Papel del factor de transcripción ETS 1 y 2 sobre la liberación y funcionalidad de las células progenitoras endoteliales en arterias humanas. Modulación por fármacos

La enfermedad cardiovascular sigue siendo la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial en países desarrollados, fundamentalmente en pacientes con DM tipo 2, en algunas poblaciones puede representar el 50% o más de las muertes por diabetes (Joseph and Golden, 2014). Esto se debe en gran medida a factores ya conocidos como la predisposición genética, la aterogénesis acelerada, la inflamación crónica, la isquemia silente y la presencia de patologías co-existentes como la hipertensión o la dislipidemia. La diabetes es sin duda alguna, uno de los problemas de salud más graves del siglo XXI y actualmente en España, la prevalencia nacional es de 10,83% (FDI 2013). Las células progenitoras endoteliales juegan un papel clave en los procesos de reparación endotelial. En los pacientes con DM tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular, se sabe que la funcionalidad de las EPCs es deficiente, aunque el mecanismo exacto de disfunción aún es incierto. Además, está bien descrito que en la evolución natural de los pacientes con DM tipo 2 presentan un mayor número de complicaciones y con mayor frecuencia estos pacientes estarán abocados a procedimientos de revascularización. Múltiples estudios (Sidhu and Boden, 2015; Verma et al., 2013) que han señalado la importancia de una adecuada terapia de reparación endotelial (terapia con EPCs), que ayudaría a disminuir las alteraciones en los procesos de reendotelización en los pacientes con DM tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular, y por consiguiente disminuiría la aparición de la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV)...

Noncollinear magnetic phases and edge states in graphene quantum Hall bars

Application of a perpendicular magnetic field to charge neutral graphene is expected to result in a variety of broken symmetry phases, including antiferromagnetic, canted, and ferromagnetic. All these phases open a gap in bulk but have very different edge states and noncollinear spin order, recently confirmed experimentally. Here we provide an integrated description of both edge and bulk for the various magnetic phases of graphene Hall bars making use of a noncollinear mean field Hubbard model. Our calculations show that, at the edges, the three types of magnetic order are either enhanced (zigzag) or suppressed (armchair). Interestingly, we find that preformed local moments in zigzag edges interact with the quantum spin Hall like edge states of the ferromagnetic phase and can induce backscattering.

Charles Town, South Carolina: with a chart of the bars & harbour

by R. Cowley.

You'd better bet on the ETS. Bruegel Policy Brief 2013/02, April 2013

The issue: The European Union's emissions trading system (ETS), introduced in 2005, is the centerpiece of EU decarbonisation efforts and the biggest emissions trading scheme in the world. After a peak in May 2008, the price of ETS carbon allowances started to collapse, and industry, civil society and policymakers began to think about how to ‘repair the ETS’. However, the ETS is an effective and efficient tool to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and although prices have not been stable, it has evolved to cover more sectors and greenhouse gases, and to become more robust and less distorting. Prices are depressed because of an interplay of fundamental factors and a lack of confidence in the system. Policy challenge The ETS must be stabilised by reinforcing the credibility of the system so that the use of existing low-carbon alternatives (for example burning gas instead of coal) is incentivised and investment in low-carbon assets is ensured. Further-more, failure to reinvigorate the ETS might compromise the cost-effective synchronisation of European decarbonisation efforts across sectors and countries. To restore credibility and to ensure long-term commitment to the ETS, the European Investment Bank should auction guarantees on the future emission allowance price.This will reduce the risk for low-carbon investments and enable stabilisation of the ETS until a compromise is found on structural measures to reinforce it in order to achieve the EU's long-term decarbonisation targets.

China's ETS: A vote of confidence in carbon markets ahead of Paris. CEPS Commentary, 12 October 2015

In this CEPS commentary, Andrei Marcu welcomes the recent announcement by President Xi Jinping that China will start a national emissions trading scheme in 2017. Calling it a "genuine game changer" in the global climate talks, Marcu describes the decision as giving a much-needed boost to carbon markets and cap-and-trade as the preferred way forward for those economies that have the capacity, the depth and the breadth for a liquid carbon market.

The EU ETS: Caught between an ideal and reality. CEPS Commentary, 8 march 2016

The EU ETS (emissions trading system) has passed its first decade of operation and has proven to be an inspiration for those who promote carbon pricing through carbon markets as a means to tackle climate change. During this period, Europe has learned important lessons from operating its own ETS and from observing the experiences of other jurisdictions with carbon markets.

The Ets domain transcription factor Erm distinguishes rat satellite glia from Schwann cells and is regulated in satellite cells by neuregulin signaling

Distinct glial cell types of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system (PNS) are derived from the neural crest. Here we show that the expression of the Ets domain transcription factor Erm distinguishes satellite glia from Schwann cells beginning early in rat PNS development. In developing dorsal root ganglia (DRG), Erm is present both in presumptive satellite glia and in neurons. In contrast, Erm is not detectable at any developmental stage in Schwann cells in peripheral nerves. In addition, Erm is downregulated in DRG-derived glia adopting Schwann cell traits in culture. Thus, Erm is the first described transcription factor expressed in satellite glia but not in Schwann cells. In culture, the Neuregulin1 (NRG1) isoform GGF2 maintains Erm expression in presumptive satellite cells and reinduces Erm expression in DRG-derived glia but not in Schwann cells from sciatic nerve. These data demonstrate that there are intrinsic differences between these glial subtypes in their response to NRG1 signaling. In neural crest cultures, Erm-positive progenitor cells give rise to two distinct glial subtypes: Erm-positive, Oct-6-negative satellite glia in response to GGF2, and Erm-negative, Oct-6-positive Schwann cells in the presence of serum and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. Thus, Erm-positive neural crest-derived progenitor cells and presumptive satellite glia are able to acquire Schwann cell features. Given the in vivo expression of Erm in peripheral ganglia, we suggest that ganglionic Erm-positive cells may be precursors of Schwann cells.