Comportamiento de las redes de arrastre pelágicas utilizadas en el crucero BIC Humboldt y BIC Jose Olaya Balandra 9808-09 de Paita a Tacna.

Resultados del comportamiento de las redes de arrastre pelágica modelo alemán Engel 988/400 utilizadas para la Evaluación de Recursos Pelágicos: Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), Sardina (Sardinops sagax sagax), Jurel (Trachurus picturatus murphyi), Caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus) y Samasa (Anchoa nasus) durante el crucero Hidroacústico 9808-09 a bordo de los BICs Humboldt y José Olaya Balandra entre Paita - Callao - Los Palos (Tacna). Se determinó la distancia entre puertas, el área de la boca de la red y el volumen de agua filtrada que tuvieron las redes en los arrastres efectivos de una milla náutica de distancia durante los 188 lances de comprobación, obteniéndose un rendimiento; se capturó un total de 18.357,87 kg; correspondiendo para la anchoveta 653,51 kg; sardina 108,05; jurel 24,84 kg; caballa 299,77 kg; samasa 228,95 kg y otros recursos hidrobiológicos 17.042,76 kg; con un índice de captura (CPUE) de 249,31 kg. Los valores de datos de comportamiento de la red como la abertura horizontal de la boca, abertura vertical, profundidad de la red y distancia entre la relinga inferior al fondo, etc., se obtuvo en forma directa por medio de una net sonda FS 900 SIMRAD, y SCANMAR RX 400, los arrastres tuvieron en promedio una duración de 21 minutos con una velocidad de 3,4 nudos.

Dinâmica do potássio nos resíduos vegetais de plantas de cobertura no Cerrado

A produção de biomassa, a manutenção dos resíduos vegetais sobre o solo e sua posterior decomposição são fatores de grande importância no estudo da ciclagem de nutrientes. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na área experimental do CEFET-Uberaba-MG, onde foram avaliados oito tipos de coberturas vegetais: milheto (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes), braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), sorgo-forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.), crotalária (Crotalarea juncea), aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), pousio e área em preparo convencional de solo (testemunha) em área de Cerrado, na região do Triângulo Mineiro. Avaliaram-se a fitomassa seca (FS), a decomposição dos resíduos em bolsas de decomposição, e a liberação de K. Utilizou-se um modelo matemático para descrever a decomposição dos resíduos e a liberação de K, e calcularam-se a constante de decomposição (k) e o tempo de meia-vida (T½). O milheto, o sorgo e a crotalária foram as coberturas que apresentaram maiores produções de matéria seca. O maior acúmulo de K ocorreu em gramíneas e a maior liberação de K ocorreu no milheto, aveia, braquiária e crotalária nos primeiros 42 dias após manejo, nos dois períodos avaliados. A braquiária apresentou o menor T½ vida e a maior taxa de liberação de K.

Growth, optical characterization, and laser operation of a stoichiometric crystal KYb(WO4)(2)

We present our recent achievements in the growing and optical characterization of KYb(WO4)2 (hereafter KYbW) crystals and demonstrate laser operation in this stoichiometric material. Single crystals of KYbW with optimal crystalline quality have been grown by the top-seeded-solution growth slow-cooling method. The optical anisotropy of this monoclinic crystal has been characterized, locating the tensor of the optical indicatrix and measuring the dispersion of the principal values of the refractive indices as well as the thermo-optic coefficients. Sellmeier equations have been constructed valid in the visible and near-IR spectral range. Raman scattering has been used to determine the phonon energies of KYbW and a simple physical model is applied for classification of the lattice vibration modes. Spectroscopic studies (absorption and emission measurements at room and low temperature) have been carried out in the spectral region near 1 µm characteristic for the ytterbium transition. Energy positions of the Stark sublevels of the ground and the excited state manifolds have been determined and the vibronic substructure has been identified. The intrinsic lifetime of the upper laser level has been measured taking care to suppress the effect of reabsorption and the intrinsic quantum efficiency has been estimated. Lasing has been demonstrated near 1074 nm with 41% slope efficiency at room temperature using a 0.5 mm thin plate of KYbW. This laser material holds great promise for diode pumped high-power lasers, thin disk and waveguide designs as well as for ultrashort (ps/fs) pulse laser systems.

Fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gums) for preventing dental caries in children.

BACKGROUND: Dietary fluoride supplements were first introduced to provide systemic fluoride in areas where water fluoridation is not available. Since 1990, the use of fluoride supplements in caries prevention has been re-evaluated in several countries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of fluoride supplements for preventing dental caries in children. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 12 October 2011), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 3), MEDLINE via OVID (1950 to 12 October 2011), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 12 October 2011), WHOLIS/PAHO/MEDCARIB/LILACS/BBO via BIREME (1982 to 12 October 2011), and Current Controlled Trials (to 12 October 2011). We handsearched reference lists of articles and contacted selected authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing, with minimum follow-up of 2 years, fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges) with no fluoride supplement or with other preventive measures such as topical fluorides in children less than 16 years of age at the start. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors, independently and in duplicate, assessed the eligibility of studies for inclusion, and carried out risk of bias assessment and data extraction. In the event of disagreement, we sought consensus and consulted a third review author. We contacted trial authors for missing information. We used the prevented fraction (PF) as a metric for evaluating the efficacy of the intervention. The PF is defined as the mean caries increment in controls minus mean caries increment in the treated group divided by mean caries increment in controls. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses when data could be pooled. We assessed heterogeneity in the results of the studies by examining forest plots and by using formal tests for homogeneity. We recorded adverse effects (fluorosis) when the studies provided relevant data. MAIN RESULTS: We included 11 studies in the review involving 7196 children.In permanent teeth, when fluoride supplements were compared with no fluoride supplement (three studies), the use of fluoride supplements was associated with a 24% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16 to 33%) reduction in decayed, missing and filled surfaces (D(M)FS). The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on deciduous or primary teeth. In one study, no caries-inhibiting effect was observed on deciduous teeth while in another study, the use of fluoride supplements was associated with a substantial reduction in caries increment.When fluoride supplements were compared with topical fluorides or with other preventive measures, there was no differential effect on permanent or deciduous teeth.The review found limited information on the adverse effects associated with the use of fluoride supplements. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that the use of fluoride supplements is associated with a reduction in caries increment when compared with no fluoride supplement in permanent teeth. The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on deciduous teeth. When compared with the administration of topical fluorides, no differential effect was observed. We rated 10 trials as being at unclear risk of bias and one at high risk of bias, and therefore the trials provide weak evidence about the efficacy of fluoride supplements.

Substituição parcial de fosfato solúvel por natural na implantação de Eucalyptus benthamii e Eucalyptus dunnii no Planalto Sul catarinense

A adubação fosfatada é importante para o crescimento inicial do eucalipto, porque suplementa o solo na fase de maior demanda da cultura. O fosfato solúvel (FS) é a fonte comumente utilizada para esse fim, pois apresenta dissolução rápida no solo; contudo, tem custo mais elevado que os fosfatos naturais (FNs), que por sua vez têm dissolução mais lenta. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso de FN como substituinte parcial do FS para o fornecimento de P para Eucalyptus benthamii e E. dunnii. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos no campo, um com cada espécie, no município de Otacílio Costa, SC, no período de novembro de 2010 a dezembro de 2011. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Na parcela principal, testou-se a presença ou ausência do FN (0 ou 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5, usando a fonte FN de Bayovar) e nas subparcelas testaram-se as doses de FS (0, 75; 150; e 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5, usando a fonte superfosfato triplo). Foram realizadas medidas de diâmetro à altura do colo e altura das árvores aos 340 dias, após a aplicação das fontes de P. Os resultados evidenciaram que a adubação fosfatada aumentou o crescimento em diâmetro e altura e incrementou o volume das plantas de E. benthamii e E. dunnii, durante o primeiro ano de cultivo. O E. benthamii foi mais exigente à adubação fosfatada, mas permitiu a substituição parcial da dose de fosfato solúvel por fonte de menor solubilidade. Não houve resposta do E. dunnii à aplicação de fosfato natural, devendo a adubação ser realizada com fosfato solúvel.

Fertilização de plantas ornamentais pelo método requerimento-suprimento: proposição de técnica experimental

A dose de fertilizantes a ser recomendada para uma cultura depende do balanço de perdas e dos ganhos dos nutrientes no sistema agrícola (Lei da Restituição). Na UFV, o balanço foi modelado para recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes para eucalipto (NUTRICALC), abacaxizeiro, algodoeiro, arroz, bananeira, cafeeiro, cana de açúcar, coqueiro, laranjeira, meloeiro, milho, pastagens, soja e tomate (FERTICALC) e teca (FERTI-UFV). A fertilização e a nutrição de plantas ornamentais tropicais baseam-se apenas na experiência de produtores e fabricantes de fertilizantes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver e apresentar técnica experimental que permita determinar: as taxas de recuperação de macro e micronutrientes por extratores de formas disponíveis, a demanda e as taxas de recuperação de nutrientes por plantas ornamentais e determinar a dose e os teores de nutrientes em fertilizante que suplementem os requerimentos das plantas. Para a modelagem, consideraram-se dois módulos: o módulo planta, que obtém a demanda e o requerimento dos nutrientes para definida produtividade; e o módulo substrato, que permite calcular o suprimento de nutrientes do vaso ou do canteiro a ser utilizado para o cultivo. A modelagem vislumbrou um novo método de pesquisa para recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes para culturas com carência de informação, como para cultivo de plantas ornamentais, especialmente as tropicais. Esse Método Requerimento-Suprimento determina a dose e os teores de nutrientes no fertilizante-suprimento (FS), que suplementam os requerimentos das plantas. O método é iterativo e foi desenvolvido por meio de três tentativas. Na primeira tentativa, considerou-se a produção de plântulas de orquídea; e, na segunda e terceira tentativas, determinaram-se as curvas de crescimento com FS no cultivo de violetas, em vasos com substrato, e definiram-se os critérios para determinar as taxas de recuperação de nutrientes pelos extratores em análises químicas do substrato e pelas plantas. Por último, apresentou-se a técnica experimental projetada.

Avaliação nutricional de feijoeiro irrigado pelos métodos CND, DRIS e faixas de suficiência

A cultura do feijoeiro tem grande importância para o Estado de Goiás, Brasil. No entanto, informações relacionadas aos padrões nutricionais para condições irrigadas são carentes na região. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estabelecer padrões foliares, avaliar o estado nutricional do feijoeiro irrigado na região do Vale do Rio dos Bois, no Estado de Goiás, pelos métodos da faixa de suficiência (FS), da diagnose da composição nutricional (CND) e do sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS), bem como comparar os procedimentos de diagnóstico por meio de padrões nutricionais locais. Avaliaram-se a produtividade e a concentração foliar de 55 lavouras de feijoeiro na região do Vale do Rio dos Bois, entre 2010 e 2012. As amostras foram coletadas no estádio R5 (período de floração) e analisadas quanto aos teores totais de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. As 55 amostras foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro de baixa produtividade, com rendimento abaixo de 2.700 kg ha-1; e o segundo de alta produtividade, com rendimento igual ou acima de 2.700 kg ha-1, este último originando os padrões nutricionais. Normas CND e DRIS são mais indicadas para avaliação nutricional do feijoeiro irrigado comparativamente a FS estimada neste trabalho. Manganês, P e B são os elementos que mais limitam a produção nas lavouras de baixa produtividade na região do Vale do Rio dos Bois.

Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em fitofisionomias do Pantanal da Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul

O bioma Pantanal é reconhecido como uma das maiores extensões úmidas contínua do planeta, com fauna e flora de rara beleza e abundância. Estudos para acessar a diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) nesse ambiente são inexistentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de FMA nas diferentes fitofisionomias do Pantanal da Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram coletadas amostras de solo no período seco e chuvoso em um Neossolo Quartzarênico, em fitofisionomias sujeitas a distintos regimes de inundação: livres de inundação - Floresta Semidecídua (FS) e Cerradão (CE); sujeitos à inundação ocasional - Campo limpo, predominando Elyonorus muticus (CLE) e Cerrado (CC); e sujeitos à inundação sazonal - Campo limpo, predominando Andropogon spp. (CLA), borda de baias (BB) e vazante/baixadas (VB). Culturas armadilhas foram estabelecidas com Brachiaria brizantha para recuperar espécies crípticas de FMA. De cada amostra de solo, foram realizadas a caracterização química do solo e extração dos esporos de FMA para determinar abundância, riqueza e identificação das espécies. Um total de 37 espécies de FMA, pertencentes a 10 gêneros e seis famílias foram detectadas nas duas estações de coleta. O número de esporos variou significativamente entre as fitofisionomias, e os maiores valores foram encontrados em CE e CLA. A maior riqueza específica foi detectada em CC (25 espécies) seguida de VB e CE com 22 e 21 espécies, respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo sugeriram que a diversidade dos FMA está relacionada com a heterogeneidade existente entre as fitofisionomias, e que características químicas do solo têm influência na estruturação das comunidades desses fungos. Considerando que o bioma Pantanal é um dos ecossistemas mais conservado do planeta, o levantamento de ocorrência de FMA realizado neste trabalho forneceu informações importantes para melhor conhecimento da biodiversidade das fitofisionomias do Pantanal da Nhecolândia.

Self-dynamic structure factor of dense liquids: Theory and simulation

The self-intermediate dynamic structure factor Fs(k,t) of liquid lithium near the melting temperature is calculated by molecular dynamics. The results are compared with the predictions of several theoretical approaches, paying special attention to the Lovesey model and the Wahnstrm and Sjgren mode-coupling theory. To this end the results for the Fs(k,t) second memory function predicted by both models are compared with the ones calculated from the simulations.

Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil for Low-Volume Bridge Abutments, January 2012

This report presents a review of literature on geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutments, and test results and analysis from two field demonstration projects (Bridge 1 and Bridge 2) conducted in Buchanan County, Iowa, to evaluate the feasibility and cost effectiveness of the use of GRS bridge abutments on low-volume roads (LVRs). The two projects included GRS abutment substructures and railroad flat car (RRFC) bridge superstructures. The construction costs varied from $43k to $49k, which was about 50 to 60% lower than the expected costs for building a conventional bridge. Settlement monitoring at both bridges indicated maximum settlements ≤1 in. and differential settlements ≤ 0.2 in transversely at each abutment, during the monitoring phase. Laboratory testing on GRS fill material, field testing, and in ground instrumentation, abutment settlement monitoring, and bridge live load (LL) testing were conducted on Bridge 2. Laboratory test results indicated that shear strength parameters and permanent deformation behavior of granular fill material improved when reinforced with geosynthetic, due to lateral restraint effect at the soilgeosynthetic interface. Bridge LL testing under static loads indicated maximum deflections close to 0.9 in and non-uniform deflections transversely across the bridge due to poor load transfer between RRFCs. The ratio of horizontal to vertical stresses in the GRS fill was low (< 0.25), indicating low lateral stress on the soil surrounding GRS fill material. Bearing capacity analysis at Bridge 2 indicated lower than recommended factor of safety (FS) values due to low ultimate reinforcement strength of the geosynthetic material used in this study and a relatively weak underlying foundation layer. Global stability analysis of the GRS abutment structure revealed a lower FS than recommended against sliding failure along the interface of the GRS fill material and the underlying weak foundation layer. Design and construction recommendations to help improve the stability and performance of the GRS abutment structures on future projects, and recommendations for future research are provided in this report.

Statistical properties of new neutrality tests against population growth.

A number of statistical tests for detecting population growth are described. We compared the statistical power of these tests with that of others available in the literature. The tests evaluated fall into three categories: those tests based on the distribution of the mutation frequencies, on the haplotype distribution, and on the mismatch distribution. We found that, for an extensive variety of cases, the most powerful tests for detecting population growth are Fu"s FS test and the newly developed R2 test. The behavior of the R2 test is superior for small sample sizes, whereas FS is better for large sample sizes. We also show that some popular statistics based on the mismatch distribution are very conservative. Key words: population growth, population expansion, coalescent simulations, neutrality tests

The use of heterogeneous chemistry for the characterization of functional groups at the gas/particle interface of soot and TiO(2) nanoparticles

Six gases (N((CH3)3), NH2OH, CF3COOH, HCl, NO2, O3) were selected to probe the surface of seven combustion aerosol (amorphous carbon, flame soot) and three types of TiO2 nanoparticles using heterogeneous, that is gas-surface reactions. The gas uptake to saturation of the probes was measured under molecular flow conditions in a Knudsen flow reactor and expressed as a density of surface functional groups on a particular aerosol, namely acidic (carboxylic) and basic (conjugated oxides such as pyrones, N-heterocycles) sites, carbonyl (R1-C(O)-R2) and oxidizable (olefinic, -OH) groups. The limit of detection was generally well below 1% of a formal monolayer of adsorbed probe gas. With few exceptions most investigated aerosol samples interacted with all probe gases which points to the coexistence of different functional groups on the same aerosol surface such as acidic and basic groups. Generally, the carbonaceous particles displayed significant differences in surface group density: Printex 60 amorphous carbon had the lowest density of surface functional groups throughout, whereas Diesel soot recovered from a Diesel particulate filter had the largest. The presence of basic oxides on carbonaceous aerosol particles was inferred from the ratio of uptakes of CF3COOH and HCl owing to the larger stability of the acetate compared to the chloride counterion in the resulting pyrylium salt. Both soots generated from a rich and a lean hexane diffusion flame had a large density of oxidizable groups similar to amorphous carbon FS 101. TiO2 15 had the lowest density of functional groups among the three studied TiO2 nanoparticles for all probe gases despite the smallest size of its primary particles. The used technique enabled the measurement of the uptake probability of the probe gases on the various supported aerosol samples. The initial uptake probability, g0, of the probe gas onto the supported nanoparticles differed significantly among the various investigated aerosol samples but was roughly correlated with the density of surface groups, as expected. [Authors]

Athletic injuries of the extensor carpi ulnaris subsheath: MRI findings and utility of gadolinium-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination.

OBJECTIVE: To report the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in athletic injuries of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) subsheath, assessing the utility of gadolinium-enhanced (Gd) fat-saturated (FS) T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination. METHODS: Sixteen patients (13 male, three female; mean age 30.3 years) with athletic injuries of the ECU subsheath sustained between January 2003 and June 2009 were included in this retrospective study. Initial and follow-up 1.5-T wrist MRIs were performed with transverse T1-weighted and STIR sequences in pronation, and Gd FS T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination. Two radiologists assessed the type of injury (A to C), ECU tendon stability, associated lesions and rated pulse sequences using a three-point scale: 1=poor, 2=good and 3=excellent. RESULTS: Gd-enhanced FS T1-weighted transverse sequences in supination (2.63) and pronation (2.56) were most valuable, compared with STIR (2.19) and T1-weighted (1.94). Nine type A, one type B and six type C injuries were found. There were trends towards diminution in size, signal intensity and enhancement of associated pouches on follow-up MRI and tendon stabilisation within the ulnar groove. CONCLUSION: Gd-enhanced FS T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination are most valuable in assessing and follow-up athletic injuries of the ECU subsheath on 1.5-T MRI.