Escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade de bacteriose em pessegueiro

Uma escala diagramática para quantificar a severidade da bacteriose em folhas de pessegueiro (Prunus persica), causada por Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, foi desenvolvida e validada. A escala considerou os limites de severidade mínima e máxima da doença observados no campo, e os níveis intermediários seguiram incrementos logarítmicos, obedecendo-se à"Lei do estímulo de Weber-Fechner". A escala consta de seis níveis: 0,5; 1,5; 4,3; 12,0; 29,1 e 55,3%, sendo avaliada por sete indivíduos sem experiência na avaliação da bacteriose em pessegueiro. Inicialmente, a estimativa da severidade foi feita sem auxílio da escala em 50 folhas com diferentes níveis de severidade. Em seguida, os mesmos avaliadores utilizaram a escala diagramática proposta. Por meio de regressão linear, confrontando-se valores de severidade reais e estimados, analisaram-se a acurácia e a precisão dos avaliadores. Constataram-se acurácia e precisão das estimativas visuais efetuadas com o auxílio da escala diagramática. A escala diagramática proposta foi considerada adequada para estimar a severidade de bacteriose em pessegueiro, podendo ser utilizada para estudos epidemiológicos e de avaliação de estratégias de controle desta doença.

Determinação da escala de coloração da casca e do rendimento em suco do maracujá-amarelo em diferentes épocas de colheita

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar uma escala de coloração da casca para identificar o estádio de maturação do maracujá-amarelo e avaliar o rendimento em suco, em diferentes épocas de colheita. Os experimentos foram constituídos de 2 épocas de colheita, contemplando a estação de menor temperatura e menor precipitação de chuvas (EP1-Maio/Setembro), a estação de maior temperatura e precipitação de chuvas (EP2-Outubro/Dezembro) e 7 estádios de maturação, com 10 repetições. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância. O parâmetro b de Hunter foi utilizado como o indexador da mudança da coloração amarela. Verificou-se que a mudança de coloração ocorreu no sentido da base para o pedúnculo do fruto. Os frutos da época EP2 apresentaram a maior espessura de casca e o menor rendimento em suco, nos estádios iniciais de amadurecimento. Nos frutos com mais de 65,9% da casca amarelada, a época de colheita não influenciou na espessura da casca e no rendimento em suco, apresentando níveis máximos de suco. Frutos da época EP1 apresentaram o máximo rendimento a partir do estádio com 21,3% de cor amarela.

El levantamiento del mapa topográfico a escala 1:50.000 en Cataluña (1912-1932)

El primer levantamiento topográfico a gran escala del territorio catalán, efectuado con carácter sistemático, completo y uniforme, fue realizado entre 1912 y 1932. Este artículo estudia la organización del citado levantamiento, que formaba parte de la ejecución del Mapa topográfico de España a escala 1:50.000, y que en Cataluña fue llevado a término por el Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico y el Depósito de la Guerra. Se analiza el desarrollo de las labores topográficas, y se describe el personal y el instrumental empleado en las mismas. Una de las novedades de los trabajos topográficos conducidos en Cataluña fue la introducción de la fotogrametría terrestre en las zonas de montaña.

Deep GMRT radio observations and a multi-wavelength study of the region around HESS J1858+020

Context. There are a number of very high energy sources in the Galaxy that remain unidentified. Multi-wavelength and variability studies, and catalogue searches, are powerful tools to identify the physical counterpart, given the uncertainty in the source location and extension. Aims. This work carries out a thorough multi-wavelength study of the unidentified, very high energy source HESS J1858+020 and its environs. Methods. We have performed Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observations at 610 MHz and 1.4 GHz to obtain a deep, low-frequency radio image of the region surrounding HESS J1858+020. We analysed archival radio, infrared, and X-ray data as well. This observational information, combined with molecular data, catalogue sources, and a nearby Fermi gamma-ray detection of unidentified origin, are combined to explore possible counterparts to the very high energy source. Results. We provide with a deep radio image of a supernova remnant that might be related to the GeV and TeV emission in the region. We confirm the presence of an H ii region next to the supernova remnant and coincident with molecular emission. A potential region of star formation is also identified. We identify several radio and X-ray sources in the surroundings. Some of these sources are known planetary nebulae, whereas others may be non-thermal extended emitters and embedded young stellar objects. Three old, background Galactic pulsars also neighbour HESS J1858+020 along the line of sight. Conclusions. The region surrounding HESS J1858+020 is rich in molecular structures and non-thermal objects that may potentially be linked to this unidentified very high energy source. In particular, a supernova remnant interacting with nearby molecular clouds may be a good candidate, but a star forming region, or a non-thermal radio source of yet unclear nature, may also be behind the gamma-ray source. The neighbouring pulsars, despite being old and distant, cannot be discarded as candidates. Further observational studies are needed, however, to narrow the search for a counterpart to the HESS source.

Correlação entre a escala de coma de Glasgow e os achados de imagem de tomografia computadorizada em pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico

OBJETIVO: Determinar a correlação da escala de coma de Glasgow, fatores causais e de risco, idade, sexo e intubação orotraqueal com os achados tomográficos em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal prospectivo de 102 pacientes, atendidos nas primeiras 12 horas, os quais receberam pontuação segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow e foram submetidos a exame tomográfico. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 37,77 ± 18,69 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (80,4%). As causas foram: acidente automobilístico (52,9%), queda de outro nível (20,6%), atropelamento (10,8%), queda ao solo ou do mesmo nível (7,8%) e agressão (6,9%). No presente estudo, 82,4% dos pacientes apresentaram traumatismo cranioencefálico de classificação leve, 2,0% moderado e 15,6% grave. Foram observadas alterações tomográficas (hematoma subgaleal, fraturas ósseas da calota craniana, hemorragia subaracnoidea, contusão cerebral, coleção sanguínea extra-axial, edema cerebral difuso) em 79,42% dos pacientes. Os achados tomográficos de trauma craniano grave ocorreram em maior número em pacientes acima de 50 anos (93,7%), e neste grupo todos necessitaram de intubação orotraqueal. CONCLUSÃO: Houve significância estatística entre a escala de coma de Glasgow, idade acima de 50 anos (p < 0,0001), necessidade de intubação orotraqueal (p < 0,0001) e os achados tomográficos.

Construção e otimização de um sistema para produção e aplicação de ozônio em escala de laboratório

This paper shows the assembly of an ozonization system to be used in laboratory scale, mainly to study effluent treatability. The system is simple, practical and provides easy acquisition of data when interfaced to a microcomputer. The performance of ozone generation and K La values are also described.

Nitração do fenol, um método em escala semi-micro para disciplina prática de 4 horas

A procedure for the nitration of phenol in a semi-micro scale, followed by separation of the formed orto- and para-nitrophenol isomers by column chromatography, is described. All the experiment, including determination of the melting point of the isolated products, require a period of 4 hours, and it is suitable for organic chemistry laboratory undergraduate courses.

Die ersten offiziellen Ausgrabungen in Ampurias (Empuries, L'Escala, Provinz Girona): 1846

En el año 2008 tuvo lugar el aniversario del centenario de las excavaciones arqueológicas en la ciudad greco-romana de Ampurias. Precisamente las investigaciones de esa época tienen un significado cultural y simbólico muy importante para el desarrollo de la autognosis de Cataluña a comienzos del siglo XX. El presente artículo intenta llamar la atención sobre los verdaderos comienzos de las investigaciones sobre la antigua ciudad, que habían comenzado bastante antes. Si nos concentramos en considerar los lugares de patrocinio público las excavaciones privadas fueron habituales en todas las épocas entonces las excavaciones científicas comenzaron siete décadas antes. Responsable fue la Comisión de Monumentos de Girona, que contó con el apoyo financiero de la Diputación Provincial.

Tratamento dos resíduos gerados na síntese de polianilina em escala pré-piloto

Polyaniline (PAni) is one of the most studied conducting polymer. It can be synthesized by two methods: electrochemical or chemical oxidation. The chemical oxidation is more adequate to produce large quantities of polymer. Regardless of the synthesis scale, the treatment of the residues before its final destination is very important and necessary because it contains toxic aniline derivatives (carcinogens in some cases), acids and inorganic salts, both with low toxicity. In this work we discuss the methods used to treat these residues and to eliminate and discard the toxic substances. These were extracted from the reaction residues by using activated coal and the pH of the residue was neutralized.

Síntese de sulfadiazina e sulfadiazina de prata em escala semi-micro: prática experimental em síntese de fármacos

The total synthesis of sulfadiazine and silver sulfadiazine from readily available starting materials was adapted to semi-micro laboratory scale and is proposed as an experiment in drug synthesis for undergraduate courses.

Cromatografia em leito móvel simulado na produção de substâncias enantiomericamente puras ou enriquecidas em larga escala

There is great interest nowadays in the use of preparative liquid chromatography as an effective tool for the production of enantiomerically pure, or enriched, compounds for the pharmaceutical industry. To make the chromatographic process economically attractive, attention is now focused on the choice of the chromatographic operating mode to minimize eluent consumption and to maximize productivity. Among the alternatives to the traditional batch chromatography, attention is now shifting towards simulated moving bed (SMB) technologies and a review covering the latest developments in this area seems timely. Several aspects of this important analytical technique are presented and details concerning the SMB technology for process optimization are outlined.

La evaluación del estrés y del trauma: presentación de la versión española de la escala de trauma acumulativo (CTS)

This paper reviews some of the most usual definitions of stress and trauma including the notion of accumulative trauma. Then, the Spanish version of the Cumulative Trauma Scale by Kira et al (2008) is presented. It has been developed by following a process of translation and by applying it to two small groups of subjects to test it for comprehension (pilot test).

Escala de satisfacción con el tratamiento recibido (CRES-4): la versión en español

The satisfaction of consumers and users with the products and services is an issue that in recent years has been taking more and more importance and now it even reaches psychotherapy. This paper presents the Spanish adaptation of the Consumer Reports Effectiveness Scale (CRES-4)consisting of four items designed to evaluate whether patients are satisfied with the therapy they have received and if it has been perceived as effective or not. Its global score is intended to reflect treatment effectiveness as percived by the patient. Existing studies suggest that the CRES-4 is a good complementary tool to judge, in particular, satisfaction with treatment received.

Avaliação em escala laboratorial da utilização do processo eletrolítico no tratamento de águas

Water treatment uses chlorine for disinfection causing formation of trihalomethanes. In this work, an electrolytic water pre-treatment was studied and applied to the water from a fountainhead. The action against microorganisms was evaluated using cast-iron and aluminum electrodes. Assays were made in laboratory using the electrolytic treatment. After 5 min of electrolysis the heterotrophic bacteria count was below 500 cfu/mL and complete elimination of total and fecal coliforms was observed. Using electrolytic treatment as a pretreatment of conventional tap water treatment is proposed.

Análisis psicométrico de la escala multidimensional de autoconcepto AF5 en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos de Cataluña

Psychometric analysis of the AF5 multidimensional scale of self-concept in a sample of adolescents and adults in Catalonia. The aim of this study is to carry out a psychometric study of the AF5 scale in a sample of 4.825 Catalan subjects from 11 to 63 years-old. They are students from secondary compulsory education (ESO), from high school, middle-level vocational training (CFGM) and from the university. Using a principal component analysis (PCA) the theoretical validity of the components is established and the reliability of the instrument is also analyzed. Differential analyses are performed by gender and normative group using a 2 6 factorial design. The normative group variable includes the different levels classifi ed into 6 sub-groups: university, post-compulsory secondary education (high school and CFGM), 4th of ESO, 3rd of ESO, 2nd of ESO and 1st of ESO. The results indicate that the reliability of the Catalan version of the scale is similar to the original scale. The factorial structure also fi ts with the original model established beforehand. Signifi cant differences by normative group in the four components of self-concept explored (social, family, academic/occupational and physical) are observed. By gender, signifi cant differences appear in the component of physical self-concept, academic and social but not in the family component