An integrated approach to Physcomitrella patens transcriptomics reveals importantclues of the evolutionary development of plant organs and sexual reproduction

Land plant evolution required the generation of a new body plan that could resist the harsher and fluctuating environmental conditions found outside of aquatic environments. Unraveling the genetic basis of plant developmental innovations is not only revealing in terms of an evolutionary point of view, but it is also important for understanding the emergence of agronomically important traits. Comparative genetic studies between basal and modern land plants, both at the genome and trancriptome levels, can help in the generation of hypotheses related to the genetic basis of plant evolutionary development.(...)

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in non digestive cancerous and normal tissues.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), immunologically identical to CEA derived from colonic carcinoma, was identified and purified from perchloric acid (PCA) extracts of bronchial and mammary carcinoma. CEA extracted from bronchial and mammary carcinoma was quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion and was found to be in average about 50-75 times less abundant in these tumors than in colonic carcinoma. CEA could also be detected in one normal breast in lactation and at lower concentrations in normal lung (1000-4000 times lower than in colonic carcinoma). The small amounts of CEA present in normal tissues are distinct from the glycoprotein of small mol. wt showing only partial identity with CEA, that we recently identified and extracted in much larger quantities from normal lung and spleen. The demonstration of the presence of CEA in non digestive carcinoma by classical gel precipitation analysis suggests that the CEA detected in the plasma of such patients by radioimmunoassay is also identical to colonic carcinoma CEA. Our comparative study of plasma CEA from bronchial and colonic carcinoma, showing that CEA from both types of patient has the same elution pattern on Sephadex G-200 and gives parallel inhibition curves in the radioimmunoassay, is in favor of this hypothesis. However, it should not be concluded that all positive CEA radioimmunoassay indicate the presence of an antigen identical to colonic carcinoma CEA. A word of warning concerning the interpretation of radioimmunoassay is required by the observation that the addition of mg amounts of PCA extract of normal plasma, cleared of CEA by Sephadex filtration, could interfere in the test and mimic the presence of CEA.

Caspase-3 Protects Stressed Organs against Cell Death.

The ability to generate appropriate defense responses is crucial for the survival of an organism exposed to pathogenesis-inducing insults. However, the mechanisms that allow tissues and organs to cope with such stresses are poorly understood. Here we show that caspase-3-knockout mice or caspase inhibitor-treated mice were defective in activating the antiapoptotic Akt kinase in response to various chemical and environmental stresses causing sunburns, cardiomyopathy, or colitis. Defective Akt activation in caspase-3-knockout mice was accompanied by increased cell death and impaired survival in some cases. Mice homozygous for a mutation in RasGAP that prevents its cleavage by caspase-3 exhibited a similar defect in Akt activation, leading to increased apoptosis in stressed organs, marked deterioration of their physiological functions, and stronger disease development. Our results provide evidence for the relevance of caspase-3 as a stress intensity sensor that controls cell fate by either initiating a RasGAP cleavage-dependent cell resistance program or a cell suicide response.

EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO GENISTEIN AND DAIDZEIN DISRUPTS STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN FEMALE MICE

In mice, exposure to isoflavones (ISO), abundant in soy infant formula, during the first 5 d of life alters structural and functional development of reproductive organs. Effects of longer exposures are unknown. The study objective was to evaluate whether exposure to a combination of daidzein and genistein in the first 10 compared to 5 d of life results in greater adverse effects on ovarian and uterine structure in adult mice. Thirteen litters of 8–12 pups were cross-fostered and randomized to corn oil or ISO (2 mg daidzein + 5 mg genistein/kg body weight/d) for the first 5 or 10 d of life. The 10-d protocol mimicked the period when infants are fed soy protein formula (SPF) but avoids the time when suckling pups can consume the mother’s diet. Body and organ weights and histology of ovaries and uteri were analyzed. There were no differences in the ovary or uterus weight, number of ovarian follicles, number of multiple oocyte follicles, or percent of ovarian cysts with 5 or 10 d of ISO intervention compared to respective controls. The 10-d ISO group had higher body weights from 6 d to 4 mo. of age and a higher percent of hyperplasia in the oviduct than the respective control. Lower numbers of ovarian corpus lutea and a higher incidence of abnormal changes were reported in the uteri of both ISO groups compared to their respective controls. Five- and 10-d exposure to ISO had similar long-lasting adverse effects on the structures of ovaries and uterus in adult mice. Only the 10-d ISO exposure resulted in greater body weight gain at adulthood.

Receipt from W. H. Eckhardt, Pianos, Organs, Sheet Music and Musical Merchandise for piano

Receipt from W. H. Eckhardt, Pianos, Organs, Sheet Music and Musical Merchandise for piano, May 9, 1887.

Étude de l'impact de deux traitements, dont un sans antibiotiques, sur la santé digestive et les populations de Clostridium perfringens dans des élevages de poulets de chair.

Le problème grandissant de l’antibiorésistance remet en question plusieurs pratiques reliées à l’utilisation des antibiotiques, dont l’usage à grande échelle pour des fins de promotion de la croissance chez les animaux de consommation. Depuis 2006, le retrait des antibiotiques dans les élevages de poulets de chair en Europe a été associé à la résurgence d’entérite nécrotique, une maladie intestinale causée par la bactérie Clostridium perfringens. Alors que la pathogénie de la maladie semblait bien comprise, le retrait des antibiotiques a montré que peu de solutions de remplacement sont disponibles afin de prévenir cette maladie. Très peu d’études se sont intéressées à mieux caractériser la dynamique des populations de C. perfringens dans les élevages avicoles et l’effet que pouvait avoir le retrait des antibiotiques sur l’évolution de ces populations. La présente étude a évalué l’impact du remplacement des antibiotiques promoteurs de croissance et des anticoccidiens pendant une période de 14 mois, dans huit élevages commerciaux de poulets de chair au Québec. Un protocole d’élevage alternatif, combinant des stratégies telles que des produits à base d’huiles essentielles, des acides organiques et inorganique, une vaccination contre la coccidiose ainsi qu’une amélioration des conditions de démarrage des poussins, a été utilisé en remplacement des antimicrobiens. Les performances zootechniques, la santé digestive ainsi que l’occurrence d’entérite nécrotique pour les lots de poulets soumis au protocole d’élevage alternatif ont été comparées avec celles de lots de poulets de chair recevant une ration conventionnelle. Des analyses moléculaires basées sur la PCR et le PFGE ont été utilisées afin de documenter l’impact de la mise en place du protocole d’élevage alternatif sur les populations de C. perfringens. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’aucune différence entre les groupes soumis aux deux types de protocoles n'est observée en ce qui a trait à la viabilité en élevage, à l'âge d'abattage et aux taux de condamnations à l'abattoir. Toutefois, les lots soumis au traitement alternatif ont eu des performances moindres pour le poids moyen à l'abattage, le gain moyen quotidien et la conversion alimentaire. Un peu plus de 27% des lots soumis au protocole alternatif ont connu un épisode d’entérite nécrotique clinique. Les analyses ont aussi montré que l’un ou l’autre des protocoles ne semble pas exercer d’influence particulière sur la dynamique temporelle des populations de C. perfringens. Pour les lots soumis au protocole d’élevage alternatif, une forte diversité génétique pour C. perfringens a été liée à un risque augmenté de vivre un épisode d’entérite nécrotique. À l’opposé, les lots alternatifs ayant vécu des épisodes récurrents de la maladie ont montré une diminution significative de la diversité génétique, ainsi qu’une augmentation marquée du nombre de souches de C. perfringens transportant plusieurs gènes de virulence. La présente étude a permis de mieux documenter, d’un point de vue économique et scientifique, la production de poulets de chair élevés sans antibiotiques ni anticoccidiens au Québec. Cette étude est la seule du genre s’étant intéressée à la caractérisation et à la comparaison dans le temps des flores de C. perfringens retrouvées dans les deux types d’élevages. Elle a révélé que la production à grande échelle de poulets de chair élevés sans antibiotiques ni anticoccidiens est possible au Québec, mais que celle-ci présente des impacts sur les performances zootechniques des oiseaux, sur leur santé digestive et sur la dynamique des populations de C. perfringens. Mots-clés : poulets de chair, antibiotiques, huiles essentielles, acides organiques, vaccination coccidiose, performances zootechniques, santé digestive, entérite nécrotique, Clostridium perfringens, dynamique populationnelle

Effect of Dietary Proteins on Growth, Food Conversion and Digestive Enzyme Activity of Juvenile Macrobrachium Rosenbergii

School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology

The digestive system in the cephalopode

Three species of cephalopod molluacs collected from the waters in and around cochin area of the Arabian Sea, of south India formed the subject of the present study. The Species are loligo duvauceli, _Sepia_ aculeata and sepiella inermis, their food and feeding habits, morphology and histology of the gut as well as the physiology of digestion have been described

Studies on the digestive enzymes of the cultivable grey mullet liza parsia (hamilton buchanan, 1822)

Culturing of fish in captivity demands a detailed knowledge on well balanced diet and adequate feeding. Formulation and production of nutritionally balanced diets for fish require research, quality control and biological evaluation. It is often assuemed that what is ingested is also digested, but this is not always be the case. Digestion depends upon both the physical state of the food and the kind and quantity of enzymes in the digestive tract. The ability of fish to digest a particular component of diet can be ascertained by investigating the complement of digestive enzymes present along the digestive tract. Investigations on the basic digestive physiology will not only enhance our present knowledge on nutrition and feed development, but will also contribute in understanding the digestive functions of lower vertebrates. It is against this background that the present topic of investigation "Studies on the digestive enzymes of the cultivable grey mullet Liza parsia Hamilton Buchanan, l822" has been selected. The thesis is arranged and presented in eight chapters.

Studies on the digestive enzymes of the Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

The efficiency of a diet not only depends on its nutrient composition and nutrient balance but also on the effective utilization by the animal. In the utilization of dietary nutrients, the digestive enzymes play the crucial role of catalysing the hydrolytic reactions, splitting the macromolecules into simple absorbable molecules. The activity of these biocatalysts is regulated by alterations in pH, temperature, substrate type and concentrations, and also by the presence of activators and inhibitors. Thus any shift from the optimum conditions necessary for these enzymes may affect their activity, thereby correspondingly modify the digestibility of the nutrients supplied to the animals. Thus, investigations on the important digestive enzymes and their preferential conditions of activity are essential, so that the results obtained could be used in rationally adjusting the quality and quantity of feed supplied to the different stages of prawns In India, directed research on nutritional physiology and biochemical approaches to digestion in commercially important prawns is taken up_ only recently, and the field is still in an infant stage. In view of its emerging importance it is identified as an area of priority and the present investigation has been carried out on the Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus

The Major Digestive Enzymes in Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis mossambicus: Distribution and Characteristics

The major digestive enzyme activities and digestive indices were compared between Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis mossambicus. Pepsin - like acid proteases that acts on low pH has been identified all along the digestive tract of both the fishes. Comparatively low alpha amylase activity is shown by the E. suratensis and the enzyme is distributed almost equally throughout the intestinal segments in both the species. Very low alkaline protease activity is found in the stomach of both the fishes and in O. mossambicus, the enzyme activity diminishes extensively towards the posterior portion of the intestine whereas in E. suratensis the activity increases towards the posterior part. The present study showed that lipase is one of the prominent digestive enzymes in O. mossambicus with a remarkable specific activity throughout the digestive tract than that of E. suratensis .It has been noted that O. mossambicus has a higher values for digestive somatic index, hepato somatic index, intestinal coefficient and gut Vs standard length ratio than that of E. suratensis indicating its higher digestive and metabolic capabilities. The early maturity and fast growth of O. mossambicus can be explained by their enhanced digestive indices. The compa ratively low activities of acid protease, amylase, lipase and total alkaline protease of E. suratensis revealed poor digestive capacity than that of O. mossambicus

[177Lu – DOTA – Tyr3] – OCTREOTATE para el tratamiento de tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos. Revisión sistemática de la literatura.

Introducción: los tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos se diagnostican en estadio avanzado en 60 - 80% de los pacientes y las opciones terapéuticas son limitadas. Se realizó una revisión sobre el beneficio clínico del tratamiento con [177Lu - DOTA - Tyr3] - Octreotate en pacientes con enfermedad metastásica o inoperable. Objetivos: evaluar la eficacia, impacto en calidad de vida y toxicidad de la terapia con 177Lu DOTATE en pacientes con tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos avanzados. Materiales y Métodos: se condujo una revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante la búsqueda de estudios clínicos prospectivos y retrospectivos en bases electrónicas (MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, SCIELO, OVID y la Biblioteca Cochrane) de cualquier idioma, año y estado de publicación. Se incluyeron 5 estudios, por la heterogeneidad existente entre los estudios no se realizó un metaanálisis. Resultados: la respuesta tumoral global fue del 45 - 57%, la enfermedad permaneció estable en 27% - 38% y progresó en 6% - 21% de casos en las series incluidas. El tiempo libre de progresión osciló entre 31 - 40 meses y la sobrevida global de 31– 51 meses. Se observó toxicidad hematológica grado 3-4 hasta en 9.5% de pacientes. Hubo mejoría significativa en la calidad de vida de pacientes tratados con 177LuDOTATATE. Conclusiones: la terapia con 177Lu- DOTATATE ofrece un beneficio clínico a los pacientes con tumores neuroendocrinos bien diferenciados avanzados por su impacto positivo en calidad de vida, control de síntomas, ralentiza la progresión tumoral y su toxicidad es baja.

Cells, tissues, and organs.

Estudia cómo funcionan las células para formar tejidos, órganos y sistemas de órganos. Los estudiantes de entre once y catorce años aprenden qué tienen en común todas las células, cómo trabajan junto a los sistemas del cuerpo, cuáles son los cuatro tipos de tejidos humanos y por qué el cuerpo respira, circula la sangre, y siente dolor.

The effects of gravity on the development of otolith organs in the Japanese quail

This paper examines the detailed embryologic development of the otolith organs, part of the vestibular system responsible for balance, in Japanese quail. The data from this study will provide baseline data for comparison with experiments conducted by NASA during space flight.