Marie Wilt, Brustbild

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F02176

Marie Wilt, Kniestück

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G02531

Marie Wilt, Kniestück

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G02532

Marie Wilt, Kniestück

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G03735

Controlling Bacterial Wilt in Muskmelon with Perimeter Trap Cropping

Perimeter trap cropping (PTC) involves planting one or more rows of a cucurbit crop that is highly attractive to cucumber beetles around the border of a main cucurbit cash crop that is less attractive to the beetles. Cucumber beetles attempting to migrate into the field are concentrated in the relatively more attractive border crop, where they can be controlled by insecticides. In New England, perimeter trap cropping using Blue Hubbard squash as the border crop around pumpkin, cucumber, or butternut squash controlled cucumber beetle/bacterial wilt with as few as one border spray of insecticide. This strategy reduced insecticide use on the main crop by up to 94 percent, nearly eliminating sprays on the main cash crop. In on-farm trials, 8 of 10 Massachusetts growers found that using perimeter trap cropping saved them money. The same tactic also effectively managed cucumber beetles on muskmelon and squash in Oklahoma.

On-farm Cooperator Trials 2011: Effect of Extended-duration Row Covers on Muskmelon and Winter Squash on Bacterial Wilt and Yield

Susceptible cucurbit crops are difficult to grow in Iowa because of bacterial wilt, caused by Erwinia tracheiphila. Striped and spotted cucumber beetles transmit bacterial wilt. Other insect pests such as squash vine borer and squash bugs may also have an economic impact on yield, particularly in squash.

Control biológico de Fusarium graminearum : utilización de Trichoderma spp. y biofumigación con parte aérea de Brassica juncea

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: determinar la factibilidad de la utilización combinada de dos métodos de control biológico: la aplicación del hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con la parte aérea de Brassica juncea en el estadio de fin de fructificación; evaluar su efecto sobre el crecimiento del patógeno Fusarium graminearum. Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en recipientes de plástico en dosis de 5 y 10 g. Sobre el material triturado se apoyó una caja de Petri con agar papa glucosado al 2%, que contenía un disco con micelio de F. graminearum o Trichoderma spp. o ambos hongos. Los recipientes de plástico se cerraron e incubaron a 25±2°C en oscuridad durante 7 días. Finalizado este período, se midió el diámetro de las colonias. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) cuando se biofumigaron por separado, no se observó efecto fungistático de B. juncea sobre Trichoderma spp. ni sobre F. graminearum; ii) en ausencia del biofumigante, Trichoderma spp. inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de F. graminearum, iii) la combinación de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea mostró un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento miceliar de F. graminearum. Los resultados in vitro sugieren que el crecimiento de Trichoderma spp. y su potencial efecto de biocontrol sobre F. graminearum, no son afectados por la biofumigación con B. juncea. La utilización combinada de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea, tendría un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento de F. graminearum.

Comparative study of the pathogenicity of seabed isolates of Fusarium equiseti and the effect of the composition of the mineral salt medium and temperature on mycelia growth

The pathogenicity of seven strains of Fusarium equiseti isolated from seabed soil was evaluated on different host plants showing pre and post emergence damage. Radial growth of 27 strains was measured on culture media previously adjusted to different osmotic potentials with either KCl or NaCl (-1.50 to - 144.54 bars) at 15º, 25º and 35º C. Significant differences and interactive effects were observed in the response of mycelia to osmotic potential and temperature.

Fungal microbiota from rain water and pathogenicity of Fusarium species isolated from atmospheric dust and rainfall dust

In order to determine the presence of Fusarium spp. in atmospheric dust and rainfall dust, samples were collected during September 2007, and July, August, and October 2008. The results reveal the prevalence of airborne Fusarium species coming from the atmosphere of the South East coast of Spain. Five different Fusarium species were isolated from the settling dust: Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. dimerum, and F. proliferatum. Moreover, rainwater samples were obtained during significant rainfall events in January and February 2009. Using the dilution-plate method, 12 fungal genera were identified from these rainwater samples. Specific analyses of the rainwater revealed the presence of three species of Fusarium: F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. equiseti. A total of 57 isolates of Fusarium spp. obtained from both rainwater and atmospheric rainfall dust sampling were inoculated onto melon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Piñonet and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. San Pedro. These species were chosen because they are the main herbaceous crops in Almeria province. The results presented in this work indicate strongly that spores or propagules of Fusarium are able to cross the continental barrier carried by winds from the Sahara (Africa) to crop or coastal lands in Europe. Results show differences in the pathogenicity of the isolates tested. Both hosts showed root rot when inoculated with different species of Fusarium, although fresh weight measurements did not bring any information about the pathogenicity. The findings presented above are strong indications that long-distance transmission of Fusarium propagules may occur. Diseases caused by species of Fusarium are common in these areas. They were in the past, and are still today, a problem for greenhouses crops in Almería, and many species have been listed as pathogens on agricultural crops in this region. Saharan air masses dominate the Mediterranean regions. The evidence of long distance dispersal of Fusarium spp. by atmospheric dust and rainwater together with their proved pathogenicity must be taken into account in epidemiological studies.

La podredumbre del ajo causada por Fusarium proliferatum

La producción anual de ajo en España es de 154.587 t y su cultivo ocupa unas 15.900 ha distribuidas principalmente en Castilla La Mancha (53,1%), Andalucía (27,4%) y Castilla y León (9,1%). En Castilla La Mancha, la principal Comunidad productora, se ha cultivado en la presente campaña un 7 % más que en la campaña 2009/2010, siendo Albacete la provincia con mayor superficie cultivada de ajos con 4.750 ha, seguida de Cuenca con 2.200 ha. Las plagas y enfermedades en el cultivo del ajo suponen elevadas pérdidas económicas cada año en nuestro país. En 2008, distintos agricultores de varios municipios de Castilla y León detectaron bulbos de ajo del cultivar “Blancomor de Vallelado” que presentaban síntomas de podredumbre húmeda durante el almacenamiento. Posteriormente, en el año 2009, esta misma podredumbre se observó también en las provincias de Albacete y Cuenca en el cultivar “Morado de Pedroñeras”. Estudios sobre esta nueva enfermedad se están llevando a cabo en colaboración con productores castellanomanchegos pertenecientes a Coopaman SCL

Comparative study of Fusarium communities from soil and rhizoplane of melon plants from tropical farming soils.

Fifty-nine rhizospheric soil samples from twenty different melon farms of Guatemala and Honduras were analysed to study the Fusarium species present in the soil and those developing on roots surfaces.

Growth of Fusarium species as affected by temperature and osmotic potential (NaCl and KCl) interactions.

Myceliar growth of 90 Fusarium strains os F. acuminatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F.verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani an F. sambucinum isolated from fluvial channels and sea beds of the south-eastern coast of Spain was tested on potato-dextrose-agar adjusted to different matric potentials with either KCl or NaCl (from - 1.50 to - 144.54 bars).

Biogeografía de especies de Fusarium en el litoral mediterráneo de España

El trabajo presentado estudia la presencia de Fusarium oxysporum, F.solani(sensulato), F. equiseti y F.acuminatum en puntos del litoral de Almería, Alicante, Gerona e Islas Baleares (Menorca, Ibiza, Espalmador). Se analizaron tanto arenas de las playas (zonas intermareal y supramareal) como fondos marino situados a 27,9 y 7,2 metros de profundidad en Almería y a 10 m de profundidad en las Islas Baleares. Exceptuando el litoral de Gerona, en el resto de los enclaves se presentaron varias especies de Fusarium que se aislaron de las arenas de las playas, confirmando así resultados obtenidos con anterioridad. Lo más novedoso fue encontrar especies de Fusarium a diferentes profundidades marinas. En Almería F.oxysporum y F.equisti se aislaron a 27,9 y7,2 m profundidad. F. acuminatum se aisló de la muetra recogida a 27m de profundidad. En las islas Baleares, a10m de profundidad, se aislaron F. oxysporum, F. solani (sensulato), F.equiseti y F.acuminatum. El efecto antrópico, el comportamiento como "airborne" o los arrastres de aguas por las ramblas y torrentes podría explicar la presencia de estas especies en los hábitats mencionados. La permanencia de estas especies en los hábitats mencionados, especialmente en la zona intermareal de las playas y en los fondos marinos donde soportan elevadas presiones osmóticas por la alta salinidad del agua del mar Mediterráneo, permitirá estudios específicos sobre el comportamiento de estos hongos en medios muy salinos. Otros hongos aislados de arenas de playa y fondos marinos fueron: Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Dreschlera, Gliocladium Humicola, Penicillium, Phialophora, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Trichoderma, Trichocladium y Ulocladium. Muchos de ellos fueron aislados del fondo marino, testimoniando así que estos hábitats no son exclusivos de Fusarium.

The interactive effects of temperature and osmotic potential on the growth of marines isolates of Fusarium solani

The mycelial growth of 18 Fusarium solani strains isolated from sea beds of the south-eastern coast of Spain was tested on potato-dextrose agar adjusted to different osmotic potentials with either KCl or NACl (-1.50 to -144.54 bars) in 10ºC intervals ranging from 15 to 35ºC. Fungal growth was determined by measuring colony diameter after 4 days incubation. Mycelial growth was maximal at 25ºC. The quantity and frequency pattern of mycelial growth of F. solani differ significantly at 15 and 25ºC, with maximal occurring at the highest water potential tested (-1.50 bars); and at 35ºC, with a maximal mycelial growth at -13.79 bars. The effect of water potential was independent of salt composition. The general growth pattern of F. solani showed declining growth at potentials below -41.79 bars. Fungal growth at 35ºC was always higher than that growth at 15ºC, of all the water potentials tested. Significant differences observed in the response of mycelia to water potential and temperature as main and interactive effects. The viability of cultures was increasingly inhibited as the water potential dropped, but some growth was still observed at -99.56 bars. These findings could indicate that marine strains of F. solani have a physiological mechanism that permits survival in environments with low water potential. The observed differences in viability and the magnitude growth could indicate that the biological factors governing potential and actual growth are affected by osmotic potential in different ways.

Effects of water potential on spore germination and viability of Fusarium species

Germination of macroconidia and/or microconidia of 24 strains of Fusarium solani, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. verticillioides, F. sambucinum, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum isolated from fluvial channels and sea beds of the south-eastern coast of Spain, and three control strains (F. oxysporum isolated from affected cultures) was studied in distilled water in response to a range of water potentials adjusted with NaCI. (0, -13.79, -41.79, -70.37, -99.56 and -144.54 bars). The vialibility (UFC/ml) of suspension was also tested in three time periods (0,24 and 48h). Conidia always germinated in distilled water. The pattern of conidial germination obseved of F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. chlamydosporum and F. culmorum was similar. A great diminution of spore germination was found in -13.79 bars solutions. Spore germination percentage for F. solani isolates was maximal at 48 h. and -13.79 bars with 21.33% spore germination, 16% higher than germination in distilled water. F. equiseti shows the maximum germination percentage in -144.54 bars solution in 24 h time with 12.36% germination. These results did not agree with those obtained in the viability test where maximum germination was found in distilled water. The viability analysis showed the great capacity of F. verticilloides strains to form viable colonies, even in such extreme conditions as -144,54 bars after 24 h F. proliferatum colony formation was prevented in the range of -70.37 bars. These results show the clear affectation of water potential to conidia germination of Fusaria. The ability of certain species of Fusarium to develop a saprophytic life in the salt water of the Mediterraneam Sea could be certain. Successful germination, even under high salty media conditions, suggests taht Fusarium spp. could have a competitive advantage over other soil fungi in crops irrigated with saline water. In the specific case of F. solani, water potential of -13.79 bars affected germination positively. It could indicate that F. solani has an special physiological mechanism of survival in low water potential environments.