Vallejo Nágera, «los niños perdidos del Franquismo» y los crímenes contra la Humanidad

[ES]Si en España se cometieron delitos contra la Humanidad durante la Guerra Civil, y luego en el Franquismo, fue gracias a la aportación teórica de Vallejo Nágera. Sus investigaciones eugenésicas fueron financiadas y alentadas por el Gobierno de Franco. Sus teorías sustentaron la comisión de atroces delitos que repugnan a la conciencia de la Humanidad. De manera organizada y sistemática, miles de bebés y niños fueron sustraídos y separados de sus familias, todas en el bando de los vencidos de la Guerra. Fueron entregados a la red asistencial del Estado y a familias adeptas al Régimen. Hoy tales hechos constituirían un delito de lesa humanidad. Al tiempo de su comisión, su calificación jurídica es más compleja.

Optical interface based on a nanofiber atom-trap

In this thesis, I present the realization of a fiber-optical interface using optically trapped cesium atoms, which is an efficient tool for coupling light and atoms. The basic principle of the presented scheme relies on the trapping of neutral cesium atoms in a two-color evanescent field surrounding a nanofiber. The strong confinement of the fiber guided light, which also protrudes outside the nanofiber, provides strong confinement of the atoms as well as efficient coupling to near-resonant light propagating through the fiber. In chapter 1, the necessary physical and mathematical background describing the propagation of light in an optical fiber is presented. The exact solution of Maxwell’s equations allows us to model fiber-guided light fields which give rise to the trapping potentials and the atom-light coupling in the close vicinity of a nanofiber. Chapter 2 gives the theoretical background of light-atom interaction. A quantum mechanical model of the light-induced shifts of the relevant atomic levels is reviewed, which allows us to quantify the perturbation of the atomic states due to the presence of the trapping light-fields. The experimental realization of the fiber-based atom trap is the focus of chapter 3. Here, I analyze the properties of the fiber-based trap in terms of the confinement of the atoms and the impact of several heating mechanisms. Furthermore, I demonstrate the transportation of the trapped atoms, as a first step towards a deterministic delivery of individual atoms. In chapter 4, I present the successful interfacing of the trapped atomic ensemble and fiber-guided light. Three different approaches are discussed, i.e., those involving the measurement of either near-resonant scattering in absorption or the emission into the guided mode of the nanofiber. In the analysis of the spectroscopic properties of the trapped ensemble we find good agreement with the prediction of theoretical model discussed in chapter 2. In addition, I introduce a non-destructive scheme for the interrogation of the atoms states, which is sensitive to phase shifts of far-detuned fiber-guided light interacting with the trapped atoms. The inherent birefringence in our system, induced by the atoms, changes the state of polarization of the probe light and can be thus detected via a Stokes vector measurement.

La cosmesi naturale di Remedia. Ricerca linguistica per le lingue italiano e tedesco.

La ricerca condotta per questa tesi è incentrata sulla cosmesi naturale e rappresenta il risultato di un tirocinio avanzato svolto in collaborazione con l'azienda Remedia di Quarto di Sarsina (FC), i cui settori principali sono l'erboristeria e la cosmesi naturale. Lo scopo del progetto consiste nella preparazione di un interprete ad una conferenza sul tema della cosmesi naturale per le lingue italiano e tedesco. L'enfasi viene posta sul metodo da adottare per acquisire sia la terminologia sia le nozioni basilari del dominio in un arco di tempo limitato. Si tratta quindi di una ricerca linguistica incentrata sui termini e sulla fraseologia che ricorrono con maggiore frequenza nel corpus in italiano sul tema trattato. La tesi è suddivisa in quattro capitoli. Il primo capitolo tratta la pelle, la cosmesi tradizionale, gli ingredienti più controversi, i principali marchi di certificazione biologica per la cosmesi, infine descrive l'azienda e i metodi utilizzati per la trasformazione delle piante officinali. Il secondo capitolo introduce la metodologia adottata e i problemi riscontrati nel corso del progetto. Tratta inoltre la linguistica dei corpora connessa agli studi di terminologia, il ruolo svolto dall'esperto, la creazione di corpora specialistici e paragonabili nelle lingue di lavoro, nonchè l'analisi dei termini più ricorrenti e dei loro equivalenti interlinguistici nel loro contesto naturale. Infine introduco il prototipo di tesauro utilizzato per registrare 300 dei termini che ricorrono più frequentemente nel corpus in italiano. Il terzo capitolo presenta una disamina degli aspetti generali della terminologia, delle sue origini e delle principali scuole, in particolare la scuola di Vienna e il contributo di Eugen Wüster. Affronta inoltre le caratteristiche della comunicazione specialistica, ponendo l'accento su tecnicismi collaterali, equivalenza e variazione. Il quarto capitolo tratta nel dettaglio i risultati del progetto corredati da alcune osservazioni a livello cognitivo e terminologico.

Neuroimaging in childhood arterial ischaemic stroke: evaluation of imaging modalities and aetiologies

Aim The aim of this study was to describe neuroimaging patterns associated with arterial ischaemic stroke (AIS) in childhood and to differentiate them according to stroke aetiology. Method Clinical and neuroimaging (acute and follow-up) findings were analysed prospectively in 79 children (48 males, 31 females) aged 2 months to 15 years 8 months (median 5y 3mo) at the time of stroke by the Swiss Neuropaediatric Stroke Registry from 2000 to 2006. Results Stroke was confirmed in the acute period in 36 out of 41 children who underwent computed tomography, in 53 of 57 who underwent T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in all 48 children who underwent diffusion-weighted MRI. AIS occurred in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) in 63 participants and in all cases was associated with lesions of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The lesion was cortical-subcortical in 30 out of 63 children, cortical in 25 out of 63, and subcortical in 8 of 63 children. Among participants with AIS in the posterior circulation territory, the stroke was cortical-subcortical in 8 out of 16, cortical in 5 of 16, and thalamic in 3 out of 16 children. Interpretation AIS mainly involves the anterior circulation territory, with both the ACA and the MCA being affected. The classification of Ganesan is an appropriate population-based classification for our Swiss cohort, but the neuroimaging pattern alone is insufficient to determine the aetiology of stroke in a paediatric population. The results show a poor correlation between lesion pattern and aetiology.

Long-term sequelae after acquired pediatric hemorrhagic cerebellar lesions

The aim of the present study was to assess cognitive, affective, and motor long-term sequelae after acquired focal pediatric cerebellar lesions.

Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis in Swiss children

AIMo describe the characteristics of paediatric cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) in Switzerland.

Acute ischemic stroke in children versus young adults

The aim of this study was to compare children and young adults with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in 2 large registries.

Delayed diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke in children - a registry-based study in Switzerland

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY/PRINCIPLES: After arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) an early diagnosis helps preserve treatment options that are no longer available later. Paediatric AIS is difficult to diagnose and often the time to diagnosis exceeds the time window of 6 hours defined for thrombolysis in adults. We investigated the delay from the onset of symptoms to AIS diagnosis in children and potential contributing factors.

Why boys will be boys: two pathways of fetal testicular androgen biosynthesis are needed for male sexual differentiation

Human sexual determination is initiated by a cascade of genes that lead to the development of the fetal gonad. Whereas development of the female external genitalia does not require fetal ovarian hormones, male genital development requires the action of testicular testosterone and its more potent derivative dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The "classic" biosynthetic pathway from cholesterol to testosterone in the testis and the subsequent conversion of testosterone to DHT in genital skin is well established. Recently, an alternative pathway leading to DHT has been described in marsupials, but its potential importance to human development is unclear. AKR1C2 is an enzyme that participates in the alternative but not the classic pathway. Using a candidate gene approach, we identified AKR1C2 mutations with sex-limited recessive inheritance in four 46,XY individuals with disordered sexual development (DSD). Analysis of the inheritance of microsatellite markers excluded other candidate loci. Affected individuals had moderate to severe undervirilization at birth; when recreated by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in bacteria, the mutant AKR1C2 had diminished but not absent catalytic activities. The 46,XY DSD individuals also carry a mutation causing aberrant splicing in AKR1C4, which encodes an enzyme with similar activity. This suggests a mode of inheritance where the severity of the developmental defect depends on the number of mutations in the two genes. An unrelated 46,XY DSD patient carried AKR1C2 mutations on both alleles, confirming the essential role of AKR1C2 and corroborating the hypothesis that both the classic and alternative pathways of testicular androgen biosynthesis are needed for normal human male sexual differentiation.

Macrocerebellum: Significance and Pathogenic Considerations

Macrocerebellum is a rare finding characterized by an abnormally large cerebellum. Only few patients with a syndromal or isolated macrocerebellum have been reported so far. This article aims to categorize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, quantitate the macrocerebellum by volumetric analysis, characterize the neurological and dysmorphic features and cognitive outcome, and report the results of genetic analyses in children with macrocerebellum. All MR images were qualitatively evaluated for infratentorial and supratentorial abnormalities. Volumetric analysis was performed. Data about neurological and dysmorphic features, outcome, and genetic analysis were collected from clinical histories and follow-up examinations. Five patients were included. Volumetric analysis in three patients confirmed large cerebellar size compared to age-matched controls. MR evaluation showed that thickening of the cortical gray matter of the cerebellar hemispheres is responsible for the macrocerebellum. Additional infratentorial and supratentorial abnormalities were present in all patients. Muscular hypotonia, as well as impaired motor and cognitive development, was found in all patients, with ocular movement disorders in three of five patients. The five patients differed significantly in terms of dysmorphic features and involvement of extracerebral organs. Submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations were found in two patients. Macrocerebellum is caused by thickening of the cortical gray matter of the cerebellar hemispheres, suggesting that cerebellar granule cells may be involved in its development. Patients with macrocerebellum show highly heterogeneous neuroimaging, clinical, and genetic findings, suggesting that macrocerebellum is not a nosological entity, but instead represents the structural manifestation of a deeper, more basic biological disturbance common to heterogeneous disorders.