Otimização do sistema de supervisão e controle de uma planta de tratamento de resíduos utilizando plasma

A major and growing problems faced by modern society is the high production of waste and related effects they produce, such as environmental degradation and pollution of various ecosystems, with direct effects on quality of life. The thermal treatment technologies have been widely used in the treatment of these wastes and thermal plasma is gaining importance in processing blanketing. This work is focused on developing an optimized system of supervision and control applied to a processing plant and petrochemical waste effluents using thermal plasma. The system is basically composed of a inductive plasma torch reactors washing system / exhaust gases and RF power used to generate plasma. The process of supervision and control of the plant is of paramount importance in the development of the ultimate goal. For this reason, various subsidies were created in the search for greater efficiency in the process, generating events, graphics / distribution and storage of data for each subsystem of the plant, process execution, control and 3D visualization of each subsystem of the plant between others. A communication platform between the virtual 3D plant architecture and a real control structure (hardware) was created. The goal is to use the concepts of mixed reality and develop strategies for different types of controls that allow manipulating 3D plant without restrictions and schedules, optimize the actual process. Studies have shown that one of the best ways to implement the control of generation inductively coupled plasma techniques is to use intelligent control, both for their efficiency in the results is low for its implementation, without requiring a specific model. The control strategy using Fuzzy Logic (Fuzzy-PI) was developed and implemented, and the results showed satisfactory condition on response time and viability

Análise fitoquímica e avaliação das atividades anti-inflamatória, antipeçonhenta e citotóxica de extratos aquosos de Aspidosperma pyrifolium e Ipomoea asarifolia

Envenomation caused by venomous animals, mainly scorpions and snakes, are a serious matter of public health. Tityus serrulatus is considered the most venomous scorpion in South America because of the high level of toxicity of its venom. It is responsible for causing serious accidents, mainly with kids. The species Bothrops jararaca is a serpent that has in its venom a complex mixture of enzyme, peptides and other molecules. The toxins of the venom of B. jararaca induce local and systemic inflammatory responses. The treatment chosen to serious cases of envenomation is the intravenous administration of the specific antivenom. However, the treatment is not always accessible to those residents in rural areas, so that they use medicinal plant extracts as the treatment. In this context, aqueous extracts, fractions and isolated compounds of Aspidosperma pyrifolium (pereiro) and Ipomoea asarifolia (salsa, salsa-brava), used in popular medicine, were studied in this research to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity in the peritonitis models induced by carrageenan and peritonitis induced by the venom of the T. serrulatus (VTs), and in the local oedema model and inflammatory infiltrate induced by the venom of the B. jararaca, administrated intravenously. The results of the assays of cytotoxicity, using the MTT, showed that the aqueous extracts from the plant species presented low toxicity to the cells that came from the fibroblast of the mouse embryo (3T3).The chemical analysis of the extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography revealed the presence of the rutin flavonoid, in A. pyrifoliu, and rutin, clorogenic acid and caffeic acid, in I. asarifolia. Concerning the pharmacological evaluation, the results showed that the pre-treatment using aqueous extracts and fractions reduced the total leukocyte migration to the abdominal cavity in the peritonitis model caused by the carrageenan and in the peritonitis model induced by the T. serulatus venom. Yet, these groups presented anti-oedematous activity, in the local oedema model caused by the venom of the B. jararaca, and reduced the inflammatory infiltrate to the muscle. The serum (anti-arachnid and anti-bothropic) specific to each venom acted inhibiting the inflammatory action of the venoms and were used as control. The compounds identified in the extracts were also tested and, similar to the plant extracts, showed meaningful anti-inflammatory effects, in the tested doses. Thus, these results are indicating the potential anti-inflammatory activity of the plants studied. This is the first research that evaluated the possible biological effects of the A. pyrifolium and I. asarifolia, showing the biological potential that these species have.

Segurança do paciente em terapia intensiva neonatal: identificação e análise de eventos adversos

The patient safety is a major concern in health services for its global dimension, as evidenced by the fragility of care processes that predispose an occurrence of adverse events. These events in a neonatal intensive care unit are considered serious and hazardous to lives of newborns. The present study aimed to identify and analyze adverse events in a neonatal intensive care unit based in Trigger Tool. It is an epidemiological, cross-sectional , exploratory, retrospective study with quantitative, descriptive and analytical approach, performed in 2015 at a school hospital. The sample was not probabilistic, involving 116 newborns who met the eligibility criteria. Data collection was performed by retrospective review of medical records, using a specific kind of "trigger" instrument, composed of sentinel events in neonatology, adapted from the American model used by the Vermont-Oxford Network. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The chi-square test for linear trend was used to assess the associations between the variables of interest. The research received a favorable agreement from Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, under number 1055533, and Presentation Certificate for Ethics Assessment 43894515.6.0000.5537. The results show among investigated newborns, 110 experienced at least one adverse event during their stay, with a total of 391 medical records analyzed and rate of 3.37 events per patient. Prevailed the preterm newborns with low birth weight, from mother who had hypertensive diseases during pregnancy and urinary tract infection. The average hospitalization time was 25 days, associated with hospital-acquired infections events (p = 0.01). Among the identified adverse events stood out the events related to thermoregulation disorders (39.0%), with prevalence of hypothermia (26.0%), followed by health care-related infections (16.4%) and blood glucose disorders, hypoglycemia (9.00%) and hyperglycemia (6.64%). Most of these incidents were classified in categories E and F, which represents that there was damage small proportion. Due to these damages come from the care practice with newborn, 78% were classified as avoidable. There was statistically significant association between the variable birth weight with infections (p = 0.006) as well as peri/intraventricular bleeding (p = 0.02), hypoglycemia (p = 0.021), hyperglycemia (p = 0.001), hyperthermia (p = 0.39) and death (p=0,02). Gestational age was associated with seizures (p = 0.002), hyperglycemia (p=0.017) e hyperthermia (p=0.027). The security institution culture was reported by the health workers as intermediate, even though the number of adverse events found in only one unit of service indicates that there is much to be done. Thus the high rate of adverse events identified in the neonatal intensive care unit reinforces the necessity to elaborate specific preventive strategies for this risk environment.

Segurança do paciente em terapia intensiva neonatal: identificação e análise de eventos adversos

The patient safety is a major concern in health services for its global dimension, as evidenced by the fragility of care processes that predispose an occurrence of adverse events. These events in a neonatal intensive care unit are considered serious and hazardous to lives of newborns. The present study aimed to identify and analyze adverse events in a neonatal intensive care unit based in Trigger Tool. It is an epidemiological, cross-sectional , exploratory, retrospective study with quantitative, descriptive and analytical approach, performed in 2015 at a school hospital. The sample was not probabilistic, involving 116 newborns who met the eligibility criteria. Data collection was performed by retrospective review of medical records, using a specific kind of "trigger" instrument, composed of sentinel events in neonatology, adapted from the American model used by the Vermont-Oxford Network. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The chi-square test for linear trend was used to assess the associations between the variables of interest. The research received a favorable agreement from Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, under number 1055533, and Presentation Certificate for Ethics Assessment 43894515.6.0000.5537. The results show among investigated newborns, 110 experienced at least one adverse event during their stay, with a total of 391 medical records analyzed and rate of 3.37 events per patient. Prevailed the preterm newborns with low birth weight, from mother who had hypertensive diseases during pregnancy and urinary tract infection. The average hospitalization time was 25 days, associated with hospital-acquired infections events (p = 0.01). Among the identified adverse events stood out the events related to thermoregulation disorders (39.0%), with prevalence of hypothermia (26.0%), followed by health care-related infections (16.4%) and blood glucose disorders, hypoglycemia (9.00%) and hyperglycemia (6.64%). Most of these incidents were classified in categories E and F, which represents that there was damage small proportion. Due to these damages come from the care practice with newborn, 78% were classified as avoidable. There was statistically significant association between the variable birth weight with infections (p = 0.006) as well as peri/intraventricular bleeding (p = 0.02), hypoglycemia (p = 0.021), hyperglycemia (p = 0.001), hyperthermia (p = 0.39) and death (p=0,02). Gestational age was associated with seizures (p = 0.002), hyperglycemia (p=0.017) e hyperthermia (p=0.027). The security institution culture was reported by the health workers as intermediate, even though the number of adverse events found in only one unit of service indicates that there is much to be done. Thus the high rate of adverse events identified in the neonatal intensive care unit reinforces the necessity to elaborate specific preventive strategies for this risk environment.

Capacidades estatais para implementação de políticas públicas em ambientes federativos: o caso do Programa Bolsa Família

This thesis aims to understand the extent to which state capacities of state governments explain the effectiveness of the implementation of Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) in the Northeast, adopting the implementation of the theory as the main theoretical lens and more specifically the concept of state capacity. Methodologically is a study of public policy evaluation, and categorized as a process of evaluation study or implementation. Given the specificity of the object is classified as a multi case study research covering the states of Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia. In addition to using secondary data, the study used semi-structured interviews with members of Intersectoral Committees responsible for the actions of PBF and the Cadastro Único at the state level, composed of representatives of the areas of the state government of Social Welfare, Education and Health. the main findings related to technical and administrative capacities and policies were found: infrastructure with weakness in human resources, technological and financial resources; intra-governmental coordination with boundaries between PBF and Unified Social Assistance System , and the actions of conditionality of health and Health Unic System Basic Attention; intergovernmental coordination carried out mostly by the distance limitations of displacement and incipient regional decentralization of actions; based monitoring in the municipalities of lower performance and from the parameters placed by the federal government and political capacities; representative political system is hardly accessed by instances of program management; minor social participation and low articulation with related issues advice to PBF; audit control by any outside agencies. The thesis concludes that depending on the capabilities found implementing weaknesses are not unique to the program's actions, but from the very institutional capacity of the systems in which it operates that are the Unified Social Assistance System, the Health Unic System and the Educational System. In other words limitations of their own state capacities of the state governments and the municipal governments of each territory, such as quantitative insufficiency and qualification of human resources, financial and institutional resources, lack instance promoting decentralization (Intergovernmental and intra-governmental) as well the weakness or absence of a network of local social services are also factors that explain the program management performance and state capabilities of arrangements formed by states and municipalities in the PBF, only to partially deal with the complexity of joints involving Implementation of the program with regard to inter and intra-governmental action.

Capacidades estatais para implementação de políticas públicas em ambientes federativos: o caso do Programa Bolsa Família

This thesis aims to understand the extent to which state capacities of state governments explain the effectiveness of the implementation of Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) in the Northeast, adopting the implementation of the theory as the main theoretical lens and more specifically the concept of state capacity. Methodologically is a study of public policy evaluation, and categorized as a process of evaluation study or implementation. Given the specificity of the object is classified as a multi case study research covering the states of Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia. In addition to using secondary data, the study used semi-structured interviews with members of Intersectoral Committees responsible for the actions of PBF and the Cadastro Único at the state level, composed of representatives of the areas of the state government of Social Welfare, Education and Health. the main findings related to technical and administrative capacities and policies were found: infrastructure with weakness in human resources, technological and financial resources; intra-governmental coordination with boundaries between PBF and Unified Social Assistance System , and the actions of conditionality of health and Health Unic System Basic Attention; intergovernmental coordination carried out mostly by the distance limitations of displacement and incipient regional decentralization of actions; based monitoring in the municipalities of lower performance and from the parameters placed by the federal government and political capacities; representative political system is hardly accessed by instances of program management; minor social participation and low articulation with related issues advice to PBF; audit control by any outside agencies. The thesis concludes that depending on the capabilities found implementing weaknesses are not unique to the program's actions, but from the very institutional capacity of the systems in which it operates that are the Unified Social Assistance System, the Health Unic System and the Educational System. In other words limitations of their own state capacities of the state governments and the municipal governments of each territory, such as quantitative insufficiency and qualification of human resources, financial and institutional resources, lack instance promoting decentralization (Intergovernmental and intra-governmental) as well the weakness or absence of a network of local social services are also factors that explain the program management performance and state capabilities of arrangements formed by states and municipalities in the PBF, only to partially deal with the complexity of joints involving Implementation of the program with regard to inter and intra-governmental action.

Tensiones y paradojas sobre Discapacidad y Educación. Avances de una investigación

Este trabajo presenta los avances de la investigación del Proyecto acreditado: Prácticas y Discursos sobre Discapacidad, Cuerpo y Educación. Asentado en Centro de Investigación Cuerpo, Educación y Sociedad (C.I.C.E.S.), dependiente del Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (IdIHCS) - UNLP-CONICET. Los debates presentados al interior del equipo como a través de entrevistas a diferentes actores sociales, nos permite abrir hoy una serie de interrogantes respecto de ciertas tensiones y paradojas presentadas en el transcurso del estudio. La implicancia que en la actualidad tiene la política de inclusión educativa en general con la trayectoria de la educación especial, genera diferentes perspectivas en los discursos y las practicas instituidas e instituyentes en discapacidad. La discapacidad es un concepto construido socialmente sobre el cual todos tenemos alguna idea al respecto, y que habla del modo que se producen los sujetos y grupos en una comunidad en un contexto socio histórico especifico, otorgando significados, interpretando la realidad cotidiana, creando y transformando conocimientos y prácticas. Así, el otorgamiento del significante discapacidad construye un ?sujeto discapacitado?, dando una identidad desde el déficit. En este sentido, las concepciones que los distintos actores sociales tienen sobre la discapacidad no es un elemento menor a la hora de pensar las prácticas educativas, siendo la escuela una histórica constructora de discursos sobre la normalidad y el déficit. El objetivo de este trabajo es mencionar avances con respecto a sentidos y paradojas encontrados en las leyes, circulares, normativas y resoluciones educativas, tanto a nivel nacional como provincial en materia de inclusión. Considerando las mismas como producciones discursivas que promueven, regulan y expresan prácticas

Tensiones y paradojas sobre Discapacidad y Educación. Avances de una investigación

Este trabajo presenta los avances de la investigación del Proyecto acreditado: Prácticas y Discursos sobre Discapacidad, Cuerpo y Educación. Asentado en Centro de Investigación Cuerpo, Educación y Sociedad (C.I.C.E.S.), dependiente del Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (IdIHCS) - UNLP-CONICET. Los debates presentados al interior del equipo como a través de entrevistas a diferentes actores sociales, nos permite abrir hoy una serie de interrogantes respecto de ciertas tensiones y paradojas presentadas en el transcurso del estudio. La implicancia que en la actualidad tiene la política de inclusión educativa en general con la trayectoria de la educación especial, genera diferentes perspectivas en los discursos y las practicas instituidas e instituyentes en discapacidad. La discapacidad es un concepto construido socialmente sobre el cual todos tenemos alguna idea al respecto, y que habla del modo que se producen los sujetos y grupos en una comunidad en un contexto socio histórico especifico, otorgando significados, interpretando la realidad cotidiana, creando y transformando conocimientos y prácticas. Así, el otorgamiento del significante discapacidad construye un ?sujeto discapacitado?, dando una identidad desde el déficit. En este sentido, las concepciones que los distintos actores sociales tienen sobre la discapacidad no es un elemento menor a la hora de pensar las prácticas educativas, siendo la escuela una histórica constructora de discursos sobre la normalidad y el déficit. El objetivo de este trabajo es mencionar avances con respecto a sentidos y paradojas encontrados en las leyes, circulares, normativas y resoluciones educativas, tanto a nivel nacional como provincial en materia de inclusión. Considerando las mismas como producciones discursivas que promueven, regulan y expresan prácticas

Tensiones y paradojas sobre Discapacidad y Educación. Avances de una investigación

Este trabajo presenta los avances de la investigación del Proyecto acreditado: Prácticas y Discursos sobre Discapacidad, Cuerpo y Educación. Asentado en Centro de Investigación Cuerpo, Educación y Sociedad (C.I.C.E.S.), dependiente del Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (IdIHCS) - UNLP-CONICET. Los debates presentados al interior del equipo como a través de entrevistas a diferentes actores sociales, nos permite abrir hoy una serie de interrogantes respecto de ciertas tensiones y paradojas presentadas en el transcurso del estudio. La implicancia que en la actualidad tiene la política de inclusión educativa en general con la trayectoria de la educación especial, genera diferentes perspectivas en los discursos y las practicas instituidas e instituyentes en discapacidad. La discapacidad es un concepto construido socialmente sobre el cual todos tenemos alguna idea al respecto, y que habla del modo que se producen los sujetos y grupos en una comunidad en un contexto socio histórico especifico, otorgando significados, interpretando la realidad cotidiana, creando y transformando conocimientos y prácticas. Así, el otorgamiento del significante discapacidad construye un ?sujeto discapacitado?, dando una identidad desde el déficit. En este sentido, las concepciones que los distintos actores sociales tienen sobre la discapacidad no es un elemento menor a la hora de pensar las prácticas educativas, siendo la escuela una histórica constructora de discursos sobre la normalidad y el déficit. El objetivo de este trabajo es mencionar avances con respecto a sentidos y paradojas encontrados en las leyes, circulares, normativas y resoluciones educativas, tanto a nivel nacional como provincial en materia de inclusión. Considerando las mismas como producciones discursivas que promueven, regulan y expresan prácticas

Edificio prácticos del Puerto de Las Palmas

[ES]Actuación que pretende resolver un problema vigente en el Puerto de Las Palmas, provocado por la restructuración actual del mismo, donde se pretende rehubicar el edificio de los prácticos. Esta rehubicación y nuevo diseño se llevan a cabo en el proyecto, situandolo en un lugar estrategico, donde controlar todo el puerto con una vision de 360º y accesos directos por mar y tierra que lo conectan al edificio. El programa especifico que requiere el diseño idustrial, quedan reflejados, junto con la sensibilidad arquitectonica de un edificio que se convertira en el icono del Puerto de La LUz de LPGC.

Cooperação e competição entre políticas no Brasil: os custos da governabilidade no presidencialismo de coalizão

Public policies have been studied in the various fields of humanities and social sciences, from different theoretical and technical aspects. However, there is still a lack of studies that incorporate the dimension that encompasses the political action and its interference in such actions, also recognizing the importance of the institutional setting of the Brazilian presidential model in implementing these policies. This fragmented and multiparty system has led to power heterogeneous sets of political parties. Thus, the ministerial offices, more than assisting the President´s government project, manage particularized agendas, which are party biased and have the influence of interest groups in hegemonic themes addressed by government agencies. When these agendas operate in sectoral and specialized policies, the friction level is apparently low. However, when this occurs in intersectoral actions, such as in regional development, there is evidence of strong signs of competition among government agencies, which in theory, should operate in an integrated manner. Although this is not a specific feature of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva´s government- the period to be studied- there was similar behavior in Fernando Henrique Cardoso´s presidency, one realizes that the expansion of coalition on behalf of governance is increasingly interfering in the outcome of intersectoral public policies, due to these multiple arguments in action. In order to understand these processes, this study focused on the Sustainable and Integrated Development Programme for Differentiated Meso-Regions (PROMESO), part of the National Policy for Regional Development (NPRD). The program provides interface with various government agencies and their public policies in a clear intersectoral design. The research sought to identify and analyze the relationships between government agencies and their programs with interest groups, whether political parties or other segments of civil society, highlighting the logic of favoritism, which poses in second place the integration of actions in the intersectoral policies. Therefore, besides the theoretical debate that incorporates several categories of political science, public administration, public policy, geography and economics, the study focused on secondary sources, using different government agencies databases in order to raise information. It was observed that the interference of partisan politics has been disastrous for some public policies. Thus, the research confirms that cooperative character is fragile within government agencies, often limited to official documents, and that there is indeed, a striking feature of competition, especially when it comes to transversalized policies

Adherencia a procesos de neurorehabilitación funcional y su relación con la discapacidad y la calidad de vida en adultos con lesión medular de Santiago de Cali, 2014

La presente investigación nace del interés de identificar la relación entre la adherencia a procesos de neurorehabilitación funcional, la discapacidad y la calidad de vida en la población con lesión medular (LM) en Colombia, por tanto se planteó la investigación para varias ciudades del país, entre ellas la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, en el Valle del Cauca, de la cual deriva el presente trabajo. Fundamentalmente emana de la necesidad de obtener mayores datos de la población en especifico, debido a que las revisiones bibliográficas examinadas mostraron pocos estudios que evalúan esta interrelación, considerándose de gran importancia en el medio de la neurorehabilitación debido a que estas variables pueden reflejar los resultados a obtenerse en los procesos de rehabilitación.

Pasantía en laboratorio central de diagnostico veterinario y microbiología de alimentos (LCDVMA) IPSA 2015-2016

La realización de pasantías tienen un componente formativo,una pasantía debe dar la oportunidad a los jóvenes de aprender calificaciones prácticas que causarán una buena impresión sobre los potenciales empleadores.Seis meses de pasantías en el Laboratorio Central de DiagnósticoVeterinario y Microbiología de Alimentos IPSA en el área de Virología se fundamentó los tres meses iniciales en la Inducción a técnicas utilizadas en análisis de muestras para el diagnóstico de enfermedades virales tales como: Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo Porcino (PRRS), Peste Porcina Clásica (PPC), Circovirus Porcino, Enfermedad de Aujeszky, Diarrea Viral Bovina (BVDV), Fiebre del Nilo Occidental, La Enfermedad de Newcastle (EN), Laringotraqueitis Infecciosa Aviar (LTI), Bronquitis Infecciosa Aviar (BIA),Virus de la Enfermedad de la Cabeza Amarilla (YHV),El virus del Síndrome de Taura (TSV), Virus de la Necrosis Hipodérmica y Hematopoyética infecciosa (IHHNV), Bacteria de la Necrosis Hepatopancreática (NHPB),Virus Mionecrosis Infecciosa (IMNV), Nodavirus del Penaeus Vannamei (PVNV),Virus Mancha Blanca (WSSV), correcto manejo de la muestras, uso de equipos en el área de virología, realización de tareas de desinfección y esterilización de materiales que se utilizan, manejo de documentación en solicitudes de análisis de muestras y resultados emitidos para mantener la trazabilidad de las mismas. Tres meses posteriores de la pasantía enfocado a un trabajo experimental que se realizó con 4 aves utilizando biología molecular en el estudio de ácidos nucleicos para implementación de una nueva técnica de diagnóstico en el área de Virología para la enfermedad aviar de Newcastle mediante PCR tiempo real ; en la cual lleve un seguimiento desde la elaboración del cronograma de actividades, vacuna de las aves, recolección de muestras por tres semanas, elaboración de bitácora del experimento, presupuesto de equipos y materiales, hasta su extracción y amplificación de ácidos nucleicos en un termociclador. (bajo supervisión del jefe de área) a través de la cadena polimerasa con el objetivo de hacer un aporte en extender el conocimiento de manejo de esta técnica en la Facultad de Ciencia Animal tan actual y para el laboratorio se sustenta la relevancia del experimento, en una necesidad tangible para ser competitivos con el mercado internacional y garantizar la inocuidad de los productos destinados a consumo humano un servicio con mayor rapidez debido a la relevancia de la enfermedad en un país con una economía insipiente donde Nicaragua es libre con vacunación de dicha enfermedad y por el cual necesitamos mantener dicho estatus a nivel internacional mediante pruebas más sensibles que vayan acorde con los requisitos estipulados por la OIE.. La pasantía me permitió la oportunidad de aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos en la Universidad Nacional Agraria, intercambiando información científica e investi gación sobre temas innovadores como el de biología molecular en el estudio de ácidos nucleicos. Realizando un conjunto de actividades de carácter teórico –práctico, en este caso en un ente estatal Laboratorio Central de Diagnostico Veterinario y Microbio logía de Alimentos (LCDVMA) IPSA, a fin de aplicar y complementar los conocimientos en el campo especifico de trabajo, colaborar en la solución de problemas y adquirir experiencias laboral.

Diseño de un plan de mercadotecnia para aumentar la participación en el mercado de panificación de la Pastelería Josué, ubicada en el Barrio la Cruz, de la ciudad de San Miguel, año 2014

En la investigación se propone un plan de mercadotecnia a Pastelería Josué que tiene como fin aumentar la participación de mercado que la empresa abastece. La cual se dedica a la producción de productos para la industria de panificación. Se hace el planteamiento del problema y se describe la situación problemática para luego enunciar el problema y finalmente formularlo. Es importante también delimitar para conocer hasta donde es el alcance por parte de los investigadores. Así mismo para poder medir la investigación se trazaron objetivos y se plantean hipótesis para la comprobación de la viabilidad del estudio.En el marco de referencia, se hace una breve reseña tanto de la historia de la panificación a nivel general (en el mundo) como también a nivel especifico (en El Salvador y San Miguel, lugar sede de la Empresa). También en se narran los procedimientos legales a los que están sujetas este tipo de empresas, y por último se resume una serie de definiciones en el marco teórico. Se definen los métodos a emplear para llevar a cabo la investigación.Se analizan y se interpretan los resultados de cada una de las preguntas realizadas tanto del propietario y empleados como de los clientes a los que abastece la pastelería.Se hace el diseño del plan de mercadotecnia con el propósito de que la empresa en estudio, Pastelería Josué, pueda aumentar su participación de mercado en la actual industria de panificación.

Guía de cumplimiento de la seguridad y salud ocupacional y sus efectos financieros en las empresas industriales de la ciudad de San Miguel

El surgimiento de un ordenamiento jurídico especifico en materia de Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional, ha facilitado el mejoramiento de condiciones laborales en todos los lugares de trabajo, de tal manera, que se internacionaliza su regulación, con el fin de estandarizar los procesos para su evaluación, facilitando su aplicabilidad en materia laboral. El marco legal aplicable de la Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional cada vez profundiza el mejoramiento de las condiciones laborales la cual en El Salvador se regula mediante la reciente Aprobación de la Ley General de Prevención de Riesgos en los Lugares de Trabajo en el año 2010. No obstante, a nivel técnico, se regula la Seguridad Y Salud Ocupacional, mediante estándares de calidad de los procesos, encaminados a velar el cumplimiento de acuerdo a procedimientos directamente establecidos; entre ellos tenemos la OHSAS 18001 y la OHSAS 18002:2008, Sistemas de Gestión estandarizados para su aplicación a nivel internacional.