Doing something about it: Representations of NAPLAN in the public domain

Since 2008 all Australian school students have sat standardised tests in Reading, Writing, Language Conventions (Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation) and Numeracy in years 3,5,7 and 9. NAPLAN tests report individual students' attainment of skills against a set of standards. Individual student results are communicated to parents. Schools are then ranked against other schools depending upon the aggregate of their NAPLAN results. The process is explained to parents and community members as “improving the learning outcomes for all Australian students” (MCEETYA, 2009). This paper will examine NAPLAN as it is being played out in a mediated space through analysing unsolicited comment found in new media such as Twitter and online forums. NAPLAN intersects with contemporary debates about Australian education policy: the roles schools should play in improving national productivity, the relationship between state and federal government interest in education, the role and expectations of the teacher, what curriculum and pedagogy should be and look like and how limited financial resources can best be spread across education sectors and systems. These are not new considerations, however, what has changed is that education policy seems to have become even more of a political issue than it has before. This paper uses Ball's 'toolkit' approach to education policy analysis to suggest that there are multiple 'effects' of NAPLAN culminating in a series of disconnected conversations between various stakeholders.

Australia's disabling income support system: Tracing the history of the disability pension from 1908 to today

This article is based on a historical-comparative policy and discourse analysis of the principles underpinning the Australian disability income support system. It determines that these principles rely on a conception of disability that sustains a system of coercion and paternalism that perpetuates disability and referred to as disablism. The article examines the construction of disability in Australian income support across four major historical epochs spanning the period 1908-2007. Contextualisation of the policy trajectory and discourses of the contemporary disability pension regime for the time period 2008-now is also provided. Two major themes were found to have interacted with the ideology of disablism. This article argues that a non-disabling provision based on social citizenship, rather than responsible or productive citizenship, counters the tendency for authoritarian and paternal approaches. [Abridged]

Countering disablism: An alternative universal income support system based on egalitarianism

The long-term vision of economic security and social participation for people with a disability held by disability activists and policy-makers has not been realised on a global scale. This is despite the implementation of various poverty alleviation initiatives by international and national governments. Indeed within advanced Western liberal democracies, the inequalities and poverty gaps have widened rather than closed. This article is based on findings from a historical-comparative policy and discourse analysis of disability income support system in Australia and the Basic Income model. The findings suggest that a model such as Basic Income, grounded in principles of social citizenship, goes some way to maintaining an adequate level of subsistence for people with a disability. The article concludes by presenting some challenges and a commitment to transforming income support policy.

Measurement of transit network accessibility based on access stop choice behaviour

This research improved the measurement of public transport accessibility by capturing; travellers' behaviour; diversity of public transport mode; and the subjectivity of travellers' decision in the complex transport networks. The results of this research not only highlighted the importance of considering public transport network characteristics but also, revealed the impact of public transport diversity in the modelling of public transport accessibility. The research developed a hybrid discrete choice model with a nested logit structure to treat the correlation among the public transport mode choices and, a logit correction factor to rectify the correlation among the stop choices.

Vulnerability criminalised: Transgender people in prisons

Purpose of this paper: International research identifies transgender people as a vulnerable group in prison systems, with basic needs often being denied. This paper outlines Australian contexts of incarceration, and links between institutional responses and the vulnerabilisation of transgender prisoners. Design/methodology/approach: The paper critically analyses Australian prison policies regarding the treatment of transgender prisoners. Findings: The policy analysis illustrates the links between institutional practices and the increased vulnerability of transgender prisoners. The paper argues that policies further criminalise, and potentially doubly punish, transgender prisoners. Research limitations/implications: This paper analyses the publicly available policies on regulating transgender people’s imprisonment. Given the limited Australian research into transgender prisoner’s lived experiences, there is a gap in relation to policies, their perception, and how corrective services personnel enact the limited procedures available to them in managing transgender prisoners. Practical Implications: Current policies and practices significantly enhance the vulnerability of transgender prisoners. This policy analysis highlights the critical importance of policy and practice reform in relation to housing, safety, health and welfare services, and misgendering. What is the original/value of paper: The policy analysis provides practitioners with an outline of critical issues that arise when transgender people are imprisoned and suggests key areas for future research.

Constructing the ideal victim in the United States of America's annual trafficking in persons reports

Human trafficking as a global phenomenon continues to elude accurate quantitative measure, and remains a controversial policy domain significantly influenced by anecdotal evidence. Drawing on the policy analysis framework of Bacchi (1999; 2007) the problem representation of trafficking through narratives can be considered a direct antecedent of contemporary anti-human trafficking policy. This article explores the construction of human trafficking within the Trafficking in Persons Reports, published annually by the United States of America’s Department of State. An examination of the victim and offender narratives contained within the reports published between 2001 and 2012 demonstrates that human trafficking is predominantly represented as a crime committed by ideal offenders against idealized victims, consistent with Christie’s (1986) landmark criteria of ideal victimization. This representation of an ideal prototype has the potential to inform policy that diverts focus from the causative role of global socioeconomic injustice towards criminal justice policies targeting individual offenders.

Profligate Descent : The Cultural Transformations of Evolutionary Narrative

This dissertation traces a set of historical transformations the Darwinian evolutionary narrative has undergone toward the end of the twentieth century, especially as reflected in Anglo-American popular science books and novels. The study has three objectives. First, it seeks to understand the organizing logic of evolutionary narratives and the role that assumptions about gender and sexuality play in that logic. Second, it asks what kinds of cultural anxieties evolutionary theory raises and how evolutionary narratives negotiate them. Third, it examines the possibilities and limits of narrative transformation both as a historical phenomenon and as a theoretical question. This interdisciplinary dissertation is situated at the intersection of science studies, cultural studies, literary studies, and gender studies. Its understanding of science as a cultural practice that both emerges from and contributes to cultural expectations and institutional structures follows the tradition of science studies. Its focus on the question of popular appeal and the mechanisms of cultural change arises from cultural studies. Its view of narrative as a structural phenomenon is grounded in literary studies in general and feminist narrative theory in particular. Its understanding of gender and sexuality as implicated in discourses of epistemic authority builds on the view of gender and sexuality as contingent cultural categories central to gender studies. The primary material consists of over 25 British and American popular science books and novels, published roughly between 1990 and 2005. In order to highlight historical transformations, these texts are read in the context of Darwin s The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man, on the one hand, and such sociobiological classics as E. O. Wilson s On Human Nature and Richard Dawkins s The Selfish Gene, on the other. The research method combines feminist narrative analysis with cultural and historical contextualization, emphasizing discursive abruptions, recurrent narrative patterns, and underlying continuities. The dissertation demonstrates that the relationship between Darwin s evolutionary narrative and late twentieth-century evolutionary narratives is characterized by reemphasis, omissions, and continuous rewriting. In particular, contemporary evolutionary discourse extends the role assigned to reproduction both sexual and narrative in Darwin s writing, generating a narrative logic that imagines the desire to reproduce as the driving force of evolution and posits the reproductive sex act as the endlessly repeated narrative event that keeps the story going. The study argues that the popular appeal of evolutionary accounts of gender, sexuality, and human nature may arise, to an extent, from this reproductive narrative dynamic. This narrative dynamic, however, is not logically invulnerable. Since the continuation of the evolutionary narrative relies on successful reproduction, the possibility of reproductive failure poses a constant risk to narrative futurity, arousing cultural anxieties that evolutionary narratives need to address. The study argues that evolutionary narratives appease such anxieties by evoking a range of cultural narratives, especially romantic, religious, and national narratives. Furthermore, the study shows that the event-based logic of evolutionary narratives privileges observable acts over emotions, pleasures, identities, and desires, thus engendering a set of conceptual exclusions that limits the imaginative scope of evolution as a cultural narrative.

Work/Family Reconciliation: Corporate Management, Family Policies, and Gender Equality in the Finnish Context

Work/family reconciliation is a crucial question for both personal well-being and on societal level for productivity and re-production throughout the Western world. This thesis examines work/family reconciliation on societal and organisational level in the Finnish context. The study is based on an initial framework, developing it further and analysing the results with help of it. The methodology of the study is plural, including varying epistemological emphasis and both quantitative and qualitative methods. Policy analysis from two different sectors is followed by a survey answered by 113 HR-managers, and then, based on quantitative analyses, interviews in four chosen case companies. The central findings of the thesis are that there indeed are written corporate level policies for reconciling work and family in companies operating in Finland, in spite of the strong state level involvement in creating a policy context in work/family reconciliation. Also, the existing policies vary in accessibility and use. The most frequently used work/family policies still are the statutory state level policies for family leave, taking place when a baby is born and during his or her first years. Still, there are new policies arising, such as a nurse for an employee’s child who has fallen ill, that are based on company activity only, which shows in both accessibility and use of the policy. Reasons for developing corporate level work/family policies vary among the so-called pro-active and re-active companies. In general, family law has a substantial effect for developing corporate level policies. Also headquarter gender equality strategies as well as employee demands are important. In regression analyses, it was found that corporate image and importance in recruitment are the foremost reasons for companies to develop policies, not for example the amount of female employees in the company. The reasons for policy development can be summarized into normative pressures, coercive pressures and mimetic pressures, in line with findings from institutional theory. This research, however, includes awareness of different stakeholder interests and recognizes that institutional theory needs to be complemented with notions of gender and family, which seem to play a part in perceived work/family conflict and need for further work/family policies both in managers’ personal lives and on the organisational level. A very central finding, demanding more attention, is the by HR managers perceived change in values towards work and commitment towards organisation at the youngest working generation, Generation Y. This combined with the need for key personnel has brought new challenges to companies especially in knowledge business and will presumably lead to further development of flexible practices in organisations. The accessibility to this flexibility seems to, however, be even more dependent on the specific knowledge and skills of the employee. How this generation will change the organisations remains to be seen in further research.

La cooperación al desarrollo de las Comunidades Autónomas del Estado español: relevancia, alcance y aportación específica

318 p.

Coastal erosion as a natural resource management problem: An economic perspective

Unremitting waves and occasional storms bring dynamic forces to bear on the coast. Sediment flux results in various patterns of erosion and accretion, with an overwhelming majority (80 to 90 percent) of coastline in the eastern U.S. exhibiting net erosion in recent decades. Climate change threatens to increase the intensity of storms and raise sea level 18 to 59 centimeters over the next century. Following a lengthy tradition of economic models for natural resource management, this paper provides a dynamic optimization model for managing coastal erosion and explores the types of data necessary to employ the model for normative policy analysis. The model conceptualizes benefits of beach and dune sediments as service flows accruing to nearby residential property owners, local businesses, recreational beach users, and perhaps others. Benefits can also include improvements in habitat for beach- and dune-dependent plant and animal species. The costs of maintaining beach sediment in the presence of coastal erosion include expenditures on dredging, pumping, and placing sand on the beach to maintain width and height. Other costs can include negative impacts on the nearshore environment. Employing these constructs, an optimal control model is specified that provides a framework for identifying the conditions under which beach replenishment enhances economic welfare and an optimal schedule for replenishment can be derived under a constant sea level and erosion rate (short term) as well as an increasing sea level and erosion rate (long term). Under some simplifying assumptions, the conceptual framework can examine the time horizon of management responses under sea level rise, identifying the timing of shift to passive management (shoreline retreat) and exploring factors that influence this potential shift. (PDF contains 4 pages)

Política Nacional de Medicamentos: análise a partir do contexto, conteúdo e processos envolvidos

Políticas públicas são estruturadas com a finalidade de ser uma resposta dada pelo poder público para as diversas demandas, problemas e tensões geradas na sociedade. Devem ter magnitude e relevância social, bem como possuir poder de barganha suficiente para fazer parte da agenda de prioridades de um determinado órgão fomentador de políticas. Desta forma, uma política é constituída pelo seu propósito, diretrizes e definição de responsabilidades das esferas de Governo e dos órgãos envolvidos. Assim, a política de medicamentos brasileira, inserida na Política de Saúde, constitui um dos elementos fundamentais para a implementação de ações capazes de promover melhoria nas condições de saúde. Preconiza a garantia da disponibilidade, do acesso e do uso racional de medicamentos por todos os setores da população, conforme seu perfil de morbimortalidade. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho pretendeu fazer uma análise da Política Nacional de Medicamentos (PNM) para compreender os dados encontrados. Com base na abordagem qualitativa, levando em consideração o que explicita o documento fundador da PNM, além de uma revisão da literatura foram feitos o mapeamento e a análise dos referidos dados, gerando categorias (contexto, conteúdo e processos envolvidos). Este estudo permitiu concluir que a PNM não abrange muitos dos problemas relacionados ao uso do medicamento, como também não conseguiu ferramentas suficientes para dar todas as respostas governamentais necessárias para muitos dos problemas por ela levantados ou até mesmo daqueles existentes e que não foram por ela contemplados. Os governos, tanto o que a formulou quanto os que o sucederam, avançaram em suas diretrizes ou continuam envidando esforços para tal, no sentido de contribuir para a efetivação do direito à assistência terapêutica integral.

Anni Iano: um estudo de caso sobre as temporadas culturais franco-brasileiras de 2005 (Brésil, Brésils) e de 2009 (França.Br2009)

As manifestações culturais e a cultura, em geral, têm adquirido relevância e protagonismo nas relações internacionais contemporâneas. Tal fenômeno possibilitou maior quantidade de pesquisas, teorias e trabalhos no campo das Relações Internacionais dedicadas a essa dimensão. Almeja-se com este trabalho contribuir com uma análise no plano das Relações Culturais Internacionais, enfocando o Ano do Brasil na França (2005) e o Ano da França no Brasil (2009). Através da análise destas duas temporadas culturais, analisa-se a densidade dessa profunda relação histórica entre Brasil e França, marcada pelos cálculos estratégicos de ambos os países. Esta pesquisa pretendeu mostrar que as temporadas culturais tornaram-se um dos modelos de diplomacia cultural adequados aos desafios da nova ordem global. Por isso, foi feito um estudo de caso sobre as temporadas franco-brasileiras de 2005 e 2009, através de pesquisa monográfica teórico-histórica; a qual demonstrou como as referidas temporadas culturais conciliam forças culturais em oposição na atualidade, ao mesmo tempo em que promoveram o intercâmbio cultural.

Análise do modo de apropriação do marco regulatório do uso de animais na pesquisa científica no Brasil: estudo de caso da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz

Após 13 anos de debate parlamentar, o governo federal instituiu em 8 de outubro de 2008 uma nova ordem jurídico-administrativa através da Lei n.11.794 que foi regulamentada em 15 de julho de 2009 com o Decreto 6.899. A nova legislação introduziu modelos de condutas que antes não existiam, criou o Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal (CONCEA) e tornou obrigatória a implantação de Comissões de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUAs) pelas instituições que criam ou utilizam animais para ensino e pesquisa. Partindo do pressuposto de que a Lei n. 11794/2008 é uma política pública regulatória de ciência, tecnologia e inovação em saúde (CT&I/S), o objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que a implementação da política regulatória em uma instituição pública federal de pesquisa em saúde é um processo atravessado por relações transnacionais, pelas interpretações que os atores da pesquisa fazem da Lei com base em suas práticas de trabalho, e pelas ações institucionais de tradução local de outras políticas governamentais. O estudo contempla dois níveis de descrição e análise complementares: o da formulação e o da implementação da política regulatória na Fiocruz. O primeiro descreve e analisa o processo de tramitação do Projeto de Lei que originou a Lei e sua regulamentação pelo CONCEA, até dezembro de 2011. O segundo é um estudo de caso inspirado pela abordagem interpretativa, centrado na tradução da Lei pelos pesquisadores, especialistas e gestores da Fiocruz em relação às suas práticas de trabalho. A tese formulada resulta do seguinte percurso metodológico: leitura do movimento de tradução dos interesses dos atores envolvidos no jogo parlamentar do Congresso Nacional de formulação, discussão e aprovação da Lei; delineamento do espaço institucional em que as interpretações dos pesquisadores estão embebidas e que as políticas de CT&I/S são implementadas; leitura das ações e dos programas em CT&I/S do MS para a Fiocruz entre 2004 e 2010; um ano de observação participante nas reuniões da Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais da Fiocruz; entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 22 pesquisadores, gestores e especialistas em animais de laboratório para compreender o enquadramento da Lei pelos atores nas suas práticas de trabalho. Concluimos afirmando que a aproximação entre a pesquisa pré-clinica e clínica é uma estratégia de contorno às restrições vivenciadas pelos pesquisadores nos processos de trabalho com animais de pesquisa que se desenvolve no cenário da pesquisa translacional e transnacional. O modelo animal é um dispositivo que divide as comunidades instrumentais de pesquisadores biomédicos entre os que utilizam e os que não utilizam animais. A governança da pesquisa biomédica com animais de laboratório não está estabilizada no espaço institucional: as diferentes comunidades instrumentais de usuários de animais, produtores de animais, gestores e membros da CEUA estão em disputa.

Calidad de vida de las mujeres en America Latina. Ecuador y Bolivia

El presente trabajo pretende abordar la situación actual de las mujeres de América Latina centrándose en su calidad de vida como forma de argumentar la desigualdad en la que viven con respecto a los hombres. Para ello, se analizará los entornos en los cuales las mujeres latino americanas experimentan un sentimiento de inferioridad con respecto a los hombres. Como forma de dar veracidad y buscar la conexión con estos argumentos, previamente se expondrán tres conceptos teóricos relativos al enfoque de las capacidades, la agencia de las mujeres y el empoderamiento de las mismas puesto que resultan conceptos muy importantes y necesarios para entender las condiciones de inferioridad en las que se sitúan las mujeres de estas regiones. Por último y con el objetivo de buscar posibilidades de cambio, se presentan dos ejemplos de proyectos por la igualdad de género protagonizados por Bolivia y Ecuador, países que por diversos factores como son los cambios de gobierno que han experimentado o la incidencia de los movimientos feministas, se han encaminado hacia la labor de la lucha por la igualdad. Tanto los desafíos a los que ambos países han de enfrentarse como la importancia de los levantamientos feministas por el cambio serán también abordados aunque de forma más breve.

Práticas de governo na gestão do SUS: poderes, dilemas e pragmatismos

Este trabalho tem no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e na defesa da vida, enquanto projeto ético-político e política pública, seu horizonte geral de sentido, tomando, a partir daí, a gestão do SUS nas máquinas governamentais como espaços estratégicos de sua construção e, ao mesmo tempo, como objeto de interrogações. Partindo das práticas de gestão (ou práticas de governo) no SUS como objeto, foram trabalhadas memórias-afecções do autor, cujo recolhimento se deu a partir de um esforço de atenção sensível, apoiadas por instrumentos de registro, orientadas pelas questões conformadoras do estudo e pelo encontro com uma experiência de gestão no Ministério da Saúde entre os anos 2011 e 2013. As memórias selecionadas tiveram duplo papel no trabalho: constituíram a base para a (re)construção de cenas, além de terem fornecido pistas e analisadores que permitiram entrar e caminhar por diferentes linhas de reflexão relativas às práticas de gestão. Utilizando as noções foucaultianas de poder como exercício, como governo e de governo como estratégias de ação sobre ações atuais e possíveis, consideradas em alguns âmbitos precisos na gestão do SUS (tais como os arranjos e dinâmicas organizacionais, o plano nacional e as realidades locais, as estratégias de cooperação e constituição de redes, entre outros), problematizaram-se alguns jogos e tecnologias de poder. Partindo de uma perspectiva pragmática guiada mais pelos efeitos do que pelos fins e cotejada com relações estratégicas, buscou-se exercitar análises sobre os tempos políticos na gestão do SUS, sobre práticas discursivas e, de forma transversal, sobre a questão dos funcionamentos, resultados e efeitos. Considera-se que as práticas de gestão no SUS, em especial de atores políticos e coletivos de militantes no campo da esquerda que partilham de perspectivas ético-políticas comuns, podem ser investidas em termos de alguns desafios, dentre os quais destacam-se: os modos e exercícios de poder colocados na tensão entre estratégias e democracia; a tensão entre idealização e diferentes pragmatismos; a construção político-subjetiva dos gestores a partir de dilemas que colocam em análise diferentes éticas e implicações presentes em práticas de gestão no SUS.