Magnetic properties of pure, Sr- and Ca-Doped La2NiO4+δ ceramics: Onset of high-Tc superconductivity

We present the results for the temperature and field dependence of the magnetic for ceramic materials of the composition La2−xMxNiO4, with M=Sr or Ca and 0≤x≤0.4. The onset of a strong diamagnetism has been observed at temperatures between 8 and 70 K, depending on sample composition, annealing conditions. and thermal cycling procedures. The results are similar to those obtained earlier for monocrystalline samples and are likewise interpreted as due to the onset of superconductivity in a minority phase. A comparison with the results for superconducting La1.8Sr0.2Cu0.9Ni0.1O4 ceramics is also made; this illustrates some unique features of the nickelate systems, such as the high values of the critical fields Hc1 and Hc2. The differences between monocrystalline and ceramic systems are also discussed.

Citrate gel processing of the perovskite lanthanide chromites

Chemically pure and stoichiometric lanthanide chromites, LnCrO3, where Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Yb, Lu and YCrO3 have been prepared by the calcination of the corresponding lanthanide bis(citrato)chromium {Ln[Cr(C6H5O7)2·nH2O} complexes at relatively low temperatures. Formation of the chromites was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared and electronic spectra. The citrate gel process is found to be highly economical, time-saving and appropriate for the large-scale production of these ceramic materials at low temperatures compared with other non-conventional methods.

Implication of scaling hierarchy associated with nonequilibrium: field and particulate

The advent of nanotechnology has necessitated a better understanding of how material microstructure changes at the atomic level would affect the macroscopic properties that control the performance. Such a challenge has uncovered many phenomena that were not previously understood and taken for granted. Among them are the basic foundation of dislocation theories which are now known to be inadequate. Simplifying assumptions invoked at the macroscale may not be applicable at the micro- and/or nanoscale. There are implications of scaling hierrachy associated with in-homegeneity and nonequilibrium. of physical systems. What is taken to be homogeneous and equilibrium at the macroscale may not be so when the physical size of the material is reduced to microns. These fundamental issues cannot be dispensed at will for the sake of convenience because they could alter the outcome of predictions. Even more unsatisfying is the lack of consistency in modeling physical systems. This could translate to the inability for identifying the relevant manufacturing parameters and rendering the end product unpractical because of high cost. Advanced composite and ceramic materials are cases in point. Discussed are potential pitfalls for applying models at both the atomic and continuum levels. No encouragement is made to unravel the truth of nature. Let it be partiuclates, a smooth continuum or a combination of both. The present trend of development in scaling tends to seek for different characteristic lengths of material microstructures with or without the influence of time effects. Much will be learned from atomistic simulation models to show how results could differ as boundary conditions and scales are changed. Quantum mechanics, continuum and cosmological models provide evidence that no general approach is in sight. Of immediate interest is perhaps the establishment of greater precision in terminology so as to better communicate results involving multiscale physical events.

La cerámica de la Segunda Edad del Hierro en el País Vasco: Estudio tecnológico, funcional y social

670 p. Capítulos de introducción, metodología, discusión y conclusiones en castellano e inglés.

A influência do corte com diferentes discos e velocidades na integridade dos espécimes e na resistência adesiva de uma cerâmica a um cimento resinoso dual em ensaio de microtração

Esta pesquisa estudou a influência de diferentes velocidades de corte e marcas de discos diamantados nos valores de resistência adesiva, durante a preparação dos espécimes a serem submetidos à microtração, e na integridade das amostras por meio do microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Vinte blocos da cerâmica à base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.max Press) foram unidos com cimento resinoso (Rely X ARC) a blocos de compósito (Z100), construídos incrementalmente. Foram seguidas as recomendações dos fabricantes no tratamento da superfície da cerâmica e aplicação do cimento resinoso. Após 24 horas em água destilada a 37C, os espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos de discos: marcas Buehler e Extec e subdivididos nas velocidades de 200rpm e 400rpm (B2; E2; B4 e E4, respectivamente). Cada espécime foi cortado em dois eixos perpendiculares para obtenção de palitos com área adesiva de 1,0mm. Para cada condição experimental, os palitos foram separados, aleatoriamente, 15 palitos para análise ao MEV e 30 palitos para serem submetidos à força de tração. As médias de resistência adesiva em MPa foram E4=20,312 ; B4= 24,2 11,3 ; B2= 25,2 9,0 e E2= 28,6 10,4. Na análise estatística, observou-se que os valores de resistência adesiva na velocidade de 200rpm foram significativamente maiores comparados a velocidade de 400rpm, independente do disco empregado. Ao MEV, observou-se melhor integridade dos palitos na velocidade de 200rpm com presença de trincas menos extensas nas bordas externas. Constatou-se também que o disco Extec na velocidade de 400rpm apresentou movimentos excêntricos ao corte e obteve-se maior número de perdas prematuras, uma diminuição significante na média da área total de união (p<0,05), além de diferença significativa nos valores de resistência comparada a velocidade de 200rpm. Concluiu-se que a utilização de diferentes velocidades e sua interação com o disco empregado interfere na integridade dos espécimes e nos valores de resistência adesiva, sendo mais acentuada ao se utilizar o disco da marca Extec.

基于PLZT的电光偏转器的特性研究

采用具有高二次电光效应的掺镧锆钛酸铅陶瓷材料（PLZT），设计和制备了一种基于折射率随外加电压发生变化的电光偏转器。构建了测试系统，测得PLZT的电光系数是R33=2.1

含纳米晶颗粒的Yb^3＋/Er^3＋共掺透明碲酸盐玻璃陶瓷的光谱性质研究

在组成为15Li2O-15Nb2O5-70TeO2-0.1Er2O3-0.4Yb2O3（%, 摩尔分数）的碲酸盐玻璃基础上, 采用两步热处理法制备了透明的含纳米晶颗粒碲酸盐玻璃陶瓷. 通过X射线衍射（XRD）测试表明, 玻璃陶瓷中的晶体颗粒组成为Yb6Te5O19.2或Er6Te5O19.2, 晶粒尺寸约为55 nm. 根据Judd-Ofelt理论计算了Er^3＋离子在基质玻璃和玻璃陶瓷中的光谱参数Ωt（t＝2, 4, 6）以及Er^3＋：4I15/2→4I13/2跃迁自发辐射几率, 根据McCumber

X 射线转换屏用Tb3+激活磷酸盐发光玻璃

Phosphate glasses 60P2O5-15CS2O- 15Al2O3-10BaO were made by high temperature melt-annealing method. The absorption spectra, excitation spectra and emission spectra of Gd³⁺-Tb³⁺ and Ce3+-Gd³⁺-Tb³⁺ co-doped phosphate glass 60P2O5-15CS2O- 15Al2O3-10BaO were studied. The experimental results indicate that, the doping of Ce3+ and Gd³⁺ in Tb³⁺ phosphate glass has a good effect on the 545 nm emission of Tb³⁺ at UV excitation. The Ce3+-Gd³⁺-Tb³⁺ co-doped phosphate glass have a good x-ray luminescence at the radiation of x-ray with energy in 50-120 kev, and a high space resolution. The Ce3+-Gd³⁺-Tb³⁺ co-doped phosphate luminescence glass is a promising material for using in the digital radiography system in medical devices.

Eletrodeposição de revestimentos funcionais compósitos Cu/partículas de óxidos de alumínio

Revestimentos funcionais compósitos são um atrativo tecnológico crescente, pois possibilitam a combinação de materiais metálicos, poliméricos ou cerâmicos, resultando em propriedades superiores as dos materiais individuais, sendo por este motivo, largamente aplicados na engenharia de materiais. Na presente dissertação, foram produzidos revestimentos compósitos por eletrodeposição através da codeposição de uma matriz metálica de cobre e de partículas de óxidos de alumínio incorporadas (g - Al2O3 ou AlO(OH)), sobre substratos de aço carbono, a partir de diferentes banhos eletrolíticos. Três etapas foram efetuadas, na primeira realizou-se o estudo da influência do modo de agitação e da presença ou não de ligantes (citrato de sódio 1,00 mol/L) nos teores de cobre e alumina nos revestimentos produzidos. Em seguida foi avaliada a ação de complexantes (citrato de sódio 1,00 mol/L e pirofosfato de potássio 0,90 mol/L) usando polarização potenciodinâmica e voltametria cíclica, em conjunto com microbalança eletroquímica de cristal de quartzo (EQCM) e a posterior produção de revestimentos compósitos a partir de banhos contendo CuSO4 0,02 mol/L + pirofosfato de potássio 0,90 mol/L + 20 g/L de alumina, variando a densidade de corrente aplicada (I), a velocidade de agitação do eletrodo rotatório (A) e o do tempo de agitação prévia (t). Por fim, na terceira etapa, fez-se a substituição de alumina por Boehmita e a produção dos revestimentos a partir de banhos contendo CuSO4 0,02 mol/L + pirofosfato de potássio 0,90 mol/L + 20 g/L de Boehmita, empregando um planejamento composto central, em que os parâmetros citados também foram variados. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de um ligante e a agitação prévia e continuada do eletrólito durante o experimento foram fundamentais para a produção dos revestimentos compósitos. Ensaios de EQCM mostraram que o citrato se adsorveu na superfície do eletrodo de ouro, diferentemente do pirofosfato. Os teores de Boehmita e cobre nos revestimentos produzidos, assim como a morfologia, resistência de polarização e densidade de corrente de corrosão dos revestimentos foram influenciados pelos parâmetros avaliados.

Use of atomic force microscopy for imaging the initial stage of the nucleation of calcium phosphate in Langmuir-Blodgett films of stearic acid

The nucleation of calcium phosphate on the substrate of steatic acid Langmuir-blodgett film at the initial stage was investigated by atomic force microscopy. Nano-dots, nano-wires and nano-islands were observed in sequence for the first time, reflecting the nucleation of calcium phosphate and the molecular arrangement of carboxylic layer. The nucleation rates perpendicular and parallel to the carboxylic terminal group were estimated from the height and diameter of the calcium phosphate crystals, respectively. And this stage was distinct from the late explosive grown stage, in which the change of the morphology was not obvious. The approaches based on this discovery would lead to the development of new strategies in the controlled synthesis of inorganic nano-phases and the assembly of organized composite and ceramic materials.

Biological colonization on majolica glazed tiles: biodeterioration, bioreceptivity and mitigation strategies

The impact of microbial activity on the deterioration of cultural heritage is a well-recognized global problem. Glazed wall tiles constitute an important part of the worldwide cultural heritage. When exposed outdoors, biological colonization and consequently biodeterioration may occur. Few studies have dealt with this issue, as shown in the literature review on biodiversity, biodeterioration and bioreceptivity of architectural ceramic materials. Due to the lack of knowledge on the biodeteriogens affecting these assets, the characterization of microbial communities growing on Portuguese majolica glazed tiles, from Pena National Palace (Sintra, Portugal) and another from Casa da Pesca (Oeiras, Portugal) was carried out by culture and molecular biology techniques. Microbial communities were composed of microalgae, cyanobacteria, bacteria and fungi, including a new fungal species (Devriesia imbrexigena) described for the first time. Laboratory-based colonization experiments were performed to assess the biodeterioration patterns and bioreceptivity of glazed wall tiles produced in laboratory. Microorganisms previously identified on glazed tiles were inoculated on pristine and artificially aged tile models and incubated under laboratory conditions for 12 months. Phototrophic microorganisms were able to grow into glaze fissures and the tested fungus was able to form oxalates over the glaze. The bioreceptivity of artificially aged tiles was higher for phototrophic microorganisms than pristine tile models. A preliminary approach on mitigation strategies based on in situ application of commercial biocides and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on glazed tiles demonstrated that commercial biocides did not provide long term protection. In contrast, TiO2 treatment caused biofilm detachment. In addition, the use of TiO2 thin films on glazed wall tiles as a protective coating to prevent biological colonization was analysed under laboratorial conditions. Finally, conservation notes on tiles exposed to biological colonization were presented.

Ciudadanos del Atlántico : las redes de aprovisionamiento trasatlánticas de las pescas vascas en Canadá a través de su cerámica, siglos XVI-XVIII

Depuis les années 1980, les archéologues ont remarqué l'originalité des collections de céramiques trouvées sur des sites occupés par les pêcheurs basques au cours du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle sur les côtes atlantiques du Canada. Le site de Red Bay (Labrador) a été le premier à fournir une riche collection de terre cuites communes, majoliques et grès, qui ont permis aux archéologues de reconnaître une tradition céramique distincte. Pendant plus de deux siècles, ces céramiques constituent un fil conducteur qui montre la permanence des activités commerciales basques au Canada. En utilisant une approche mutualiste et comparative de quatre sites de pêche basque (Red Bay (1530-1580), Anse-à-la-Cave (1580-1630), Petit-Mécatina (1630-1713), Pabos (1713- 1760)) et leurs ports d’attache dans l’Europe atlantique, nous observons comment à partir du milieu du XVIe siècle, l’ensemble des céramiques se transforme d'un endroit à l’autre sans perdre son air distinctif jusqu'au début du XVIIIe siècle quand les témoins des céramiques basques changent radicalement. Finalement, une perspective globale qui relie les deux côtes atlantiques par le biais de ces matériaux céramiques nous aide à mieux connaître les réseaux d'approvisionnement liés aux traversées de pêche et l’espace économique complexe qui s’articule aux routes maritimes et de l’intérieur. Ces deux éléments se veulent essentiels à la compréhension de l'expansion outremers, ses materiaux laissés et son rôle dans l'économie mondiale au début de l'époque moderne.

Investigations on The Finite Size Effects of Some Inverse Spinels and Studies on Their Composites Based on Nitrile Rubber

Magnetism and magnetic materials have been an ever-attractive subject area for engineers and scientists alike because of its versatility in finding applications in useful devices. They find applications in a host of devices ranging from rudimentary devices like loud speakers to sophisticated gadgets like waveguides and Magnetic Random Access Memories (MRAM).The one and only material in the realm of magnetism that has been at the centre stage of applications is ferrites and in that spinel ferrites received the lions share as far as practical applications are concerned.It has been the endeavour of scientists and engineers to remove obsolescence and improve upon the existing so as to save energy and integrate in to various other systems. This has been the hallmark of material scientists and this has led to new materials and new technologies.In the field of ferrites too there has been considerable interest to devise new materials based on iron oxides and other compounds. This means synthesising ultra fine particles and tuning its properties to device new materials. There are various preparation techniques ranging from top- down to bottom-up approaches. This includes synthesising at molecular level, self assembling,gas based condensation. Iow temperature eo-precipitation, solgel process and high energy ball milling. Among these methods sol-gel process allows good control of the properties of ceramic materials. The advantage of this method includes processing at low temperature. mixing at the molecular level and fabrication of novel materials for various devices.Composites are materials. which combine the good qualities of one or more components. They can be prepared in situ or by mechanical means by the incorporation of fine particles in appropriate matrixes. The size of the magnetic powders as well as the nature of matrix affect the processability and other physical properties of the final product. These plastic/rubber magnets can in turn be useful for various applications in different devices. In applications involving ferrites at high frequencies, it is essential that the material possesses an appropriate dielectric permittivity and suitable magnetic permeability. This can be achieved by synthesizing rubber ferrite composites (RFC's). RFCs are very useful materials for microwave absorptions. Hence the synthesis of ferrites in the nanoregirne.investigations on their size effects on the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties and the incorporation of these ferrites into polymer matrixes assume significance.In the present study, nano particles of NiFe204, Li(!5Fe2S04 and Col-e-O, are prepared by sol gel method. By appropriate heat treatments, particles of different grain sizes are obtained. The structural, magnetic and electrical measurements are evaluated as a function of grain size and temperature. NiFel04 prepared in the ultrafine regime are then incorporated in nitrile rubber matrix. The incorporation was carried out according to a specific recipe and for various loadings of magnetic fillers. The cure characteristics, magnetic properties, electrical properties and mechanical properties of these elastomer blends are carried out. The electrical permittivity of all the rubber samples in the X - band are also conducted.