The effects of increases in imports on domestic employment : a clarification of concepts.

"Written pursuant to a contract with the National Commission for Manpower Policy."

Inflation and after; case studies of the effects of inflation in France, Germany and Austria ...

Mode of access: Internet.

The genesis of art-form; an essay in comparative aesthetics showing the identity of the sources, methods, and effects of composition in music, poetry, painting, sculpture and architecture,

Mode of access: Internet.

Effects of changes in taxes and benefit payments proposed in the administration's 1983 budget for households in different income categories /

"April 1982."

Effects of reduction in heroin supply on injecting drug use: analysis of data from needle and syringe programmes

n early 2001 there was a dramatic decline in the availability of heroin in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, where previously heroin had been readily available at a low price and high purity.1 The decline was confirmed by Australia's strategic early warning system, which revealed a reduction in heroin supply across Australia and a considerable increase in price,2 particularly from January to April 2001. This "heroin shortage" provided a natural experiment in which to examine the effect of substantial changes in price and availability on injecting drug use and its associated harms in Australia's largest heroin market,2 a setting in which harm reduction strategies were widely used. Publicly funded needle and syringe programmes were introduced to Australia in 1987, and methadone maintenance programmes, which were established in the 1970s, were significantly expanded in 1985 and again in 1999.

The late effects of poliomyelitis in Queensland

This paper reports an investigation of new health problems reported by Queensland residents with a prior history of poliomyelitis. 126 people with a past history of paralytic poliomyelitis were recruited from the waiting list for the trial Post Polio Clinic at Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Brisbane. A self-administered postal questionnaire was used to examine a number of variables including acute poliomyelitis histories; presence, duration and severity of new symptoms consistent with the late effects of poliomyelitis; changes in functional status between the maximal recovery period and the time of the survey and the impact of post-polio symptoms on lifestyle and employment. The most frequent new symptoms reported were muscle weakness (87 per cent), unusual tiredness (79 per cent), joint pain (79 per cent), muscle pain (61 per cent) and muscle cramps (71 per cent). Subjects reported an increased reliance on assistive devices and a decreased level of independence with activities of daily living, particularly with mobility-related tasks. Eight three per cent of subjects had made lifestyle changes as a result of post-polio symptoms and 67 per cent of those subjects in the workforce reported making changes to their employment, such as reduced hours of work. (author abstract)

CHARMed - the effects of candesartan in heart failure

The Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and mortality (CHARM) programme has already shown that candesartan is an effective alternative to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (CHARM-Alternative), that additional benefits can be achieved by adding candesartan to ACE inhibitors (CHARM-Added), and that in patients with a preserved cardiac output there are reduced hospital admissions (CHARM-Preserved). Further recent analysis of the CHARM programme has shown that of the cardiovascular deaths, the benefit of candesartan was due to a reduction in sudden death and progressive heart failure, and that these reductions were observed in the -Alternative and -Added but not -Preserved components. Combination of the CHAR M-Alternative and -Added trials confirmed this reduction of cardiovascular deaths, and also demonstrated that candesartan reduced hospital admissions. There were also improvements in the New York Heart Association functional class of heart failure in the -Alternative and -Added, but not -Preserved, components of CHARM. The benefits of candesartan in heart failure are maintained in the presence of an ACE inhibitor and P-blocker. So far, all of the findings with candesartan in the CHARM programme have been favourable/CHARMed, although the beneficial effects in patients with a preserved cardiac output are limited.

The use of proteomic techniques to explore the holistic effects of nutrients in vivo

The availability of ‘omics’ technologies is transforming scientific approaches to physiological problems from a reductionist viewpoint to that of a holistic viewpoint. This is of profound importance in nutrition, since the integration of multiple systems at the level of gene expression on the synthetic side through to metabolic enzyme activity on the degradative side combine to govern nutrient availability to tissues. Protein activity is central to the process of nutrition from the initial absorption of nutrients via uptake carriers in the gut, through to distribution and transport in the blood, metabolism by degradative enzymes in tissues and excretion through renal tubule exchange proteins. Therefore, the global profiling of the proteome, defined as the entire protein complement of the genome expressed in a particular cell or organ, or in plasma or serum at a particular time, offers the potential for identification of important biomarkers of nutritional state that respond to alterations in diet. The present review considers the published evidence of nutritional modulation of the proteome in vivo which has expanded exponentially over the last 3 years. It highlights some of the challenges faced by researchers using proteomic approaches to understand the interactions of diet with genomic and metabolic–phenotypic variables in normal populations.

The effects of changes in recycling patterns on United Kingdom resource consumption

Recycling, substitution and product life extension are identified as significant factors contributing to an extension of the time to exhaustion of industrially Dnportant materials. A quantitative assessment of the significance of virtually all materials to the U.K. is made. Copper is identified as one of the most important materials deserving of further investigation into potential resource savings through increased recycling. The other factors listed above are accounted for in the modelling technique employed. United Kingdom copper flows are qualitatively and statistically described for the years 1949 - 1976. Less accurate statistics are developed for 1922 - 1948. Adaptive expectations type causal models of total, unalloyed, and alloyed copper demand are successfully constructed and are used to generate future scenarios. Evidence is demonstrated for a break in the historical link between U.K. copper demand and industrial production. Simple causal models of potential copper scrap supply are constructed and a comparison made with actual old scrap withdrawals. Accurate adaptive expectations type models of total scrap demand are developed, but no conclusion is reached about the price elasticity of scrap demand. Various scenarios of copper goods demand are forecast and their effect on copper scrap demand. The potential to recover up to an extra 100.000 tonnes/year of generally lower grade old scrap is identified. Policy options are examined and the following recommendations made: 1) A total investment of up to £67 million in secondary refining capacity by the year 2000 is needed. 2) The copper scrap content of copper bearing goods should be specified to aid recovery. 3) A U.K. copper scrap buffer stock scheme would be advantageous for the secondary copper industry. Finally the methodology used is summarised for potential application to other materials.