Outlines of a System of polítical Economy; written with a view to prove to government and the country, that the cause of the present agricultural distress is entirely artificial..

UANL

Fair Allocation of Production Externalities: Recent Results

We survey recent axiomatic results in the theory of cost-sharing. In this litterature, a method computes the individual cost shares assigned to the users of a facility for any profile of demands and any monotonic cost function. We discuss two theories taking radically different views of the asymmetries of the cost function. In the full responsibility theory, each agent is accountable for the part of the costs that can be unambiguously separated and attributed to her own demand. In the partial responsibility theory, the asymmetries of the cost function have no bearing on individual cost shares, only the differences in demand levels matter. We describe several invariance and monotonicity properties that reflect both normative and strategic concerns. We uncover a number of logical trade-offs between our axioms, and derive axiomatic characterizations of a handful of intuitive methods: in the full responsibility approach, the Shapley-Shubik, Aumann-Shapley, and subsidyfree serial methods, and in the partial responsibility approach, the cross-subsidizing serial method and the family of quasi-proportional methods.

The euro impact of the banking system of Greece : cost-benefit analysis.

Rapport de recherche

The new school reader : a comprehensive system of instruction in the principles of elocution

UANL

On the Profitability of Production Constraints in a Dynamic Natural Resource Oligopoly

Static oligopoly analysis predicts that if a single firm in Cournot equilibrium were to be constrained to contract its production marginally, its profits would fall. on the other hand, if all the firms were simultaneously constrained to reduce their productino, thus moving the industry towards monopoly output, each firm's profit would rise. We show that these very intuitive results may not hold in a dynamic oligopoly.

The Muisca Calendar : an approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Non invasive classification system of scoliosis curve types using least-squares support vector machines

Objective To determine scoliosis curve types using non invasive surface acquisition, without prior knowledge from X-ray data. Methods Classification of scoliosis deformities according to curve type is used in the clinical management of scoliotic patients. In this work, we propose a robust system that can determine the scoliosis curve type from non invasive acquisition of the 3D back surface of the patients. The 3D image of the surface of the trunk is divided into patches and local geometric descriptors characterizing the back surface are computed from each patch and constitute the features. We reduce the dimensionality by using principal component analysis and retain 53 components using an overlap criterion combined with the total variance in the observed variables. In this work, a multi-class classifier is built with least-squares support vector machines (LS-SVM). The original LS-SVM formulation was modified by weighting the positive and negative samples differently and a new kernel was designed in order to achieve a robust classifier. The proposed system is validated using data from 165 patients with different scoliosis curve types. The results of our non invasive classification were compared with those obtained by an expert using X-ray images. Results The average rate of successful classification was computed using a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. The overall accuracy of the system was 95%. As for the correct classification rates per class, we obtained 96%, 84% and 97% for the thoracic, double major and lumbar/thoracolumbar curve types, respectively. Conclusion This study shows that it is possible to find a relationship between the internal deformity and the back surface deformity in scoliosis with machine learning methods. The proposed system uses non invasive surface acquisition, which is safe for the patient as it involves no radiation. Also, the design of a specific kernel improved classification performance.

Supply response and Cost of production of natural rubber- an econometric study

The study deals with the short and long term supply response of the natural rubber in India and to analyse the macro economic environment of NR industry and causative factors of the rubber price crash. It determines the minimum cost of production of natural rubber and to forecast the potential production of NR in India. There is positive response of short run and long run supply to prices. Since correlation analysis show close association between international and domestic price level, international price changes will have its domestic echo. Production and consumption will sustain its rising trend. This makes plans for increasing production estimates show that a mid way level i.e. the range between Rs.32-Rs.38 will give a fair enough profit to the grower in the present situation and provide for the viable sustenance of rubber cultivation. Identification of the SWOT of rubber cultivation would help in supporting rubber cultivation if remedial measures are undertaken with the true spirit. This would help Indian rubber to attain global competitiveness. Then the inflow of valuable foreign exchange will overcome the other economic drawbacks of rubber cultivation

Rotational analysis of the C1Π-X1 Σ+ system of indium monofluoride

Indium monofluoride was excited in a high-frequency discharge and the C-X system was photographed at a reciprocal dispersion of 0.3 AA mm-1 using a plane-grating spectrograph. Rotational analyses of the 0,0 1,0 2,2 3,3 4,4 2,4 3,5 4,6 and 5,7 bands have been carried out and the following molecular constants have been evaluated. Be'=0.2670(+or-3) cm-1, Be"=0.2628(+or-4) cm-1, alpha e'=0.0050(+or-4) cm-1, alpha e"=0.0020(+or-1) cm-1, De'=3.65(+or-5)*10-7 cm-1, De"=2.5(+or-3)*10-7 cm-1, beta e'=0.5(+or-2)*10-7 cm-1, beta e"=0.2(+or-1)*10-7 cm-1, re'=1.9672(+or-3) AA, re"=1.9853(+or-2) AA. The re" value agrees with the microwave absorption value 1.9854 AA.

Entropy of a correlated system of nucleons

Realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions induce correlations to the nuclear many-body system, which lead to a fragmentation of the single-particle strength over a wide range of energies and momenta. We address the question of how this fragmentation affects the thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter. In particular, we show that the entropy can be computed with the help of a spectral function, which can be evaluated in terms of the self-energy obtained in the self-consistent Green's function approach. Results for the density and temperature dependences of the entropy per particle for symmetric nuclear matter are presented and compared to the results of lowest order finite-temperature Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations. The effects of correlations on the calculated entropy are small, if the appropriate quasiparticle approximation is used. The results demonstrate the thermodynamical consistency of the self-consistent T-matrix approximation for the evaluation of the Green's functions.

Spatio-temporal variation of microphytoplankton in the upwelling system of the south-eastern Arabian Sea during the summer monsoon of 2009

The phytoplankton standing crop was assessed in detail along the South Eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) during the different phases of coastal upwelling in 2009.During phase 1 intense upwelling was observed along the southern transects (8◦N and 8.5◦N). The maximum chlorophyll a concentration (22.7 mg m −3) was observed in the coastal waters off Thiruvananthapuram (8.5◦N). Further north there was no signature of upwelling, with extensive Trichodesmium erythraeum blooms. Diatoms dominated in these upwelling regions with the centric diatom Chaetoceros curvisetus being the dominant species along the 8◦N transect. Along the 8.5◦N transect pennate diatoms like Nitzschia seriata and Pseudo-nitzschia sp. dominated. During phase 2, upwelling of varying intensity was observed throughout the study area with maximum chlorophyll a concentrations along the 9◦N transect (25 mg m−3) with Chaetoceros curvisetus as the dominant phytoplankton. Along the 8.5◦N transect pennate diatoms during phase 1 were replaced by centric diatoms like Chaetoceros sp. The presence of solitary pennate diatoms Amphora sp. and Navicula sp. were significant in the waters off Kochi. Upwelling was waning during phase 3 and was confined to the coastal waters of the southern transects with the highest chlorophyll a concentration of 11.2 mg m−3. Along with diatoms, dinoflagellate cell densities increased in phases 2 and 3. In the northern transects (9◦N and 10◦N) the proportion of dinoflagellates was comparatively higher and was represented mainly by Protoperidinium spp., Ceratium spp. and Dinophysis spp.

Analysis of the circadian system of the cockroach Rhyparobia (Leucophaea) maderae

Biologische Rhythmen bestimmen das gesamte Leben auf der Erde. Dabei scheint der circadiane Rhythmus der bekannteste zu sein, welcher durch eine Periodendauer von etwa (lat. circa) 24 Stunden gekennzeichnet ist. Dieser seit Jahrmillionen täglich stattfindende Wechsel von Hell- und Dunkelphasen führte zur Entwicklung von inneren Uhren in nahezu allen Organismen, welche die Physiologie und das Verhalten steuern. In der Schabe Rhyparobia (Leucophaea) maderae, einem etablierten Modellorganismus der circadianen Rhythmusforschung, konnte die innere Uhr auf die akzessorischen Medulla (AMe) eingegrenzt werden. Da neben klassischen Neurotransmittern auch Neuropeptide unablässig für die Aufrechterhaltung des endogenen Rhythmus oder aber für Synchronisationsprozesse sind, bestand der Hauptfokus der Arbeit in der Analyse einer möglichen Beteiligung des myoinhibitorischen Neuropeptids (MIP) am circadianen System von R. maderae. Mittels MALDI-TOF Massenspektrometrie konnten fünf Rhyparobia-MIPs in Präparationen der AMe identifiziert und zwei vollständig sequenziert werden. Immunzytochemische Analysen zeigten neben einer weiten MIP-Immunreaktivität im Gehirn eine dichte Innervierung der AMe und mit ihr assoziierten Neuronengruppen. Kolokalisation von MIP- und Pigment-dispersing Faktor-Immunreaktivitäten wurden in mindestens zwei circadianen Schrittmacherzellen beobachtet. Immunreaktivitäten in diversen Kommissuren lassen den Schluss zu, dass Rhyparobia-MIPs als Kopplungsfaktoren beider akzessorischen Medullae agieren. Immunzytochemische Kolokalisationsexperimente mit anderen neuroaktiven Kandidaten für den Lichteingangsweg zeigen, dass Rhyparobia-MIPs auch an der Übermittlung photischer Eingänge in die AMe vom ipsi- und kontralateralen Komplexauge beteiligt sein könnten. Darüber hinaus konnte durch Injektionsexperimente kombiniert mit Verhaltensassays gezeigt werden, dass mindestens Rhyparobia-MIP-1 und -2 Eingangssignale in die AMe sind. Des Weiteren konnte mittels enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assays gezeigt werden, dass MIP in der AMe und dem optischen Lobus mindestens über G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren agiert. Diese Rezeptoren scheinen zudem tageszeitabhängig unterschiedlich exprimiert oder aber unterschiedlich sensitiv zu sein.

Assessing the users’ need for a spatial decision support system of smallholder farming in Kenya

Accurate data of the natural conditions and agricultural systems with a good spatial resolution are a key factor to tackle food insecurity in developing countries. A broad variety of approaches exists to achieve precise data and information about agriculture. One system, especially developed for smallholder agriculture in East Africa, is the Farm Management Handbook of Kenya. It was first published in 1982/83 and fully revised in 2012, now containing 7 volumes. The handbooks contain detailed information on climate, soils, suitable crops and soil care based on scientific research results of the last 30 years. The density of facts leads to time consuming extraction of all necessary information. In this study we analyse the user needs and necessary components of a system for decision support for smallholder farming in Kenya based on a geographical information system (GIS). Required data sources were identified, as well as essential functions of the system. We analysed the results of our survey conducted in 2012 and early 2013 among agricultural officers. The monitoring of user needs and the problem of non-adaptability of an agricultural information system on the level of extension officers in Kenya are the central objectives. The outcomes of the survey suggest the establishment of a decision support tool based on already available open source GIS components. The system should include functionalities to show general information for a specific location and should provide precise recommendations about suitable crops and management options to support agricultural guidance on farm level.

A molecular and cellular analysis of the circadian system of the cockroach Rhyparobia (Leucophaea) maderae

Circadiane Schrittmacher koordinieren die täglichen Rhythmen in Physiologie und Verhalten in lebenden Organismen. Die Madeira Schabe Rhyparobia maderae (Synonym: Leucophaea maderae) ist ein gut etabliertes Modell, um die neuronalen Mechanismen der circadianen Rhythmen bei Insekten zu studieren. Die akzessorische Medulla (AME) in den optischen Loben des Gehirns wurde als das circadiane Schrittmacherzentrum der Madeira Schabe identifiziert, das circadiane Rhythmen in der Laufaktivität steuert. Über die Neurotransmitter der Eingangswege in das circadiane System der Madeira Schabe ist noch nicht viel bekannt. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war es, mögliche Eingangssignale in die innere Uhr der Madeira Schabe zu bestimmen. An primären Zellkulturen von AME-Neuronen wurden Calcium-Imaging Experimente durchgeführt, um die Neurotransmitter-abhängigen Veränderungen in der intrazellulären Calcium-Konzentration zu messen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Signalkaskade des Neuropeptids Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), dem wichtigsten Kopplungsfaktor in circadianen Schrittmachern von Insekten, in Calcium-Imaging und Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (FRET) Experimenten untersucht. Acetylcholin (ACh) erhöht die intrazelluläre Calcium-Konzentration in der Mehrzahl der circadianen Schrittmacherneurone der Madeiraschabe. Applikation von GABA, Serotonin und Octopamin erhöhten oder reduzierten die intrazelluläre Calcium-Konzentration in den AME-Neuronen, während Histamin und Glutamat die intrazelluläre Calcium-Konzentration ausschließlich reduzierten. Pharmakologische Experimente zeigten, dass die AME-Neurone ACh über ionotrope nikotinische ACh-Rezeptoren detektierten, während GABA über ionotrope GABAA-Rezeptoren und metabotrope GABAB-Rezeptoren detektiert wurde. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die circadiane Aktivität der Schabe durch verschiedene Eingänge, einschließlich ACh, GABA, Glutamat, Histamin, Octopamin und Serotonin, moduliert wird. Bei den FRET Studien wurde ein Proteinkinase A (PKA)-basierter FRET Sensor zur Detektion von cyclischem AMP (cAMP) verwendet. Es wurde gezeigt, dass PDF über Adenylylcyclase-abhängige und -unabhängige Signalwege wirken kann. Zusätzlich wurden Laufrad-Assays durchgeführt, um Phasenverschiebungen im Rhythmus der circadianen Laufaktivität zu detektieren, nachdem der Neurotransmitter Histamin zu verschiedenen circadianen Zeiten injiziert wurde. Histamin-Injektionen durch die Komplexaugen der Schabe ergaben eine biphasische Phasenantwortkurve (phase response curve) mit Phasenverzögerungen in der Laufaktivität am späten subjektiven Tag und am Beginn der subjektiven Nacht und Phasenbeschleunigungen in der späten subjektiven Nacht. Schließlich wurde eine extrazelluläre Ableittechnik an lebenden Schaben etabliert, die gleichzeitige Langzeit-Ableitungen von der AME, des Komplexauges (Elektroretinogramm = ERG), und der Beinmuskulatur (Elektromyogramm = EMG) für mehrere Tage ermöglichte. Diese Methode bietet einen Ausgangspunkt für weitere elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen des circadianen Systems der Schabe, in denen Substanzen (z.B. Neurotransmitter und Neuropeptide) analysiert werden können, die einen Einfluss auf den circadianen Rhythmus in der Laufaktivität haben