Caracterização do maciço Santa Clara no município de Cujubim (RO) com base em litogeoquímica, geocronologia e estudos isotópicos

A Suíte Intrusiva Santa Clara está inserida na Província Estanífera de Rondônia, na porção SW do Cráton Amazônico. Essa suíte intrusiva é composta pelos maciços Santa Clara, Oriente Velho, Oriente Novo, Manteiga-Sul, Manteiga-Norte, Jararaca, Carmelo, Primavera e das Antas. Os litotipos que perfazem a Suíte Santa Clara ocorrem hospedados nas rochas do Complexo Jamari, uma associação polideformada composta por gnaisses ortoderivados e paraderivados. Características observadas em campo e em análises petrográficas permitiram subdividir o Maciço Santa Clara em cinco fácies distintas: fácies porfirítica, fácies isotrópica, fácies fina, fácies piterlítica e fácies viborgítica. Os litotipos observados correspondem a hornblenda-biotita granitos e biotita granitos intermediários a ácidos, com composições médias semelhantes àquelas verificadas para sienogranitos e monzogranitos. Geoquimicamente, três magmas podem ser identificados. O magma menos evoluído corresponde às rochas das fácies porfirítica e equigranular, e o mais evoluído compreende as fácies de granulometria fina e piterlítica. A fácies viborgítica representa o terceiro líquido magmático, e aparentemente é diferente de todas as outras fácies em termos de aspectos de campo e geoquímica. A análise litogeoquímica indica que estes granitoides são subalcalinos, bastante empobrecidos em MgO e exibem caráter metaluminoso a fracamente peraluminoso. Os padrões de elementos-traços evidenciam que tais granitóides possuem alto conteúdo em elementos incompatíveis (Rb, Zr, Y, Ta, Ce) e ETR, com exceção do Eu. Além disso, também exibem leve enriquecimento em LILE, forte depleção em elementos como Sr e Ti, e leve empobrecimento de Ba, indicando que o fracionamento de minerais como plagioclásio e titanita foi importante na evolução do líquido magmático analisado. A anomalia negativa de Nb indica envolvimento de material crustal nos processos magmáticos que geraram estes granitoides. Os litotipos analisados possuem características típicas de granitos tipo-A ferroan, e as razões FeOt/MgO entre 4,27 e 26,22 sugerem tratar-se de uma série de granitos félsicos fracionados. Os padrões de ETR observados para os litotipos analisados exibem um considerável enriquecimento em ETRL, e anomalia negativa de Eu, sugerindo fracionamento de feldspato durante o processo de diferenciação do líquido magmático. Diagramas discriminantes de ambientes tectônicos sugerem que os litotipos do Maciço Intrusivo Santa Clara são típicos de ambiente intraplaca, do tipo-A2, isto é, associados a ambientes pós-colisionais/pós-orogênicos. As características isotópicas observadas para os granitoides do Maciço Santa Clara sugerem que os mesmos foram gerados a partir da fusão parcial de uma crosta inferior pré-existente. As idades U-Pb entre 1,07 e 1,06 Ga são compatíveis com um magmatismo ocorrido nos estágios finais da colagem do supercontinente Rodínia (1,2-1,0 Ga) e estágios finais do Ciclo Orogênico Sunsás-Aguapeí (1320-1100 Ma). Sugere-se ainda que na verdade o Maciço Santa Clara seja formado por uma coalescência das três intrusões graníticas que são representadas pelos três magmas anteriormente descritos.

Tuning the Eu luminescence in glass materials synthesized in air by adjusting glass compositions

The doped Eu3+ ions can be partly reduced to Eu2+ in a series of MO-B2O3: Eu (M=Ba, Sr, Ca) glasses synthesized in air atmosphere, but not in the 12CaO-7Al(2)O(3): Eu glass. The different redox-behavior of Eu ions in these two glass systems is attributed to the different host optical basicity. It is found that a lower valence state of Eu2+ is more favorable in acidic glasses, which have lower optical basicities. A notion of the critical value of optical basicity is introduced empirically, which can be used as a guide for the selection of glass composition suitable to incorporate Eu2+ for luminescence. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Geochemical characterization of the fire-fountain fed deposits of Las Herrerias volcano (Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field, Ciudad Real)

The Las Herrerias volcano (Bolanos de Calatrava, Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field) is characterized by the great amount and variety of fire-fountain fed deposits. All these deposits are compositionally similar, being constituted by magnesium-rich (MgO = 11.58-4.19%), aluminium-poor (Al2O3 = 9.64-10.99%) highly sodic (Na2O = 2.24-3.81%) melanephelinites, with high contents in rare earth-elements (10x-200x chondrite), particularly in light-rare earth elements with respect to the heavy ones [(La/Lu)(N) = 32-35]. Contrary to the equivalent melanephelinites of this volcanic field, the relatively low contents in Ni (233-286 ppm), Cr (393-520 ppm) and magnesium number (Mg* = 45-54) indicate that these rocks do not correspond with primary melts. On the other hand, the variable distribution of clinopyroxene in the magma during eruption would be responsible for the slight compositional differences observed in the studied samples. Finally, we argue that these fire fountains were developed in a continental intraplate setting.

Species compositions of elasmobranchs caught by three different commercial fishing methods off southwestern Australia, and biological data for four abundant bycatch species

Commercial catches taken in southwestern Australian waters by trawl fisheries targeting prawns and scallops and from gillnet and longline fisheries targeting sharks were sampled at different times of the year between 2002 and 2008. This sampling yielded 33 elasmobranch species representing 17 families. Multivariate statistics elucidated the ways in which the species compositions of elasmobranchs differed among fishing methods and provided benchmark data for detecting changes in the elasmobranch fauna in the future. Virtually all elasmobranchs caught by trawling, which consisted predominantly of rays, were discarded as bycatch, as were approximately a quarter of the elasmobranchs caught by both gillnetting and longlining. The maximum lengths and the lengths at maturity of four abundant bycatch species, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, Aptychotrema vincentiana, Squatina australis, and Myliobatis australis, were greater for females than males. The L50 determined for the males of these species at maturity by using full clasper calcification as the criterion of maturity did not differ significantly from the corresponding L50 derived by using gonadal data as the criterion for maturity. The proportions of the individuals of these species with lengths less than those at which 50% reach maturity were far greater in trawl samples than in gillnet and longline samples. This result was due to differences in gear selectivity and to trawling being undertaken in shallow inshore waters that act as nursery areas for these species. Sound quantitative data on the species compositions of elasmobranchs caught by commercial fisheries and the biological characteristics of the main elasmobranch bycatch species are crucial for developing strategies for conserving these important species and thus the marine ecosystems of which they are part.

Estudo do magmatismo máfico de complexos alcalinos do sudeste do Brasil

Nesta dissertação foram estudas rochas máficas dos complexos alcalinos de Morro de São João, Rio Bonito, Tanguá, Gericinó-Mendanha, Morro Redondo, Itatiaia e Passa Quatro. Essas rochas ocorrem na forma de diques e/ou sills. As amostras coletadas foram classificadas como lamprófiros, fonolitos, gabros e diabásios alcalinos. A análise geoquímica permitiu identificar um trend fortemente insaturado e um trend moderadamente alcalino para os complexos estudados. O primeiro é caracterizado por foiditos e fonolitos como membros parentais e mais evoluídos, respectivamente, enquanto o segundo tem basaltos alcalinos como membros parentais e traquitos como os mais evoluídos. Todas as amostras plotam no campo da série alcalina, sendo majoritariamente miaskíticas, sódicas ou potássicas. Adicionalmente, o estudo geoquímico indicou que os complexos alcalinos representam câmaras magmáticas distintas, onde diferentes processos evolutivos tiveram lugar. As modelagens apontaram dois processos de diferenciação distintos nos complexos estudados. Os complexos alcalinos de Morro de São João, Morro Redondo, Gericinó-Mendanha e Itatiaia estariam relacionados a processos de cristalização fracionada. Por outro lado, o Complexo Alcalino de Passa Quatro teria sido diferenciado por processos de cristalização fracionada com esvaziamento e posterior reabastecimento da câmara magmática (RTF). De um modo geral, esses modelos indicaram a presença de mais do que uma série magmática nos complexos estudados e a não cogeneticidade entre as séries agpaíticas e miaskíticas. A discriminação de fontes foi feita com base na análise dos elementos terras raras das amostras parentais de cada um dos complexos (gabro em Morro de São João e lamprófiro nos demais). No entanto, este procedimento não foi aplicado para o Complexo Alcalino de Morro Redondo, uma vez que todas as suas amostras apresentaram valores de MgO muito abaixo do típico para líquidos parentais. O líquido parental do Complexo Alcalino do Gericinó-Mendanha apresentou razões de La/Yb e La/Nb, maior e menor que a unidade, respectivamente, típicas de derivação a partir fontes férteis. Os líquidos parentais dos outros complexos alcalinos tiveram suas razões La/Yb e La/Nb maiores que a unidade, típicas de derivação a partir de fontes enriquecidas. Os modelos desenvolvidos revelaram que os líquidos parentais de cada um dos complexos estudados estariam relacionados a fontes lherzolíticas com granada residual. Além disso, a fusão parcial destas fontes teria ocorrido num intervalo de 1 a 7% dentro da zona da granada. Finalmente, as modelagens petrogenéticas elaboradas permitiram a proposição de um cenário geodinâmico, envolvendo a descompressão adiabática do manto litosférico e sublitosférico anomalamente aquecidos. As características geoquímicas dos líquidos parentais parecem ter sido controladas essencialmente pela mistura desses dois tipos de fontes.

Geochemical evidence for enhanced upwelling and organic productivity during the late Quaternary on the continental margin of northern California

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Laminated sediments are preserved in upper Pleistocene sections of cores collected on the continental slope at water depths within the present oxygen-minimum zone from at least as far north as the Klamath River and as far south as Point Sur. Comparison of sediment components in the laminae with those delivered to sediment traps as pelagic marine "snow" show the dark/light lamination couplets are indeed annual (varves). ... The presence of carbon-, sulfur-, and metal-rich sediments, as well as lack of bioturbation, all support the theory that the oxygen-minimum zone in the northeastern Pacific Ocean was more intense - in fact, anoxic - during the late Pleistocene in response to greater coastal upwelling and higher organic productivity.

Response of growth and fatty acid compositions of Nannochloropsis sp to environmental factors under elevated CO2 concentration

Nannochloropsis sp. was grown with different levels of nitrate, phosphate, salinity and temperature with CO2 at 2,800 mu l l(-1). Increased levels of NaNO3 and KH2PO4 raised protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contents but decreased carbohydrate, total lipid and total fatty acids (TFA) contents. Nannochloropsis sp. grew well at salinities from 22 to 49 g l(-1), and lowering salinity enhanced TFA and PUFAs contents. TFA contents increased with the increasing temperature but PUFAs contents decreased. The highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 omega 3) content based on the dry mass was above 3% under low N (150 mu M NaNO3) or high N (3000 mu M NaNO3) condition. Excessive nitrate, low salinity and temperature are thus favorable factors for improving EPA yields in Nannochloropsis sp.

Studies on polysaccharides from three edible species of Nostoc (Cyanobacteria) with different colony morphologies: Comparison of monosaccharide compositions and viscosities of polysaccharides from field colonies and suspension cultures

Hot water-soluble polysaccharides woe extracted from field colonies and suspension cultures of Nostoc commune Vaucher, Nostoc flagelliforme Berkeley et Curtis, and Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing. Excreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were isolated from the media in which the suspension cultures were grown. The main monosaccharides of the field colony polysaccharides from the three species were glucose, xylose, and galactose, with an approximate ratio of 2:1:1. Mannose was also present, but the levels varied among the species, and arabinose appeared only in N. flagelliforme. The compositions of the cellular polysaccharides and EPS from suspension cultures were more complicated than those of the field samples and varied among the different species. The polysaccharides from the cultures of N. flagelliforme had a relatively simple composition consisting of mannose, galactose, glucose, and glucuronic acid, but no xylose, as was found in the field colony polysaccharides. The polysaccharides from cultures of N. sphaeroides contained glucose (the major component), rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose. These same sugars were present in the polysaccharides from cultures of N. commune, with xylose as the major component. Combined nitrogen in the media had no qualitative influence on the compositions of the cellular polysaccharides but affected those of the EPS of N. commune and N. flagelliforme. The EPS of N. sphaeroides had a very low fetal carbohydrate content and thus was not considered to be polysaccharide in nature. The field colony polysaccharides could be separated by anion exchange chromatography into neutral and acidic fractions having similar sugar compositions. Preliminary linkage analysis showed that 1) xylose, glucose, and galactose were 1-->4 linked, 2) mannose, galactose, and xylose occurred as terminal residues, and 3) branch points occurred in glucose as 1-->3,4 and 1-->3,6 linkages and in xylose as a 1-->3,4 linkage. The polymer preparations from field colonies had higher kinematic viscosities than those from corresponding suspension cultures. The high viscosities of the polymers suggested that they might DE suitable for industrial uses.