Estudo morfofisiológico e anatômico de dois genótipos de cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.) submetidos a diferentes condições de radiação solar

A luminosidade desponta como um dos fatores abióticos de maior importância no estabelecimento das plantas, podendo ocasionar alterações a nível fisiológico e anatômico, interferindo diretamente no desenvolvimento das mesmas e consequentemente, sua produtividade. O cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao – Malvaceae) possui grande interesse econômico devido à utilização de suas sementes para produção de manteiga de cacau e chocolate. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar características fisiológicas e anatômicas de dois genótipos de cacaueiro (PH 16 e IPIRANGA 01), submetidos a diferentes condições de radiação solar de modo a inferir a respeito das condições de luminosidade mais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento dos mesmos. Foram realizadas análises de crescimento, teor de pigmentos, trocas gasosas e anatômicas caulinares e foliares. O delineamento experimental foi em Blocos casualizados (DBC), com 4 repetições em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5, constituído de dois genótipos e 5 níveis de luminosidade (0% - pleno sol -, 18%, 30%, 50% e 80% de sombreamento), totalizando 40 parcelas com 10 plantas cada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. Os resultados de crescimento indicam maior adaptação, de ambos os genótipos, em condições de irradiância alta a moderada. O índice de qualidade de Dickson demonstrou maior capacidade de sobrevivência em condições de campo a níveis altos de irradiância para o genótipo PH 16 e a níveis de irradiância moderada para IPIRANGA 01. Os teores de pigmentos fotossintetizantes de IPIRANGA 01 mostram-se mais elevados na condição de 30% de sombreamento, enquanto que, para PH 16 os maiores teores foram observados em 50% de sombreamento. Ambos os genótipos demonstraram altas taxas de A, Ci, E, A/E, A/Gs e A/Ci, sob elevadas irradiâncias, assim como adaptações anatômicas caulinares e foliares a maiores luminosidades, tais como, maior espessamento do limbo foliar, parênquima paliçádico, esponjoso, limbo foliar, epiderme adaxial e densidade estomática, além de maior densidade e frequência de elementos de vaso e espessura do xilema secundário. Os genótipos PH 16 e IPIRANGA 01 apresentaram uma grande plasticidade em relação aos diferentes níveis de irradiância, no entanto, constatou-se que PH 16 apresentou melhor desempenho sob condições de alta irradiância, como as obtidas nos tratamentos a pleno sol e 18% de sombreamento, enquanto que, IPIRANGA 01 mostrou-se mais adaptado sob sombreamento moderado, a 30% de sombra.

Torre solar: estudo do rendimento e viabilidade de centrais térmicas solares para produção de energia eléctrica de pequena e média dimensão

O aproveitamento da radiação solar representa um recurso energético extremamente benéfico, quer no âmbito energético, quer no ambiental, contribuindo para a redução das emissões de gases nocivos para a atmosfera. Portugal apresenta uma radiação solar total média anual bastante elevada, colocando-se entre um dos países que apresentam melhores potencialidades para o aproveitamento da energia solar. A torre solar consiste numa estufa com uma determinada extensão com uma chaminé no seu centro e o seu funcionamento baseia-se no aquecimento do ar que circula por baixo da estufa, sendo expelido pela chaminé. Nesta tese é abordado o tema da torre solar e os princípios físicos inerentes ao seu funcionamento. Foi estudado e descrito o método de cálculo de diversos parâmetros e resultados associados ao funcionamento da torre solar. Elaborou-se uma folha de cálculo para obtenção dos valores de simulações de torres com diversas dimensões, tecendo-se conclusões quanto aos resultados e às variações dos mesmos, consoante as alterações de dimensão dos elementos que a constituem. Foram descritos os vários elementos que constituem uma torre solar, bem como as suas características e tipologias. Efectuou-se um estudo com aplicação a um caso real, para se tecer algumas conclusões e comentários relativamente à viabilidade de uma torre solar para a situação em causa. Por fim, com base em todo o trabalho desenvolvido e abordado, foi possível tecer-se algumas conclusões quanto à viabilidade das torres solares.

Execução de um projecto solar térmico para uma instalação de A.Q.S. da Escola Básica Guilherme Stephens

O presente documento tem como principal objectivo efectuar o projecto de dimensionamento de um sistema de águas quentes sanitárias para uma escola. Numa primeira fase foi elaborado uma pesquisa sobre o contexto energético, a nível mundial, europeu e nacional, bem como o seu contexto jurídico a nível europeu e nacional, e uma explicação superficial sobre os fundamentos da energia solar, onde se foca a importância da radiação solar e os vários tipos de sistemas solares térmicos, bem como os seus constituintes. Segue-se a abordagem ao caso de estudo onde foram efectuados inicialmente inquéritos como forma de determinar os consumos de água quente utilizada nessa escola. Continuou-se o estudo efectuando-se a variação de duas características do sistema solar: o tamanho dos depósitos e o tipo de colectores solares a aplicar. Após as simulações efectuadas para a determinação das soluções a aplicar ao sistemasolar e apresentadas ao longo do presente documento, foram efectuadas análises económicas como forma de se verificar a viabilidade do sistema a aplicar. Por último foram elaboradas conclusões sobre o sistema a aplicar e apresentados alguns cenários financeiros do mesmo.

Planeamento de curto prazo de sistemas de energia solar usando técnicas de otimização robusta

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica

Web GIS to support irrigation management: a prototype for SAGRA network, Alentejo Portugal

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Otimização estocástica para a exploração de centrais de concentração solar considerando incerteza e risco

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica

Desenvolvimento de um concentrador solar com sistema de seguimento

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica

Desenvolvimento de microcápsulas ativadas por radiação solar para aplicação em painéis cerâmicos exteriores

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia de Materiais

Radiação solar em superfieies horizontal e vertical com exposição norte

In the field of agrometeorological studies we are in need of the estimation of the solar radiation frequently. At the present study the authors have worked out some dat:t regarding the hours of sunshine during the months of August, September, October, November, December and January of 1957, 1958 and 1959. Based on such hours of sunshine in the Agrometeorological Station, located at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - U.S. P., in Piracicaba, the authors calculated the solar radiation received on a plane and horizontal surface, from the method proposed by Glover and Mc Culloch. With those results the authors estimated the percentual part of radiation that would be received on vertical wall facing north.

International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes

Challenging environmental conditions, including heat and humidity, cold, and altitude, pose particular risks to the health of Olympic and other high-level athletes. As a further commitment to athlete safety, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission convened a panel of experts to review the scientific evidence base, reach consensus, and underscore practical safety guidelines and new research priorities regarding the unique environmental challenges Olympic and other international-level athletes face. For non-aquatic events, external thermal load is dependent on ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation, while clothing and protective gear can measurably increase thermal strain and prompt premature fatigue. In swimmers, body heat loss is the direct result of convection at a rate that is proportional to the effective water velocity around the swimmer and the temperature difference between the skin and the water. Other cold exposure and conditions, such as during Alpine skiing, biathlon and other sliding sports, facilitate body heat transfer to the environment, potentially leading to hypothermia and/or frostbite; although metabolic heat production during these activities usually increases well above the rate of body heat loss, and protective clothing and limited exposure time in certain events reduces these clinical risks as well. Most athletic events are held at altitudes that pose little to no health risks; and training exposures are typically brief and well-tolerated. While these and other environment-related threats to performance and safety can be lessened or averted by implementing a variety of individual and event preventative measures, more research and evidence-based guidelines and recommendations are needed. In the mean time, the IOC Medical Commission and International Sport Federations have implemented new guidelines and taken additional steps to mitigate risk even further.

Empirical studies of cloud effects on UV radiation: A review

The interest in solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the scientific community and the general population has risen significantly in recent years because of the link between increased UV levels at the Earth's surface and depletion of ozone in the stratosphere. As a consequence of recent research, UV radiation climatologies have been developed, and effects of some atmospheric constituents (such as ozone or aerosols) have been studied broadly. Correspondingly, there are well-established relationships between, for example, total ozone column and UV radiation levels at the Earth's surface. Effects of clouds, however, are not so well described, given the intrinsic difficulties in properly describing cloud characteristics. Nevertheless, the effect of clouds cannot be neglected, and the variability that clouds induce on UV radiation is particularly significant when short timescales are involved. In this review we show, summarize, and compare several works that deal with the effect of clouds on UV radiation. Specifically, works reviewed here approach the issue from the empirical point of view: Some relationship between measured UV radiation in cloudy conditions and cloud-related information is given in each work. Basically, there are two groups of methods: techniques that are based on observations of cloudiness (either from human observers or by using devices such as sky cameras) and techniques that use measurements of broadband solar radiation as a surrogate for cloud observations. Some techniques combine both types of information. Comparison of results from different works is addressed through using the cloud modification factor (CMF) defined as the ratio between measured UV radiation in a cloudy sky and calculated radiation for a cloudless sky. Typical CMF values for overcast skies range from 0.3 to 0.7, depending both on cloud type and characteristics. Despite this large dispersion of values corresponding to the same cloud cover, it is clear that the cloud effect on UV radiation is 15–45% lower than the cloud effect on total solar radiation. The cloud effect is usually a reducing effect, but a significant number of works report an enhancement effect (that is increased UV radiation levels at the surface) due to the presence of clouds. The review concludes with some recommendations for future studies aimed to further analyze the cloud effects on UV radiation

International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes.

Challenging environmental conditions, including heat and humidity, cold, and altitude, pose particular risks to the health of Olympic and other high-level athletes. As a further commitment to athlete safety, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission convened a panel of experts to review the scientific evidence base, reach consensus, and underscore practical safety guidelines and new research priorities regarding the unique environmental challenges Olympic and other international-level athletes face. For non-aquatic events, external thermal load is dependent on ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation, while clothing and protective gear can measurably increase thermal strain and prompt premature fatigue. In swimmers, body heat loss is the direct result of convection at a rate that is proportional to the effective water velocity around the swimmer and the temperature difference between the skin and the water. Other cold exposure and conditions, such as during Alpine skiing, biathlon and other sliding sports, facilitate body heat transfer to the environment, potentially leading to hypothermia and/or frostbite; although metabolic heat production during these activities usually increases well above the rate of body heat loss, and protective clothing and limited exposure time in certain events reduces these clinical risks as well. Most athletic events are held at altitudes that pose little to no health risks; and training exposures are typically brief and well-tolerated. While these and other environment-related threats to performance and safety can be lessened or averted by implementing a variety of individual and event preventative measures, more research and evidence-based guidelines and recommendations are needed. In the mean time, the IOC Medical Commission and International Sport Federations have implemented new guidelines and taken additional steps to mitigate risk even further.

Albedo and estimates of net radiation for green beans under polyethylene cover and field conditions

This paper describes the albedo (r) and estimates of net radiation and global solar irradiance for green beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivated in greenhouse with cover of polyethylene and field conditions, in Botucatu, SP, Brazil (22º 54' S; 48º 27' W; 850 m). The solar global irradiance (Rg) and solar reflected radiation (Rr) were used to estimate the albedo through the ratio between Rr and Rg. The diurnal curves of albedo were obtained for days with clear sky and partially cloudy conditions, for different phenological stages of the crop. The albedo ranged with the solar elevation, the environment and the phenological stages. The cloudiness range have almost no influence on the albedo diurnal amount. The estimation of radiation were made by linear regression, using the global solar irradiance (Rg) and net short-waves radiation (Rc) as independent variables. All estimates of radiation showed better adjustment for specific phenological periods compared to the entire crop growing cycle. The net radiation in the greenhouse has been estimated by the global solar irradiance measured at field conditions.

Soil solarization for weed control in carrot

Soil solarization is a technique used for weed and plant disease control in regions with high levels of solar radiation. The effect of solarization (0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks) upon weed populations, carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Brasília) yield and nematode infestation in carrot roots was studied in São Luís (2º35' S; 44º10' W), MA, Brazil, using transparent polyethylene films (100 and 150 mm of thickness). The maximum temperature at 5 cm of depth was about 10ºC warmer in solarized soil than in control plots. In the study 20 weed types were recorded. Solarization reduced weed biomass and density in about 50% of weed species, including Cyperus spp., Chamaecrista nictans var. paraguariensis (Chod & Hassl.) Irwin & Barneby, Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) O. Kuntze, Mitracarpus sp., Mollugo verticillata L., Sebastiania corniculata M. Arg., and Spigelia anthelmia L. Approximately 40% of species in the weed flora were not affected by soil mulching. Furthermore, seed germination of Commelina benghalensis L. was increased by soil solarization. Marketable yield of carrots was greater in solarized soil than in the unsolarized one. It was concluded that solarization for nine weeks increases carrot yield and is effective for controlling more than half of the weed species recorded. Mulching was not effective for controlling root-knot nematodes in carrot.

Evolution of superficial lake water temperature profile under diurnal radiative forcing

In lentic water bodies, such as lakes, the water temperature near the surface typically increases during the day, and decreases during the night as a consequence of the diurnal radiative forcing (solar and infrared radiation). These temperature variations penetrate vertically into the water, transported mainly by heat conduction enhanced by eddy diffusion, which may vary due to atmospheric conditions, surface wave breaking, and internal dynamics of the water body. These two processes can be described in terms of an effective thermal diffusivity, which can be experimentally estimated. However, the transparency of the water (depending on turbidity) also allows solar radiation to penetrate below the surface into the water body, where it is locally absorbed (either by the water or by the deployed sensors). This process makes the estimation of effective thermal diffusivity from experimental water temperature profiles more difficult. In this study, we analyze water temperature profiles in a lake with the aim of showing that assessment of the role played by radiative forcing is necessary to estimate the effective thermal diffusivity. To this end we investigate diurnal water temperature fluctuations with depth. We try to quantify the effect of locally absorbed radiation and assess the impact of atmospheric conditions (wind speed, net radiation) on the estimation of the thermal diffusivity. The whole analysis is based on the results of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing, which allows unprecedented high spatial resolution measurements (∼4 mm) of the temperature profile in the water and near the water surface.