, such that actual risks are greater than anticipated. Our qualitative analysis suggests that all commonly used reference points are susceptible to shifting through fisheries-induced evolution, including the limit and "precautionary" reference points for spawning-stock biomass, Blim and Bpa, and the target reference point for fishing mortality, F0.1. Our findings call for increased awareness of fisheries-induced changes and highlight the value of always basing reference points on adequately updated information, to capture all changes in the biological processes that drive fish population dynamics.

Toiminnallinen oikeudenmukaisuus : visiosta käytäntöön

Työmme tavoitteena oli kuvata toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden ajattelutapaa suomentamalla aiheesta tehdyn teorian käsitteet ja haastattelemalla kenialaisia toimintaterapeutteja. Haastattelujen tarkoituksena oli ilmentää toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden ajattelutavan ilmenemistä haastateltavien työssä. Valitsimme haastatateltavat Keniasta, jossa toiminnallinen oikeudenmukaisuus näkyi oletuksiemme mukaan eri tavoin kuin Suomessa. Toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden ajattelutapa on moniulotteinen ja sen kuvaaminen vaati vastaamista perustavanlaatuisiin kysymyksiin siitä, mitä toiminnallinen oikeudenmukaisuus tarkoittaa ja miten se ilmenee toimintaterapeutin työssä toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden viitekehyksestä käsin kuvattuna. Haastattelujen ja toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden viitekehyksen peilaamisella kuvasimme toimintaterapeuttien työssä näkyväksi tulevia tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden ja epäoikeudenmukaisuuden ilmenemiseen. Jaottelimme teemahaastatteluista nousseita lauseita teemoittelulla teoriasta nostettuihin kategorioihin, joita oli neljä. Kategoriat ilmentävät toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden osallistuvaa viitekehystä. Neljä kategoriaa olivat toimintaterapeutin resurssit tehdä työtään, asiakkaan mahdollisuudet osallistua toimintoihin, työtä ohjaavat periaatteet ja työtä ohjaavat tavoitteet. Nämä neljä kategoriaa ovat esimerkkeinä toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden ilmenemisestä kolmen kenialaisen toimintaterapeutin työssä. Vastaukseen mitä toiminnallinen oikeudenmukaisuus tarkoittaa koostimme yhteen aineiston ja teorian. Lisäsimme työn muuhun aineistoon omia kokemuksia kaukomailla toteutuneista harjoittelujaksoista. Kokemuksellisen ja teoreettisen tiedon yhdistämisellä pääsimme lähemmäs toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden käsitettä ja sen monia ilmenemismuotoja. Esitimme johtopäätöksissä, että toimintaterapeuttien käytännön työhön sovellettavaksi rakennettu toiminnallisen oikeudenmukaisuuden osallistava viitekehys ilmenee toimintaterapeutin työssä nonlineaarisesti toisiinsa linkittyvien vaiheiden kautta. Toiminnallinen oikeudenmukaisuus osoittautui työmme teoriakatsauksen ja aineiston pohjalta saatujen tulosten kautta työvälineeksi, jonka siirrettävyys käytäntöön vaatii omien toimintatapojen ja työmuotojen tietoista tarkastelua.

Sodanjälkeistä hallinto-, kulttuuri- ja kirkkohistoriaa

Juha Seppo

Vegetation of Lishkmokh mire in Vodlozersky National Park, eastern Karelian republic, Russia

Tiivistelmä: Karjalan tasavallan Vodlajärven kansallispuistossa sijaitsevan Lishkansuon kasvillisuus

Luokanopettajakoulutuksen valintakokeisiin osallistuneiden ja valittujen persoonallisuus: persoonallisuuden ilmeneminen opetusharjoittelussa ja sen muutos kahden ensimmäisen opiskeluvuoden aikana

Lectio praecursoria