971 resultados para Dry and rainy seasons


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O objetivo do presente estudo é caracterizar a hidrodinâmica e o transporte de material particulado em suspensão (MPS) no estuário de Caravelas sob diferentes condições de maré e vazão fluvial. Foram realizadas quatro campanhas hidrográficas durante ciclos completos de maré, sendo em condições de maré de sizígia e quadratura, e durante os períodos seco e chuvoso. Dados de nível de água, velocidade e direção de correntes, salinidade, temperatura e turbidez foram obtidos em uma estação fixa próxima da desembocadura do estuário. A partir destes dados foram obtidos os transportes residuais de MPS e calculado os mecanismos de transporte. As maiores concentrações médias de material particulado em suspensão ocorreram em condições de sizígia. Em condições de maré de quadraturao transporte resultante de MPS foi com sentido estuário acima, porém de pequena intensidade. Em condições de sizígia o estuário é caracterizado por correntes mais intensas e assimétricas, com dominância de vazante. Durante a condição de sizígia o estuário pode atuar como importador ou exportador de MPS. O estuário do rio Caravelas foi classificado como bem misturado e fracamente estratificado. A hidrografia e o balanço sedimentar são principalmente modulados pela altura da marée o aporte de água doce é irrelevante.

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We studied copepod assemblage variability among years, seasons, and tidal states in the Mucuri River estuary (Bahia State, Brazil). Zooplankton samples were collected seasonally through five years (2002-2006) at three sampling stations, one of which was sampled over a complete tidal cycle (two ebb and two flood tides). Temperature, salinity, river flux, and rainfall data were collected. Winter and summer represented dry and wet seasons, respectively. Copepod abundances ranged from 40 to 63% of the total zooplankton assemblage and comprised 46 taxa, among which, common estuarine species such as Temora turbinata (first record for the studied area), Parvocalanus crassirostris, Acartia lilljeborgi, Oithona hebes were the most abundant (euryhaline species). Interannual and seasonal variations were most marked in stenohaline species, e.g.. Notodiaptomus sp. and Thermocyclops minutus; density variations of euryhaline species, which made up the majority of the abundant taxa, were most closely related to tides. Diversity and richness also followed an intertidal pattern of variation.

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O manejo do solo deve ser realizado de tal forma que garanta a produção sustentável ao longo dos anos. Dentre as técnicas empregas, o manejo agroecológico e o plantio direto favorecem a manutenção da cobertura do solo e o aporte de matéria orgânica. Partindo da hipótese de que o maior aporte de resíduos culturais aumenta o conteúdo e estoque de matéria orgânica no solo, bem como reduz a emissão de C-CO2, o objetivo geral da pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto do manejo na matéria orgânica do solo e na emissão de C-CO2, nos períodos secos e chuvosos em diferentes cultivos agrícolas. O capítulo 1 foi desenvolvido na comunidade de Feliz Lembrança, Alegre–ES, onde foram avaliados sistemas de manejo em pastagem (PAST), café a pleno sol (PS) e café em sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e uma mata nativa (MN). O capítulo 2 foi desenvolvido no Incaper de Domingos Martins, onde se avaliou tratamentos de plantio direto de hortaliças sob palhada de gramínea (PD-G), leguminosa (PD-L), consórcio gramínea/leguminosa (PD-GL) e convencional utilizando enxada rotativa no pré-plantio (PC)em um delineamento de blocos casualizados. Amostras de solos em diferentes camadas foram coletadas para caracterização química e da matéria orgânica. Foram realizadas medições de emissão de C-CO2, temperatura do solo, umidade do solo e C biomassa microbiana do solo in situ. Foi utilizada análise de variância multivariada, vinculada a teste de aleatorização e aplicação de contrastes ortogonais no capítulo 1 e análise de variância aplicando teste F e teste de médias no capítulo 2. O SAF apresentou maior conteúdo de C orgânico total (19,8 g/kg) na camada de 0 a 5 cm e a PAST em subsuperfície. O menor estoque de C e N e os maiores valores de quociente metabólico foram encontrados no PS. O SAF reduziu a emissão de C-CO2 em 1,93 Mg ha-1 ano-1 em relação ao PS. O C orgânico total variou de 34,94 a 50,48 g/kg no PD-GL enquanto no sistema PC essa variação foi de 27,11 a 43,74 g/kg no perfil amostrado. A emissão média anual foi de 15,89 Mg C-CO2 ha-1 ano-1para a PD-G enquanto o PD-GL foi de 13,77; PD-L de 13,09 e PC de 11,20 Mg C-CO2 ha-1 ano-1. No PC, o balanço de C foi negativo (-2,15Mg ha-1), além de apresentar as menores médias anuais de umidade do solo e C biomassa microbiana e maior Qmet anual. Sistemas com contínuo e diversificado aporte de matéria orgânica promovem redução na emissão de C-CO2, bem como atuam no sequestro de C atmosférico.

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The life cycle and seasonal distribution of a tropical population of Eneoptera surinamensis (De Geer, 1773) were analyzed aiming to verify whether this species life cycle is associated to the wet and dry seasons. The population studied was found at the Seasonal Alluvial Semi-deciduous Forest, Foz de Iguaçu, PR, Brazil (25º27'54.9'' S; 54º34'27.9'' W), which presents mild mesothermal and super humid climate. Field observations were made at 20- to 24-day intervals, with the first observation occurring on April 30th, 2002 and the last on April 25th, 2003. It was verified that the studied species is univoltine and cyclic with regards to the dry and wet seasons, therefore being heterodynamic and surviving the dry season as adult.

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An inventory of social wasps in Cerrado biome of the southern of the state of Minas Gerais was performed. A comparison between field and Riparian Forest areas was made in relation to species richness; correlations between diversity, sample methods and environmental factors were conducted. A total of 32 species was registered and Polybia fastidiosuscula de Saussure, 1854 was the most abundant species. The higher richness was in the Cerrado Field, as well as the highest diversity index. The temperature and rainfall had significant correlation with species richness and a significant variation in richness between dry and wet seasons was observed. Polybia fastidiosuscula was more abundant in the Riparian Forest during the dry season and in the Cerrado Field during wet season. The study area showed a great diversity of social wasps, with record both widely distributed species such as rare species, which indicates the quality and potential area for future studies.

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Malaria control has been directed towards regional actions where more detailed knowledge of local determinants of transmission is of primary importance. This is a short report on range distribution and biting indices for Anopheles darlingi and An. albitarsis during the dry and rainy season that follows river level variation in a savanna/alluvial forest malaria system area in the Northern Amazon Basin. Distribution range and adult biting indices were at their highest during the rainy season for both An. darlingi and An. albitarsis. During the rainy season the neighboring alluvial forest was extensively flooded. This coincided with highest rates in malaria transmission with case clustering near the river. As the river receded, anopheline distribution range and density decreased. This decrease in distribution and density corresponded to a malaria decrease in the near area. An exponential regression function was derived to permit estimations of An. darlingi distribution over specified distances. Anopheline spatio-temporal variations lead to uneven malaria case distribution and are of important implications for control strategies.

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The processes and sources that regulate the elemental composition of aerosol particles were investigated in both fine and coarse modes during the dry and wet seasons. One hundred and nine samples were collected from the biological reserve Cuieiras - Manaus from February to October 2008, and analyzed together with 668 samples that were previously collected at Balbina from 1998 to 2002. Particle induced X-ray emission technique was used to determine the elemental composition, while the concentration of black carbon was obtained from the measurement of optical reflectance. Absolute principal factor analysis and positive matrix factorization were performed for source apportionment, which was complemented with back trajectory analysis. A regional identity for the natural biogenic aerosol was found for the Central Amazon Basin and can be used in dynamical chemical region models.

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The scrotal-testicular biometry was evaluated in goats raised in Piaui state, Brazil, presenting different levels of scrotal division, in rainy and dry periods of the year. For this study, eighteen male goats at mating age were accomplished and arranged into three groups (6 animals each), obeying the classification as goats with no scrotal bipartition (GI), goats showing scrotal bipartition up to 50% of testicular length (GII), and goats with more than 50% of scrotal bipartition (GIII). The biometry of the scrotal-testicular was made evaluating the scrotal length (SL), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular length (TL) and testicular volume (TV). The results were evaluated following the variance analysis (ANOVA) and the SNK test applied on the average comparisons. The analysis of the data demonstrated high values, in dry and rainy periods, of SC (24.63cm/ 26.97cm), SL (16.61cm/ 18.24cm), TL (5.32cm/ 5.93cm), TV (173.81cm³/ 203.01cm³). This supports the hypothesis of the influence of the period of the year and of the scrotal bipartition on the scrotal-testicular biometry in goat.

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The swear turtle "jurará" (Kinosternon scorpioides) is a mud turtle of the Amazon region exposed to disordering capture in the rural areas of Maranhão, Brazil. Despite its popularity in these areas, little meaningful information regarding the reproductive morphology is currently available, fact that impedes the adoption of policies for preservation of the species. To obtain more information, we studied the ovarian morphology adult jurará females kept in captivity by morphological and morphometric analysis in the dry and rainy season. The results revealed that all females were sexually mature and were in a vitellogenic period. The ovaries are two irregular structures composed by follicles in different stages of development (primary, secondary and tertiary) scattered in a stroma of loose connective highly vascularized tissue. The ovary weight was 6.25±4.23g and 2.27±1.42g, for the right and left one respectively. The gonadosomatic indexes were 2.06% for the dry season and 1.79% for the rainy season. The average of the follicles was 29.83 units per ovary. Microscopically, the mature ovaries revealed a basal layer composed by four cellular layers: the inner and outer theca, stratum granulosum with perivitelline membrane and zona radiata with vitelline membrane. No significant differences were observed in the ovaries either in the dry or wet period.

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It is important to evaluate the quality of water for proper management of these resources, since the increase of environmental degradation and the multiple use of water resources are decreasing the quality of water consumed by living beings. The objective of this study was to characterize the phytoplankton community and its variations during periods of dray and rain in Jiqui Lake located in Parnamirim, RN. It was also aimed to analyze the physical and chemical factors of this environment, in order to contribute to the knowledge of water quality used for human consumption. The collection of water samples were carried out in September 2008 to August 2009. The collection of the phytoplankton community was carried out in four sampling sites (surface, bottom, margin of the lake without macrophytes and site dominated by macrophytes). Phytoplankton was collected using plankton net of 20m. The analysis of nutrients and identification of phytoplankton were performed in the laboratory. The results indicate that concentration of chlorophyll a was high in the bottom with mean value of 1.07 μgL-1 (SD ± 1.61). During the study period there was a dominance of the following species: Euglena gracilis, Trachelomonas sp, Cyclotellas sp, Gomphonema apuncto, Navicula cuspidata var. cuspidata, Navicula sp, Rhopalodia gibba. There was homogeneity between limnological values in the four study sites, with significant difference between the periods of drought and rain. The Jiqui Lake is considered oligotrophic due to its low concentrations of chlorophyll a, high transparency and low levels of nutrients. The values of BOD and chlorophyll a concentration remained below the permitted standards existing for freshwaters in Brazil, thus the water from Lake Jiqui is of good quality, suitable for human consumption.

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The Cruzeta impoundment, situated in the city of Cruzeta, hinterland of the state of the Rio Grande do Norte state has significant importance to the municipality as it represents the only source of supplying water to the region. It was hypothesized that the regional consequence of the global warming and the warming of surface water could substantially contribute the significant growth of the aquatic macrophytes in the years 2008-2009. The growth of these vegetation believed to be improved the degree of water transparency and as a consequence of the improved growth of phytoplankton species and chlorophyll biomass. At the same time the aquatic macrophyte could interact and compete potentially for the dissolved inorganic nutrients resources and the phytoplankton community. This study presents a comparison of years 2004-2005 when it did not have the expressive presence of the aquatic macrophyte community or restricted to the littoral region. In contrast, the years 2008-2009 showed a significant growth of the aquatic macrophyte in the Cruzeta/RN impoundments. The present study is an attempt to elucidate the significant presence of the aquatic macrophyte, Eichhornia crassipes, Ceratophyllum submersum, Nymphea sp and Pistia sp, and its interference on the ecology of phytoplankton. The samplings had been carried out from September of 2008 to April of 2009 and consistently between 10:00 h and 12:00 h with the aid of Van Dorn bottle and the plankton net of mesh size 20 Qm. The collections were made in three depths ie., surface, mid-column and bottom. The Physical-Chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen had been analyzed in situ. The samples for analysis of nutrients and chlorophyll were kept under refrigeration for posterior analysis in the laboratory. Phytoplankton samples were preserved in Lugol-iodine and kept for sedimentation for quali-quantitative analysis of phytoplankton. Enumeration of cells, colonies and filaments was done with the aid of Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber and expressed as numbers/ml. Chlorophyll a was analyzed as a functional component of phytoplankton biomass and extracted with cold 90% acetone. The results indicate that the chlorophyll concentration varied between 5,65-8,08 Qg.L-1 for the dry period and 5,09-6,23 Qg.L-1 for the rainy period and showed considerable reduction when compared to the values to the 2004-2005 study period. The temperature was always presented higher in relation to the 2004-2005 study. Phytoplankton species showed a relative abundance of the Cyanophyceae for both the period of dry and rainy. The predominance species are filamentous Leptolymbya geophila Borzi (Planctolyngbya sp), Anabaena plankctônica Brunnthaler, Oscillatória limosa Ag. and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wolosz). The concentration of the nutrients such as nitrate and orto-phosfato had always presented higher values during the rainy period and the ammoniacal nitrogen retained moderate values in the dry period and a slight increase in rainy season. The main conclusions are the reduction of the concentration of chlorophyll, diversity of phytoplankton, and the increase in temperature and transparency of the water during the period of the study

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de herbicidas aplicados em pré e pós-emergência, isolados e em combinações nas épocas seca e úmida, para o controle de leiteiro (Euphorbia heterophylla) na cultura de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de agosto de 2008 a junho de 2009, em área de produção comercial de cana-de-açúcar localizada no município de Jaboticabal-SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcela subdividida. Na época seca foram avaliados os herbicidas amicarbazone (1.400 g ha-1), imazapic (147 g ha-1) e sulfentrazone (900 g ha-1), aplicados em 1º/8/2008 após a colheita da cana, e testemunha sem manejo prévio das plantas daninhas. Os herbicidas utilizados na época úmida foram: mesotrione isolado (192 g ha-1) e em mistura (120 g ha-1) com ametryn (1.500 gha-1), atrazine (1.500 gha-1) ou diuron + hexazinone (702 + 198 g ha-1), aplicados em 14/11/2008, além de testemunha capinada e outra sem manejo das plantas daninhas. A aplicação de imazapic na época seca foi eficaz no controle de E. heterophylla, dispensando a complementação de manejo na época úmida. No entanto, para os herbicidas amicarbazone e sulfentrazone houve necessidade da aplicação de mesotrione, isolado ou em mistura com ametryn, atrazine ou diuron + hexazinone, para a manutenção do controle de E. heterophylla na época úmida (de 105 a 230 dias após a aplicação na época seca). Quando não foi realizada a aplicação de herbicida na época seca, constatou-se melhor controle de E. heterophylla na época úmida com o herbicida mesotrione associado a ametryn, atrazine ou diuron + hexazinone do que quando aplicado isoladamente. Apesar dos sintomas visuais de fitointoxicação ocasionados pelos tratamentos mesotrione + ametryn e mesotrione + (diuron + hexazinone) pulverizados na época úmida, nenhum dos manejos adotados ou combinações entre eles interferiu no número de colmos viáveis por metro linear, no diâmetro e na altura de colmos de cana-de-açúcar.

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Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de herbicidas aplicados em pré e pós-emergência, isolados e em combinações nas épocas seca e úmida, para o controle de corda-de-viola (Merremia aegyptia) na cultura de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente sem queima. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de julho de 2008 a maio de 2009, em área de produção comercial de cana-de-açúcar localizada no município de Pradópolis, SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcela subdividida. Foram avaliados na época seca os herbicidas amicarbazone (1.400 g ha ¹), clomazone + hexazinone (800 + 200 g ha-1) e imazapic (147 g ha-1), aplicados em 16/7/2008 após a colheita da cana, e o tratamento sem manejo prévio das plantas daninhas nessa época. Os herbicidas estudados na época úmida foram: mesotrione isolado (192 g ha-1) e em mistura (120 g ha-1) com atrazine (1.500 g ha-1), metribuzin (960 g ha-1) ou diuron + hexazinone (702 + 198 g ha-1), aplicados em 6/11/2008, além de testemunha capinada e outra sem manejo das plantas daninhas. Dos herbicidas utilizados na época seca, o amicarbazone promoveu o melhor controle de M. aegyptia. No entanto, para todos eles, a complementação de manejo com a aplicação de herbicidas na época úmida mostrou-se obrigatória. Nesta época, a associação de mesotrione aos herbicidas atrazine, metribuzin e diuron + hexazinone foi mais eficaz no controle de M. aegyptia do que quando aplicado sozinho. Nenhum dos tratamentos com herbicidas interferiu no número de colmos por metro linear, diâmetro e altura de colmos de cana-de-açúcar (variedade SP 81-3250).

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O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) do capim-coastcross, sob pastejo, de vacas lactantes mestiças (HPB x Gir) e Gir, foi calculado a partir da relação entre a digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS) da forragem (extrusa colhida com animais esôfago- fistulados) e a produção fecal obtida com auxílio do cromo mordante por meio de um modelo não-linear. A pastagem foi manejada com uma taxa de lotação de 1,6 e 3,2 animais/ha, respectivamente para as épocas seca e chuvosa do ano, num sistema de pastejo rotativo com três dias de ocupação e 27 dias de descanso. Quatro diferentes equações baseadas em variáveis de degradação ruminal foram utilizadas para predizer o consumo de MS: CMS = -1,19 + 0,035 (a+ b) + 28,5c (1), CMS = -0,822 + 0,0748 (a+ b) + 40,7c (2), CMS = -8,286 + 0,266a + 0,102b +17,696c (3) e CMS = [%FDN na MS]* [consumo de FDN ] / [(1-a-b)/K P +b/(c+ k p)]/24] (4). Os dados observados utilizando as equações 1 e 2 (12,2 e 12,7 kg/vaca/dia respectivamente) foram similares entre si e superiores aos resultados obtidos na equação 4 (7,8 kg/vaca/dia). Já o resultado obtido pela equação 3 (5,5 kg/vaca/dia) foi menor do que aqueles determinados pelas outras equações, subestimando o CMS calculado a partir do cromo mordante (6,3 kg/vaca/dia). A predição do consumo de forrageiras tropicais sob pastejo, utilizando equações baseadas nas variáveis de degradação, constitui um importante potencial para estas avaliações. Entretanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados antes de se usarem estas equações na prática.