999 resultados para Dois Brasis


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Na realização deste trabalho pretendeu-se caracterizar amostras de betão recolhidas ao longo de dois túneis da Região Autónomo da Madeira com o objetivo de traçar um perfil de composição e relacionar com a durabilidade. Para tal foram recolhidas amostras em dois túneis, o Túnel da Cruz Vermelha e o Túnel da Encumeada. De modo a caracterizar o betão foram realizados ensaios de carbonatação, determinação do teor de cloretos em profundidade em laboratório, termogravimétrica, análise macroestrutural e de difração raios X. Realizou-se uma previsão de quando é que as armaduras poderão deixar de estar passivadas devido a carbonatação (período de iniciação) e quando é que os túneis deverão ser alvos de reparações devido a corrosão (período de propagação). Tentou-se verificar a influência da carbonatação em altura no Túnel da Cruz Vermelha. Demonstrou-se que a fissuração é uma zona de fácil acesso para as substâncias agressivas penetrarem para o interior do betão, nomeadamente o dióxido de carbono relacionado com a carbonatação. Demonstrou-se também que é possível determinar a profundidade carbonatação através da difração de raios X. Verificou-se que o método (difração de Raio X) usado para determinar a composição do betão de ambos os túneis é viável. Constatou-se que praticamente todas as carotes apresentam pontos com valores de cloretos superiores aos permitidos pela norma atualmente em vigor (NP EN 206-1: 2007). Uma das possíveis razões para esses valores é o facto de na RAM, a areia utilizada no fabrico do betão ser de origem marítima. Em termos da profundidade de carbonatação verificou-se que praticamente em todas as amostras, o valor determinado ainda não tinha alcançado as armaduras e deste modo encontravam-se passivadas, com exceção a carote nº10 (Túnel Encumeada) em que a carbonatação já tinha ultrapassado o valor do recobrimento e a armadura já apresentava sinais de corrosão.

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Este estudo enquadra-se na área da Dialetologia e da Sociolinguística Variacionista, centrando-se na análise de alguns regionalismos madeirenses recolhidos no concelho da Calheta. Estes foram testados através de um questionário semânticolexical aplicado no mesmo concelho e no concelho do Funchal com uma amostra de cento e oito informantes, seis por freguesia, estratificados por idade, sexo e escolaridade. Para o tratamento dos dados usámos a metodologia quantitativa, recorrendo ao programa Microsoft Office Access, que nos dá conta do número de respostas e percentagens registadas, no que respeita ao conhecimento dos cinquenta e dois vocábulos estudados, tendo em conta os fatores de variação social (género, idade e escolaridade) e o fator geográfico (rural vs. urbano). Na análise qualitativa, elaborámos um glossário que sistematiza os significados indicados pelos informantes, registando as diferentes aceções e exemplos de uso dos vocábulos. Alguns destes podem ser classificados como arcaísmos, neologismos regionais e regionalismos usuais ou correntes, sendo que não confirmámos a existência de nenhum populismo, o que nos permite aferir a vitalidade dos regionalismos testados no Português falado nos concelhos da Calheta e do Funchal. Concluímos que a idade e a escolaridade influenciam o maior conhecimento dos vocábulos, ou seja, os falantes mais idosos com baixo grau de escolaridade, independentemente do concelho, mostram-se mais conservadores do que os adultos e do que os jovens. No entanto, o fator geográfico também se revelou pertinente, dado que os adultos e os jovens com ensino secundário e superior, respetivamente, do concelho da Calheta revelaram conhecer mais vocábulos do que os do concelho do Funchal. Apesar da crescente valorização do património lexical madeirense, verificamos que muitos regionalismos virão a desaparecer porque estarão a cair em desuso com as novas gerações.

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The integrated culture of seaweed and aquatic animals is an ancient practice in Asian countries. The expansion of this practice to western countries is consequence of the recognition of this system as a sustainable alternative that allows economical diversification and mitigation of environmental impacts generated by effluents of aquaculture. This study evaluated the growth of the seaweed Gracilaria caudata and of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in monoculture (shrimps) and integrated culture (shrimps and algae) systems, and accessed the effect of the seaweed in the water quality. There were two treatments in the experiment: monoculture (shrimps) and integrated culture (shrimps/ algae). The organisms were cultured in 6 aquaria (10L) filled with seawater (35.0±0.0 PSU and 28.1±0.4°C) for 28 days. The nutrients of water (PO43-, NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and DIN), the biomass and the relative growth rate (RGR, % day-1) of seaweed and shrimps were measured weekly. The parameters pH, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. The concentration of NH4+ in integrated culture (62.8±25.2µM) was lower (Mann-Whitney p<0.001) than in monoculture (85.6±24.3µM). The mean of PO4- in monoculture (10.4±4.6µM) was markedly higher (Mann-Whitney; p=0.024) than that in integrated culture (8.7±4.1µM). The level of dissolved oxygen in integrated culture (6.0±0.6mg/L) was higher (t-Student; P=0.014) than that in shrimp monoculture (5.8±0.6mg/L). The mean values of the parameters pH, NO2-, NO3- and DIN were 7.5±0.2, 10.1±12.2µM, 24.5±3.2µM and 120.17±30.76µM in monoculture, and 7.5±0.2, 10.5±13.2µM, 27.4±3.5µM and 100.76±49.59µM in integrated culture. There were not differences in these parameters between treatments. The biomass and RGR of seaweed reached 15.0±1.9g and 7.4±2.8% day-1 at the end of the experiment. The performance of shrimp was favorable in monoculture (1.5±0.8g; 5.7±1.6% dia-1) and in integrated culture (1.5±0.7g; 5.2±1.2% dia-1), and the rate of survival was 100% in both treatments. The tolerance and favorable performance of Gracilaria caudata suggest that this seaweed might be integrated into shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture systems

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Flowering is a fundamental process in the life cycle for plant. This process is marked by vegetative to reproductive apical meristem conversion, due to interactions between several factors, both internal and external to plant. Therefore, eight subtractive libraries were constructed using apical meristem induced or not induced for two contrasting species: Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom and Solanum pimpinellifolium. Several cDNAs were identified and among these, were selected two cDNAs: one homologous cDNA to cyclophilin (LeCYP1) and the other to Auxin repressed protein (ARP). It has observed that LeCYP1 and ARP genes are important in the developmental process to plants. In silico analysis, were used several databases with the exclusion criterion E-value <1.0x10-15. As a result, conservation was observed for proteins analyzed by means of multiple alignments and the presence of functional domains. Then, overexpression cassettes were constructed for the ARP cDNA in sense and antisense orientations. For this step, it was used the CaMV35S promoter. The cDNA orientation (sense or antisense) in relation to the promoter was determined by restriction enzymes and sequencing. Then, this cassette was transferred to binary vector pZP211 and these cassettes were transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom (MT) and MT-Rg1 plants were transformed. In addition, seedlings were subjected to hormone treatments using a synthetic auxin (- naphthalene acetic acid) and cyclosporin A (cyclophilin inhibitor) treatments and it was found that the hormone treatment there were changes in development of lateral roots pattern, probably related to decreases in auxin signaling caused by reduction of LeCYP1 in MT-dgt plants while cyclosporin A treatments, there was a slight delay in flowering in cv. MT plants. Furthermore, assay with real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) were done for expression level analysis from LeCYP1 and ARP in order to functionally characterize these sequences in tomato plants.

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The genome of all organisms constantly suffers the influence of mutagenic factors from endogenous and/or exogenous origin, which may result in damage for the genome. In order to keep the genome integrity there are different DNA repair pathway to detect and correct these lesions. In relation to the plants as being sessile organisms, they are exposed to this damage frequently. The Base Excision DNA Repair (BER) is responsible to detect and repair oxidative lesions. Previous work in sugarcane identified two sequences that were homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana: ScARP1 ScARP3. These two sequences were homologous to AP endonuclease from BER pathway. Then, the aim of this work was to characterize these two sequence using different approaches: phylogenetic analysis, in silico protein organelle localization and by Nicotiana tabacum transgenic plants with overexpression cassette. The in silico data obtained showed a duplication of this sequence in sugarcane and Poaceae probably by a WGD event. Furthermore, in silico analysis showed a new localization in nuclei for ScARP1 protein. The data obtained with transgenic plants showed a change in development and morphology. Transgenic plants had slow development when compared to plants not transformed. Then, these results allowed us to understand better the potential role of this sequence in sugarcane and in plants in general. More work is important to be done in order to confirm the protein localization and protein characterization for ScARP1 and ScARP3

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Flowering is controlled by several environmental and endogenous factors, usually associated with a complex network of metabolic mechanisms. The gene characterization in Arabidopsis model has provided much information about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control flowering process. Some of these genes had been found in rice and maize. However, in sugarcane this processe is not well known. It is known that early flowering may reduce its production up to 60% at northeast conditions. Considering the impact of early flowering in sugarcane production, the aim of this work was to make the gene characterization of two cDNAs previously identified in subtractive cDNA libraries: scPKCI and scSHAGGY. The in silico analysis showed that these two cDNAs presented both their sequence and functional catalytic domains conserved. The results of transgenic plants containing the overexpression of the gene cassette scPKCI in sense orientation showed that this construction had a negative influence on the plant development as it was observed a decrease in plant height and leaf size. For the scPKCI overexpression in antisense orientation it was observed change in the number of branches from T1 transgenic plants, whereas transgenic T2 plants showed slow development during germination and initial stages of development. The other cDNA analyzed had homology to SHAGGY protein. The overexpression construct in sense orientation did not shown any effect on development. The only difference observed it was an increase in stigma structure. These results allowed us to propose a model how these two genes may be interact and affect floweringdevelopment.

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Agricultural activity has direct consequences on the soil and water quality. Thus, assessing environmental impacts of this vital economic activity, through soil attribute analysis, is essential to the proposal of alternatives. The aim of this study was to analyze soil quality under different land management practices, conventional and organic. The study was carried out in a watershed of the Ibiuna municipality, SP, Brazil, an important supplier of agricultural products for the São Paulo metropolitan area. A hundred samples were collected, 20 in each type of land use: reforested areas, native vegetation, pasture, conventional cultivation and organic cultivation. The soil resistance to penetration, its pH (in water and KO), electrical conductivity, bulk density, particle density, porosity, soil color, soil texture and the percentages of carbon and nitrogen were analyzed. The data were statistically analyzed, searching for significant differences. The results of soil analysis showed great similarity between the organic and conventional culture, with no statistical differences. However, organic cultivation showed greater similarity to the soil of native vegetation in the percentage of carbon and nitrogen in soils compared to conventional culture. Thus, the discussion begins on a topic very little explored so far, and the results obtained should be further studied.

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Investigou-se o efeito da adição de C18:2n6, por meio da inclusão de óleo de milho em dietas com dois níveis de proteína bruta, sobre o processo de maturação de gametas de pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, mantidos em tanques-rede. Foram avaliados: taxa de sobrevivência, relação peso x comprimento, fator de condição (K) e índice gonadossomático (IGS). O experimento foi realizado entre março de 2004 e fevereiro de 2006, em 12 tanques-rede, distribuídos em seis viveiros-escavados de 600m² e densidade de estocagem de 20 peixes/tanque-rede. Utilizaram-se três tratamentos (T) com duas repetições/viveiro: T1 com 28% de PB; T2 com 28% de PB + 5% óleo de milho e T3 com 40% de PB. O crescimento foi ligeiramente mais alto nos peixes do T3. As taxas de sobrevivência foram acima de 77%. Pode-se inferir que as rações ofertadas não causaram alterações histomorfológicas durante o processo de maturação gonadal dessa espécie. O IGS e o K foram ligeiramente mais altos nos animais alimentados com a ração enriquecida com óleo de milho.

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Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar a seletividade de imazapic a dois cultivares de amendoim (Tatu Vermelho e IAC-5), em condições de ausência e de presença de palha de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi instalado em vasos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x2, com quatro repetições. Constituíram os fatores principais três doses de imazapic (0, 98 e 140 g ha-1), aplicadas em pré-emergência sobre duas condições de palha de cana-de-açúcar (0 e 15 t ha-1). Constatou-se que a camada de palha possui potencial em reter o herbicida, especialmente sob períodos de pouca precipitação ou irrigação; as plantas de amendoim sob esta condição apresentaram menos sintomas de intoxicação. Entretanto, na ausência da palha, as plantas, independentemente do cultivar, apresentaram maiores injúrias visuais e redução na altura, massa seca da parte aérea e raiz.