A New Approach Model in Post Graduate Training of Local Government Officers

In 2013-15 there was a new type of post graduate training elaborated and piloted in Hungary at the Institute of Executive Training and Continuing Education (VTKI) within the National University of Public Service (NKE). Although the pilot financed by the State Administration Reform Operative Program (ÁROP) had not lacked the previously established attempts to include interactivity in the training, it was the first to observe and apply the actual principles of the European Union 2020 expressed in the threefold criteria of economic growth: smartness, sustainability and inclusiveness. All of them are represented by a pillar of the program like e-learning, class training and field training with the inclusion of local society. According to the objectives of the program there were at least 10 thousand attendees from the civil service sphere set as project indicators, so it has been a large scale training program that took place in 2014 in Hungary. The following article shows the innovations included in this new approach model of post graduate training civil servants.

The work of nurse practitioners : a national work sampling study

Aim: This paper is a report of a study of variations in the pattern of nurse practitioner work in a range of service fields and geographical locations, across direct patient care, indirect patient care and service-related activities. Background. The nurse practitioner role has been implemented internationally as a service reform model to improve the access and timeliness of health care. There is a substantial body of research into the nurse practitioner role and service outcomes, but scant information on the pattern of nurse practitioner work and how this is influenced by different service models. --------- Methods: We used work sampling methods. Data were collected between July 2008 and January 2009. Observations were recorded from a random sample of 30 nurse practitioners at 10-minute intervals in 2-hour blocks randomly generated to cover two weeks of work time from a sampling frame of six weeks. --------- Results: A total of 12,189 individual observations were conducted with nurse practitioners across Australia. Thirty individual activities were identified as describing nurse practitioner work, and these were distributed across three categories. Direct care accounted for 36.1% of how nurse practitioners spend their time, indirect care accounted for 32.2% and service-related activities made up 31.9%. --------- Conclusion. These findings provide useful baseline data for evaluation of nurse practitioner positions and the service effect of these positions. However, the study also raises questions about the best use of nurse practitioner time and the influences of barriers to and facilitators of this model of service innovation.

Confucian education and enlightenment for the masses in the manner of Guwen guanzhi

The topic of this study is the most renowned anthology of essays written in Literary Chinese, Guwen guanzhi, compiled and edited by Wu Chengquan (Chucai) and Wu Dazhi (Diaohou), and first published during the Qing dynasty, in 1695. Because of the low social standing of the compilers, their anthology remained outside the recommended study materials produced by members of the established literati and used for preparing students in the imperial civil-service examinations. However, since the end of the imperial era, Guwen guanzhi has risen to a position as the classical anthology par excellence. Today it is widely used as required or supplementary reading material of Literary Chinese in middle-schools both in Mainland China and on Taiwan. The goal of this study is to explain the persistent longevity of the anthology. So far, Guwen guanzhi has not been a topic of any published academic study, and the opinions expressed on it in various sources are widely discrepant. Through a comparative study with a dozen classical Chinese anthologies in use during the early Qing dynasty, this study reveals the extent to which the compilers of Guwen guanzhi modelled their work after other selections. Altogether 86 % of the texts in Guwen guanzhi originate from another Qing era anthology, Guwen xiyi, often copied character by character. However, the notes and commentaries are all different. Concentrating on the special characteristics unique to Guwen guanzhi—the commentaries and certain peculiarities in the selection of texts—this study then discusses the possible reasons for the popularity of Guwen guanzhi over the competing readers during the Qing era. Most remarkably, Guwen guanzhi put in practise the equalitarian, educational ideals of the Ming philosopher Wang Shouren (Yangming). Thus Guwen guanzhi suited the self-enlightenment needs of the ”subordinate classes”, in particular the rising middle-class comprised mainly of merchants. The lack of moral teleology, together with the compact size, relative comprehensiveness of the selection and good notes and comments, have made Guwen guanzhi well suited for the new society since the abolition of the imperial examination system. Through a content analysis, based on a sample of the texts, this study measures the relative emphasis on centralism and localism (both in concrete and spiritual terms) expressed in the texts of Guwen guanzhi. The analysis shows that the texts manifest some bias towards emphasising innate virtue on the expense of state-defined moral. This may reflect hidden critique towards intellectual oppression by the centralised imperial rule. During the early decades of the Qing era, such critique was often linked to Ming-loyalism. Finally, this study concludes that the kind of ”spiritual localism” that Guwen guanzhi manifests gives it the potential to undermine monolithic orthodoxy even in today’s Chinese societies. This study has progressed hand in hand with the translation of a selection of texts from Guwen guanzhi into Finnish, published by Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press: Jadekasvot – Valittuja tarinoita Kiinan muinaisajoilta (2005), Jadelähde – Valittuja kirjoituksia Kiinan keskiajalta (2007) and Jadepeili – Valittuja kirjoituksia keisarillisen Kiinan kulta-ajoilta (2008). All translations are critical editions, complete with extensive notation. The trilogy is the first comprehensive translation based on Guwen guanzhi in a European language.

Wipert von Blücher und Finnland : Alternativpolitik und Diplomatie im 'Dritten Reich'

This dissertation explores the role of the German minister to Helsinki, Wipert von Blücher (1883-1963), within the German-Finnish relations of the late 1930s and the Second World War. Blücher was a key figure – and certainly one of the constants – within German Finland policy and the complex international diplomacy surrounding Finland. Despite representing Hitler’s Germany, he was not a National Socialist in the narrower sense of the term, but a conservative civil servant in the Wilhelmine tradition of the German foreign service. Along with a significant number of career diplomats, Blücher attempted to restrict National Socialist influence on the exercise of German foreign policy, whilst successfully negotiating a modus vivendi with the new regime. The study of his political biography in the Third Reich hence provides a highly representative example of how the traditional élites of Germany were caught in an cycle of conformity and, albeit tacit, opposition. Above all, however, the biographical study of Blücher and his behaviour offers an hitherto unexplored approach to the history of the German-Finnish relations. His unusually long tenure in Helsinki covered the period leading up to the so-called Winter War, which left Blücher severely distraught by Berlin’s effectively pro-Soviet neutrality and brought him close to resigning his post. It further extended to the German-Finnish rapprochement of 1940/41 and the military cooperation of both countries from mid-1941 to 1944. Throughout, Blücher developed a diverse and ambitious set of policy schemes, largely rooted in the tradition of Wilhelmine foreign policy. In their moderation and commonsensical realism, his designs – indeed his entire conception of foreign policy – clashed with the foreign political and ideological premises of the National Socialist regime. In its theoretical grounding, the analysis of Blücher’s political schemes is built on the concept of alternative policy and indebted to A.J.P. Taylor’s definition of dissent in foreign policy. It furthermore rests upon the assumption, introduced by Wolfgang Michalka, that National Socialist foreign policy was dominated by a plurality of rival conceptions, players, and institutions competing for Hitler’s favour (‘Konzeptionen-Pluralismus’). Although primarily a study in the history of international relations, my research has substantially benefited from more recent developments within cultural history, particularly research on nobility and élites, and the renewed focus on autobiography and conceptions of the self. On an abstract level, the thesis touches upon some of the basic components of German politics, political culture, and foreign policy in the first half of the 20th century: national belonging and conflicting loyalties, self-perception and representation, élites and their management of power, the modern history of German conservatism, the nature and practice of diplomacy, and, finally, the intricate relationship between the ethics of the professional civil service and absolute moral principles. Against this backdrop, the examination of Blücher’s role both within Finnish politics and the foreign policy of the Third Reich highlights the biographical dimension of the German-Finnish relationships, while fathoming the determinants of individual human agency in the process.

Percepção sobre o papel do Código de Ética Profissional na solução de dilemas éticos: um estudo empírico na Controladoria Geral do Município do Rio de Janeiro (CGM)

O grande impacto dos escândalos que afetam organizações das mais diversas áreas, inclusive as públicas, tem difundido um interesse generalizado em comportamentos éticos e antiéticos. A administração ideal baseia-se em um modelo de gestão, cujo processo utiliza mecanismos que assegurem sua eficiência e eficácia e, conseqüentemente, propiciem a redução de conflitos dentro da organização. A observância de um código de ética profissional favorece essa redução de conflitos, pois seu objetivo central é a formação da consciência sobre padrões de conduta. Nesse contexto, os servidores públicos devem constituir e observar determinadas regras de conduta que norteiam seu exercício profissional, pois a consciência dos princípios morais, seja no exercício do cargo ou função, ou fora dele, refletirá no exercício vocacional do poder do estado. Seus atos, comportamentos e atitudes deverão preservar a honra e a tradição do Funcionalismo Público diante da sociedade. Entretanto, a efetividade do cumprimento de um Código de Ética não se baseia nas leis administrativas e nem com estas se confunde, mas se apóia no sentimento de adesão moral e de convicção íntima de cada servidor público. Diante dos desafios encontrados na gestão de organizações públicas e de sua importância para a sociedade em geral, o objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar os fatores que influenciam a percepção dos servidores públicos civis municipais quanto ao valor do Código de Ética Profissional da Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro como auxiliar na solução de dilemas éticos. A amostra foi constituída por 90 (noventa) servidores lotados na Controladoria Geral do Município (CGM). A metodologia utilizada para a análise exploratória e confirmatória dos dados, necessitou de técnicas de análise fatorial na redução de dados e regressão linear múltipla para testar as cinco hipóteses oriundas do problema de pesquisa. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a percepção dos servidores sobre os valores morais professados no Código de Ética e o conhecimento deles sobre o Código influenciam a percepção sobre o seu valor como auxiliar na resolução de dilemas éticos. Os resultados também sugerem que o servidor municipal percebe, em um nível baixo, o compromisso da Administração com o código.

传值进程模型检测中诊断信息的生成

诊断信息自动生成是模型检测方法的基本特征之一，对分析和排错具有重要的意义，讨论了传值进程模型检测中诊断信息的生成问题，引入了两种诊断信息的表示结构：证明图和示例；提出了两种诊断信息的构造算法，所采用的方法是从检测过程保存的依赖信息中抽取证明图和示例，这样可以继承已有的信息，从而减少计算量，相应的算法已经实现并用实例作了分析测试，实验结果表明该方法是有效的。

时间符号迁移图及其互模拟判定

引入时间符号迁移图的概念，作为既涉及通讯又具有实时性的并发系统的模型。该文给出了这种迁移图时间互模拟的算法，并证明了该算法的正确性。

关于蜕变测试和特殊用例测试的实例研究

提出了基于蜕变测试方法的集成测试环境MTest,进而为检验蜕变测试方法的能力和效率,以稀疏矩阵乘法程序为例设计了一组实验.该实验基于变异分析技术,分别以mutation score和错误发现率为度量指标,定量地分析和对比了特殊用例测试,以特殊测试用例和随机测试用例为源测试用例的蜕变测试这3种方法的测试能力和效率.该实验可在MTest测试环境下自动完成.实验结果表明,蜕变测试与特殊用例测试之间是互补的,而且就蜕变测试的源测试用例而言,随机测试用例在测试能力和效率上优于特殊测试用例.

一种基于模型的并发系统测试目的描述

提出了带约束事件的时序逻辑TLCE,用于描述系统运行中输入/输出事件之间的时序关系以及对事件参数的数据相关性约束.阐述了一种基于模型的并发系统测试框架,采用TLCE描述测试目的以引导测试用例生成.缓存一致性协议和会议协议的实例研究中所生成的测试用例集显著优于随机测试用例集.这说明了TLCE作为测试目的描述的有效性.

传值系统的互模拟与谓词等式系

National Natural Science Foundation of China; Public Administration and Civil Service Bureau of Macau SAR; Companhia de Telecomunicacoes de Macau S.A.R.L.; Macau SAR Government Tourist Office