¿Sigue la Agencia Europea del Medicamento sus propias reglas? Cuento con moraleja

Antecedentes/Objetivos: Los sesgos de género en los ensayos clínicos (EC) se demostraron ya en los 90. Objetivo: analizar el cumplimiento del Informe Público Europeo de Evaluación (EPAR) de anticonceptivos y fármacos para la disfunción eréctil (FDE) realizado por la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos (EMA) respecto a sus recomendaciones de elaboración. Métodos: Análisis del contenido sobre eficacia, seguridad, farmacocinética (FC) y farmacodinámica (FD) del EPAR de 3 anticonceptivos y 3 FDE, y de sus fichas técnicas. Fuente de información: Base de datos de EMA. Descriptores: “erectile dysfunction” y “contraception���. Criterios exclusión: fármacos no autorizados, genéricos, que presenten el mismo informe. Resultados: Los EPAR de FDE no aportan datos del nº de EC de seguridad de Viagra, ni de las fases de 3 de los 11 EC de Levitra. Faltan datos sobre fases de 2 de los 6 EC de eficacia de Viagra. Ni datos de absorción de Cialis y Levitra sobre biodisponibilidad absoluta y relativa (salvo en 2º EPAR de Levitra). No datos de interacción alimentaria de Cialis. El EPAR del anticonceptivo Zoely no aporta información de las fases de 4 de los 8 EC sobre seguridad. Eficacia bien descrita, excepto Zoely (no refleja datos de EC dosis-respuesta, respecto a evidencia preliminar de eficacia, y de plan y dosis recomendada). En FD: Faltan datos de Zoely y EllaOne sobre concentración plasmática y efecto, comparación placebo o medicamento de referencia, EC para tipos concretos de efectos adversos, e interacciones con medicamentos. En Zoely no coincide la dosis estudiada con la autorizada. No datos de las fases de los EC de FC de EVRA y EllaOne, ni de 1/6 EC de Zoely. Hay datos de interacciones alimentarias en todos los anticonceptivos, pero no de absorción, respecto biodisponibilidad absoluta ni relativa. La información de eliminación es reflejada, excepto en el aclaramiento y vida media de Zoely. El nº de EC de las interacciones con otros fármacos fue < en los anticonceptivos respeto a los FDE. Las reacciones adversas (RAM) en los EPAR son más frecuentes en anticonceptivos (Evra: 80%, EllaOne: 79%, Zoely: 75%) que en FDE (Viagra: 65%, Cialis: 66,7%, Levitra: 64,3%). Hay RAM en los EPAR que no aparecen en su ficha técnica (EVRA: 4, EllaOne: 10, Zoely: 3, 2º EPAR Cialis: 6, 2º EPAR Levitra: 1). Conclusiones: La EMA no sigue sus propias guías de elaboración del EPAR al recomendar la aprobación de la comercialización de FDE y anticonceptivos a la Comisión Europea con falta de datos relevantes sobre seguridad, FC y FD. Las diferencias observadas en los EPAR entre ambos tipos de fármacos, sugieren sesgos de género en la información sobre seguridad y FC.

Effects of follicular versus luteal phase-based strength training in young women

Hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle (MC) may influence trainability of strength. We investigated the effects of a follicular phase-based strength training (FT) on muscle strength, muscle volume and microscopic parameters, comparing it to a luteal phase-based training (LT). Eumenorrheic women without oral contraception (OC) (N = 20, age: 25.9 ± 4.5 yr, height: 164.2 ± 5.5 cm, weight: 60.6 ± 7.8 kg) completed strength training on a leg press for three MC, and 9 of them participated in muscle biopsies. One leg had eight training sessions in the follicular phases (FP) and only two sessions in the luteal phases (LP) for follicular phase-based training (FT), while the other leg had eight training sessions in LP and only two sessions in FP for luteal phase-based training (LT). Estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), total testosterone (T), free testosterone (free T) and DHEA-s were analysed once during FP (around day 11) and once during LP (around day 25). Maximum isometric force (Fmax), muscle diameter (Mdm), muscle fibre composition (No), fibre diameter (Fdm) and cell nuclei-to-fibre ratio (N/F) were analysed before and after the training intervention. T and free T were higher in FP compared to LP prior to the training intervention (P < 0.05). The increase in Fmax after FT was higher compared to LT (P <0.05). FT also showed a higher increase in Mdm than LT (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found significant increases in Fdm of fibre type ΙΙ and in N/F only after FT; however, there was no significant difference from LT. With regard to change in fibre composition, no differences were observed between FT and LT. FT showed a higher gain in muscle strength and muscle diameter than LT. As a result, we recommend that eumenorrheic females without OC should base the periodization of their strength training on their individual MC.

A relação entre as hormonas sexuais e a voz no sexo feminino

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

AID's experience with contraceptive social marketing : a synthesis of project findings /

"PN-AAL-073"--Cover.

Family planning methods and practice : Africa.

Item 504

Family limitation : text /

Publisher's postcard, laid in.

Population trends : Ghana /

Mode of access: Internet.

Current contraceptive status among women aged 15-44;: United States, 2011-2013 /

Mode of access: Internet.

The rhythm way to family happiness; a lifetime reference for the use of the rhythm method,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Birth control review.

Title from cover.

Population and birth-control; a symposium,

Mode of access: Internet.

Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of immune activation in postpartum HIV-1/HSV-2 co-infected Kenyan women

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Predictors of men's acceptance of modern contraceptive practice: Study in rural Vietnam

Studies have shown family planning adoption is likely to be more effective for women when men are actively involved. The transtheoretical model of behavior change was used to examine men's involvement in general contraception and intrauterine device (IUD) use by their wives. The study was carried out in rural Vietnam with 651 eligible participants. Cons of IUD use for men in precontemplation and contemplation/preparation were significantly higher than those in the action/maintenance stages, whereas the reverse was true for pros of IUD. The self-efficacy for convincing wife to have IUD in precontemplation was significantly lower than for those in higher stages. Women's education and ages, spontaneous recall of modem contraceptive method, cons for IUD, and self-efficacy for contraception and for convincing wives to get IUD inserted (or continue use) were significant predictors of men's readiness to accept IUD. Interventions are targeted to reduce cons and increase self-efficacy for IUD use.