Otimização de solução extrativa e desenvolvimento tecnológico de produto seco por aspersão de Psidium guajava L.

The increasing in the consumption of plant medicine by parts of the population generated a bigger need for studies. Drug substitutions, changes and adulterations at the production techniques are common places at plant-originated drugs trade, leading governmental departments of drug control round the world to adopt many analytical practices to medicinal plants. However, agronomic and technological issues cause characteristics and chemical composition variation at the drug, problem to be solved by the subject researchers. The present work aims to obtain a spray dried extract from a extractive solution obtained from Psidium guajava L. leaves based in book references that stress the intermediate dosage forms advantages. It also tries to validate useful methodologies for the quality control for both raw material and its derivates. Using eight sets of the spray dried extract (with Eudragit®, Aerosil ® e Avicel PH101 ® as drying adjuvants), the study proposes analytical methods using techniques commonly performed to plant medicines and its intermediate forms. As results, a viable spray-dried extract was obtained from a standartized extract solution. Among the studied adjuvants, the combination Aerosil ® with Eudragit ® showed the drying outcome, rheology, humidity and tannin content values that best fitted the demands of the Brazilian Pharmacopaea

Avaliação do sistema conservante em formulação com extrato hidroalcóolico de schinus terebinthifolius raddi nacardiaceae

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is used in the treatment of skin and mucosal injuries, infections of respiratory, digestive and genitourinary systems. Currently one of the biggest problems faced for the industry of phytopharmaceuticals with regard to the quality of raw materials is the microbial contamination. The aim this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of the hidroalcoholic extract of aroeira, beyond testing the effectiveness of the preservative system in hidrogel to the base of this extract. The extracts were prepared by maceration in the ratio of 1:10 of solvent plant/with alcohol 40%. The methods for microbial count were pour plate and test for specific microorganisms, analyzing in third copy each one of the samples. The antimicrobial activity of aroeira extracts was performed using an agar diffusion method, using strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, T. rubrum, M. gypseum, A. flavus and A. niger. The formula with aroeira was evaluated by the challenge test. This method consisted of artificial contamination the sample with separate inóculos of A. niger, C. albicans, E. coli e S. aureus aeruginosa and determinations of survivors for the method of counting for pour plate , during times 0, 24h, 48h, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. How much to the results, one verified that the extract of aroeira in the 13,5 concentration mg/mL presented antimicrobial activity for cepas of E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa e S. aureus, producing inhibition zone, on average with 13 mm of diameter. However it did not present no fungi activity. The formula with aroeira containig both methylparaben and propylparaben showed a good efficacy in challenge test front to strains of A. niger, C. albicans, E. coli, S. aureus. The A criteria of European Pharmacopoeia, adopted in this work, was verified that this product revealed the good preservative efficacy for the challenge test, time interval of the 28 days. However, it is interesting to extend this study, in order to carry through the sped up stability and the test of shelf, to establish the validity of this formularization

Desempenho de Lecanicillium lecanii em meios de cultura contendo vitaminas e concentrações de extrato de levedura

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Identificação dos princípios ativos presentes no extrato etanólico de cereus jamacaru e avaliação em ratos dos possíveis efeitos tóxicos e/ou comportamentais da exposição prolongada

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Avaliação in vitro e in vivo da Atividade Antioxidante do Extrato Hidroetanólico de Folhas de Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae)

Recently, it has been a increasing interest in the antioxidative role of natural products to aid the endogenous protective biological systems against the deleterious effects of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) reactive species. Many antioxidant compounds, naturally occurring from plant sources. Natural antioxidants can protect and prevent the human body from oxidative stress and retard the progress of many diseases in which free radical are involved. Several plants used in the folk medicine to treat certain disorders that are accompanied by inflammation and other pharmacological properties have been proved their attributed properties, such antioxidant activity. Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae), frequently employed by population as a medicinal plant, demonstrated antioxidant activity by in vitro and in vivo assays, using its leaf hydroethanolic extract (10%) he in vitro DPPH radical-scanvenging activity showed a strong antioxidant activity (86.57% ± 0.14), similar to Carduus marianus and catequine effects. For the in vivo assays, adult female Wistar rats (n=48) with carbon tetrachloride hepatic injury induced (2,5mL/kg i.p.) were used, Six groups or rats were uses (n=8) [G1 = control (1,25 mL/kg i.p. vehicle); G2 = CCl4 (2,5 mL/kg i.p.); G3 = CCl4 + extract 7 days (500 mg/kg p.o.); G4 = CCl4 + Legalon® 7 days (50 mg/kg p.o.), G5 = CCl4 + extract 21 days (500 mg/kg p.o.) e G6 = CCl4 + Legalon® 21 days (50 mg/kg p.o.)]. The hepatic oxidative injury was evaluated through biochemical parameters [alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST)] histopathological study, while thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBAR), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were used to evaluate proantioxidant parameters. The plant extract tested was found effective as hepatoprotective as evidenced by a decreasing in the ALT and AST activities (p<0.001) and TBAR (plasma, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001). Levels of GSH (blood, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001) and antioxidant enzymes [CAT erythrocyte (p<0.05) and hepatic (p<0.01); SOD erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001); GPx erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001)] were also significantly increased. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were significantly reduced by the extract treatment. The data obtained were comparable to that of Legalon®, a reference hepatoprotective drug. The results showed that T. ulmifolia leaf extract protects against CCl4 induced oxidative damage. Therefore, this effect must be associated to its antioxidant activity, attributed to the phenolic compounds, present in these extract, which can act as free radical scavengers

Caracterização e quantificação de marcadores químicos do extrato hidroetanólico das folhas de Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess

Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess (Crassulaceae), commonly known as saião , coirama branca , folha grossa , is originally from Brazil and commonly found in São Paulo to Bahia, mainly in the coastal zone. Regarding of biological activities, most preclinical studies were found in the literature, mainly about the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts obtained from leaves and / or aerial parts of K. brasiliensis. As regards the chemical constitution, it has been reported mainly the presence of flavonoids in the leaves of the species, but until this moment did not knows which are the active compounds. Although it is a species widely used in traditional medicine in Brazil, there is no monograph about the quality parameters of the plant drug. In this context, this study aims to characterize and quantify the chemical markers of hydroethanolic extract (HE) from the leaves of K. brasiliensis, which can be used in quality control of plant drug and derivatives obtained from this species. The methodology was divided into two parts: i. Phytochemical study: to fractionate, isolate and characterizate of the chemical (s) marker (s) of the HE from the leaves of K. brasiliensis; ii. To Developed validate of analytical method by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) to quantify the chemical (s) marker (s) of the EH. i. The EH 50% was prepared by turbo extraction method. It was then submitted to liquid-liquid partition, obtaining dichloromethane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate (AcOEt) fractions. The AcOEt fraction was selected to continue the fractionation process, because it has a chemical profile rich in flavonoids. The acOEt fraction was submitted to column chromatography using different systems for obtaining the compound Kb1. To identify this compound, it was submitted to UV analysis ii. For quantitative analysis, the EH was analyzed by HPLC, using different methods. After selecting the most appropriate method, which showed satisfactory resolution and symmetrical peaks, it was validated according to parameters in the RE 899/2003. As result, it was obtained from the AcOEt fraction the compound Kb1 (2.7 mg). Until this moment, the basic nucleus was characterized by UV analysis using shift reagents. The partial chemical structure of the compound Kb1 was identified as a flavonol, containing hydroxyls in 3 , 4 position (ring A), 5 and 7 free (ring B) and a replacement of the C3 hydroxyl by a sugar. As the analysis were performed in the HPLC coupled to a DAD, we observed that the UV spectrum of the major peaks of EH from K. brasiliensis shown similar UV spectrum. According to the literature, it has been reported the presence of patuletin glycosydes derivatives in the leaves of this species. Therefore, it is suggested that the compound Kb1 is glycosylated patuletin derivative. Probably the sugar (s) unit(s) are linked in the C3 in the C ring. . Regarding the development of HPLC analytical method, the system used consists of phase A: water: formic acid (99,7:0,3, v / v) and phase B: methanol: formic acid (99,7:0,3, v / v), elution gradient of 40% B - 58% B in 50 minutes, ccolumn (Hichrom ®) C18 (250x4, 0 mm, 5 μm), flow rate 0.8 mL / min, UV detection at 370 nm, temperature 25 ° C. In the analysis performed with the co-injection of thecompound Kb1 + HE of K. brasiliensis was observed that it is one of the major compounds with a retention time of 12.47 minutes and had a content of 15.3% in EH of leaves from K. brasiliensis. The method proved to be linear, precise, accurate and reproducible. According to these results, it was observed that compound Kb1 can be used as a chemical marker of EH from leaves of K. brasiliensis, to assist in quality control of drug plant and its derivatives

Avaliação dos efeitos de um extrato bruto de cianobactérias contendo microcistinas sobre o desempenho reprodutivo e a embriofetotoxicidade de ratos

The presence of cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs intended for supply to the population can create public health problems for many species could produce potentially toxic compounds and these are not eliminated in the conventional procedures used in water treatment plants. So even in amounts less than the maximum allowable limit imposed by MS, cyanotoxins can be present in drinking water distributed to the population, creating a chronic exposure. There is little information about the long-term effects of oral exposure to cyanotoxins. This work aimed to show the exposure orally (v.o) of animals to a crude extract of cyanobacteria containing cyanotoxins to evaluate the reproductive performance of pregnant rats and their offspring and fertility of male rats. The presence of microcystins (MCs) in samples collected during the flowering processes in freshwater reservoirs in the Rio Grande do Norte, was analyzed by enzyme immunoassay and its variants have been identified and quantified by chromatographic methods. It was observed that by administration v.o. cyanobacterial extract containing MCs (40, 100 or 250 ng of MCs / kg / day) did not cause systemic toxicity in adult rats or effect on reproductive performance of male and female rats treated. It was also not observed any changes in skeletal study in the offspring of pregnant rats treated with the extract above. Because the solutions used contained MCs in a concentration equal to or greater than the tolerable daily intake for MCs, the results suggest, therefore, that the development of this work contributed to better assess public health risk as the oral exposure to cyanotoxins, increasing thus the credibility of the maximum allowable limit (LMP) of MCs in drinking water distributed to the population of several countries that use the LMP established by WHO in its legislation

Características genotípicas e fenotípicas de Candida Albicans isoladas da cavidade bucal de pacientes transplantados renais com ênfase na ação do extrato bruto de Eugenia uniflora em fatores de virulência

Candida albicans is a diploid yeast that in some circumstances may cause oral or oropharyngeal infections. The investigation of natural products is mandatory for the discovery of new targets for antifungal drugs development. This study aimed to determine the genotypes of 48 clinical isolates of C. albicans obtained from the oral cavity of kidney transplant patients from two distinct geographic regions of Brazil. In addition, we investigated three virulence factors in vitro: phospholipase activity, morphogenesis and the ability to evade from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The expression of these virulence factors in vitro was also investigated in the presence of the crude extract of Eugenia uniflora. The genotype A was the most prevalent (30 isolates; 62.5%), followed by genotype C (15 isolates; 31.5%) and genotype B (3 isolates; 6.25%). When microsatellite technique with primer M13 was applied, 80% of the isolates from the South were placed within the same cluster. All Genotype C strains were grouped together within two different clusters. Genotype C was considered more resistant to PMNs attack than genotypes A and B. Strains isolated from the South of Brazil showed higher ability to combat PMNs phagocytosis. We found a high rate of genotype C strains isolated from the oral cavity of this group of patients. The crude extract of E. uniflora inhibited proper hypha formation and phagocytosis by PMNs, but had no significant effect on phospholipase activity. This study characterized oral C. albicans strains isolated from kidney transplant recipients and will contribute for the better understanding of the pathogenesis and alternative therapeutics for oral candidiasis

Avaliação da composição química, atividade antioxidante, antibacteriana, antinoceptiva, antiinflamatória e toxicidade do extrato metanólico e frações de folhas de Spondias sp. (Anacardiaceae)

Spondias sp. (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as cajá-umbu, is an endemic plant from Northeastern Brazil, where their leaves are widely used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory processes, while their fruits have a great agro industrial potential. This study was designed to evaluate hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the acute toxicity and repeated dose 28, using a methanolic extract (MES), a fraction rich in flavonoids (FRF) and a precipitate from Spondias sp.leaves. The antioxidant activity of them was valued to evaluate their free radical scavenger capacity by DPPH test, whereas MES and FRF were used to evaluate while the preventive action on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. Seven groups (n=5) of female Wistar rats were used as follows: control group, CCl4-intoxicated group treated with EMS (500 mg/kg) for 7 days, three CCl4-intoxicated groups treated with FRF (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) for 7 days and the CCl4-intoxicated group treated with Legalon ® (silimarina; (phytotherapeutic reference) (50 mg/kg; 7 days). MES and FRF showed a protective action against liver injury induced by CCl4, being observed a significant reduction of serum enzyme activity marker of liver damage (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase). On the other hand, the lipid peroxidation (SRAT) decrease, as well as the increase of glutathione content and enzyme activity of antioxidant defense system (SOD, CAT, GPx) toward near normal values indicated the ability of EMS to restore the oxidative imbalance induced by CCl4. The histological analysis confirmed the hepatoprotection, compared to degenerative changes in CCl4-treated group. This hepatoprotetor effect was similar to that shown by Legalon®. The in vitro high antioxidant capacity of extract (93.16 ± 1.00%) showed analogous results to those obtained by Carduus marianus BHT (reference standard). This fact explains the obtained results in vivo. Although no antimicrobial activity was detected, EMS and FRF promoted the antinociceptive effect induced in the second phase by the intraplantar formalin test, evidencing the anti-inflammatory action; confirmed by the carrageenan-induced peritonitis model. The evaluation of the mechanical allodynia (CFA a 80%) demonstrated the involvement of the Spondias sp. chemical composition in the anti-inflammatory activity toward the acute processes. The acute exposure and repeated dose during 28 days did not produce significant changes in the parameters that evaluate toxicity. Together the experimental results reveal, that Spondias sp. leaf extracts have a promising potential in pharmaceutical area, and due to its non-toxic condition present efficiency and security

Caracterização dos marcadores químicos e avaliação de atividades biológicas do extrato de Spondias mombim

Spondias mombin is a fruitful species dispersed in tropical regions of America, Africa and Asia. In Brazil, the species can be found mainly in the northern and northeastern regions. Scarce chemical and pharmacological studies have been reported for S. mombin and until this moment studies about chemical markers were not developed. In this context, the aims of this study were to characterize the chemical markers from S. mombin leaves and evaluate their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials. The chemical profile of the hydroethanolic extract from S. mombin leaves analyzed by HPLC-DAD, through a validated method, allowed the identification and quantification of ellagic acid and chlorogenic acid. This extract showed anti-inflammatory potential in acute peritonitis model induced by carrageenan. The hydroethanolic extract from S. mombin leaves was subjected to a liquid-liquid partition with the solvents: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Regarding the anti-inflammatory potential of the fractions obtained they were active; however, ethyl acetate fraction at 200 mg/kg showed highlighted results. The compounds ellagic acid and chlorogenic acid also inhibited the leukocyte migration to the site of inflammation at 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg. The hydroethanolic extract, fractions and the chemical markers showed significant antioxidant potential when evaluated in different assays: DPPH Free-Radical Scavenging, Superoxide Radical Scavenging, Hydroxyl Radicals Scavenging and Reducing Power. Taken together our results showed that hydroethanolic extract of S. mombin leaves has ellagic acid and chlorogenic acid as bioactive markers and it demonstrated antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties besides no cytotoxicity against 3T3 cells. It enables us to suggest S. mombin as an important species to develop herbal drugs

Eficácia do paration metílico e do extrato aquoso de folhas secas de nim no controle de anacanthorus penilabiatus (monogenoidea) em pacu (piaractus mesopotamicus)

This work determined the efficacy of the insecticide methyl parathion and the natural pesticide azadirachtin present in the aqueous extract of dry neem leaves (AEDNL) to Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenoidea) control in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). The efficacy of methyl parathion was evaluated in an experiment consisting of six treatments (0.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 mg methyl parathion/L water) and five exposure times (2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h). The efficacy of azadirachtin present in AEDNL was assessed in an experiment consisting of seven treatments (0,0; 25; 50; 75; 100; 125; e 150 mL/L water) and five exposure times (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h). The efficacy of methyl parathion increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. The highest control efficacy was obtained with a concentration of 7 mg methyl parathion/L at all exposure times. In this treatment, the highest efficacies were observed at 16 and 24 h of exposure, with a control rate of 96.2 and 97.0%, respectively. For the AEDNL, the highest control efficacy (89.2%) was obtained with a concentration of 2.9 mg/L after 120 h of exposure. The efficacy in the treatments employing 1.47 and 1.18 mg/L was 83.9 and 82.5%, respectively, after 120 h of exposure. Methyl parathion presented a higher efficacy in the control of A. penilabiatus than the AEDNL. The AEDNL was moderately effective in the control of the parasite.

Ação de diferentes preparações de extrato pirolenhoso sobre Brevipalpus phoenicis (GEIJSKES)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a forma de ação de duas preparações de extrato pirolenhoso aplicadas diretamente sobre Brevipalpus phoenicis, que é o ácaro vetor da leprose dos citros, um dos principais problemas da citricultura Paulista. Para o experimento, foram utilizados ácaros adultos mantidos numa criação-estoque no laboratório de Acarologia da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, em Jaboticabal-SP. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas diferentes preparações (destilado e decantado) de extrato pirolenhoso de eucalipto nas proporções EP:água de 1:600; 1:300 (normalmente recomendadas); 1:150; 1:75; 1:38; 1:19 e de água (testemunha), com 7 repetições. Cada parcela foi constituída de 10 ácaros mantidos sobre um fruto de laranja, em arena de 2,5 cm de diâmetro, delimitada com cola adesiva tipo Tanglefoot®. As aplicações foram efetuadas em Torre de Potter, pulverizando-se 2 mL por fruto das soluções correspondentes aos diferentes tratamentos. Os frutos foram mantidos em sala climatizada a 27±1ºC, e as avaliações foram realizadas 24 e 48 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos, determinando-se o número de ácaros mortos (mortalidade) e retidos na barreira adesiva (repelência). Os dois tipos de extrato pirolenhoso testados não apresentaram repelência significativa sobre Brevipalpus phoenicis; ambos induziram mortalidade significativa somente para concentrações acima de 1:150, com efeito mais pronunciado para o destilado; há um aumento na mortalidade de 24 para 48 horas após a aplicação; a ação protetora preconizada pela aplicação de baixas doses (1:300 a 1:600) nas plantas não é devida à mortalidade e repelência pelo contato direto do extrato pirolenhoso sobre os ácaros.

Exigências nutricionais de caprinos da raça alpina em crescimento. 2. composição corporal e do ganho em peso em proteína, extrato etéreo, energia, cálcio e fósforo

This experiment was conducted to estimate the body composition and the composition of the weight gain of energy, protein, calcium and phosphorus of kid goals in the growing phase. Fifteen four-month-old male kid goats, average live weight of 20 kg and fed an isocaloric and isoproteic diet with an increased level of calcium, were used. The experimental period was 27 days. The animals were slaughtered to determine the body composition and estimate the body content of energy, protein, ether extract, calcium, and phosphorus. The average values for the body composition were, respectively: water, 64.88%; protein, 15.22%; ether extract 14.17%; energy, 2.40 Mcal/kg as fed; calcium, .79%; and phosphorus, .54%. The values for the composition of live weight gain for 18 and 26 kg of live weight were: protein, 168.15 and 183.12 g; ether extract 83.47 and 67.71 g; energy, 1.80 and 1.63 Mcal/kg as fed; calcium, 6995.36 and 6579.02 mg; and phosphorus, 5860.95 and 6427.16 mg, respectively.

Degradação in situ da matéria seca e da fração fibrosa do capim marandu obtido por diferentes métodos de amostragem, no período seco do ano

Este trabalho foi realizado na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias Veterinárias - Unesp - Jaboticabal e foi conduzido, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do método de amostragem do pasto sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca e da fração fibrosa de capim Marandu, colhido no período seco dos anos de 2003 e 2005. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcela subdividida, com três repetições, representadas pelos piquetes amostrados. Nas parcelas, foram avaliados cinco métodos de amostragens de forragem (método do quadrado metálico; método de avaliação através de extrusa de bovino da raça Nelore; método de avaliação por meio de extrusa de bovino Cruzado (Red Angus x Nelore); método de avaliação por meio do pastejo, simulando bovino da raça Nelore; método de avaliação por meio do pastejo, simulando bovino Cruzado (Red Angus x Nelore) e as subparcelas foram constituídas pelos anos de amostragem, 2003 e 2005. Foram determinadas as frações da cinética ruminal: solúvel A; insolúvel potencialmente degradável B; taxa de degradação Kd; degradação potencial (DP) e fração não degradável C da MS e degradação potencial (DP), fração não degradável C e taxa de degradação Kd da FDN e da FDA. de acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se que o método do quadrado metálico subestimou as características da degradação do capim. Os métodos do pastejo simulado se assemelharam muito ao das extrusas, no entanto, a prática do simulador é que assegurou a amostragem eficiente, conforme foi constatado pelos dados obtidos no ano de 2003 e 2005.

Digestibilidade do extrato de leveduras em frangos de corte

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)