Henry Duke of Norfolk [Material gráfico] : hereditary earl Marshall of England obit 1701

Resumen: Descripción: retrato de tres cuartos de figura mirando de frente

Biochemical evolution II: Origin of life in tubular microstructures on weathered feldspar surfaces

Mineral surfaces were important during the emergence of life on Earth because the assembly of the necessary complex biomolecules by random collisions in dilute aqueous solutions is implausible. Most silicate mineral surfaces are hydrophilic and organophobic and unsuitable for catalytic reactions, but some silica-rich surfaces of partly dealuminated feldspars and zeolites are organophilic and potentially catalytic. Weathered alkali feldspar crystals from granitic rocks at Shap, north west England, contain abundant tubular etch pits, typically 0.4–0.6 μm wide, forming an orthogonal honeycomb network in a surface zone 50 μm thick, with 2–3 × 106 intersections per mm2 of crystal surface. Surviving metamorphic rocks demonstrate that granites and acidic surface water were present on the Earth’s surface by ∼3.8 Ga. By analogy with Shap granite, honeycombed feldspar has considerable potential as a natural catalytic surface for the start of biochemical evolution. Biomolecules should have become available by catalysis of amino acids, etc. The honeycomb would have provided access to various mineral inclusions in the feldspar, particularly apatite and oxides, which contain phosphorus and transition metals necessary for energetic life. The organized environment would have protected complex molecules from dispersion into dilute solutions, from hydrolysis, and from UV radiation. Sub-micrometer tubes in the honeycomb might have acted as rudimentary cell walls for proto-organisms, which ultimately evolved a lipid lid giving further shelter from the hostile outside environment. A lid would finally have become a complete cell wall permitting detachment and flotation in primordial “soup.” Etch features on weathered alkali feldspar from Shap match the shape of overlying soil bacteria.

Letter from Rufus King to William Tudor,

One letter regarding a meeting between the elder William Tudor and the King of England at the Court of Saint James.

The Beauties of England and Wales; or, Delineations, topographical, historical, and descriptive, of each county.

For full contents note see NUC pre-1956 cited above.

Luther's reply to King Henry VIII, now first Englished after the lapse of four centuries,

Mode of access: Internet.

Folk-songs of England,

Pl. no.: 12593, 13678, 12993, 13587, 13652.

The cathedrals of England ... : 1st[-2d] series.

1st series: "by Frederick W. Farrar ... and others"; 2d series: "by W.C.E. Newbolt ... and others."

American notes, Pictures from Italy, and A child's history of England /

Mode of access: Internet.

The civil costume of England from the conquest to the present time /

Added t.p. with illuminated border & portraits.

Steam warfare in the Parana: a narrative of operations, by the combined squadrons of England and France, in forcing a passage up that river,

Sketches of South America, illustrative of allusions in the foregoing narrative, to the geography, natural history, inhabitants, etc., of that part of the world. Extracts translated from Felix de Azara's Voyages dans l'Amérique Méridionale... v.2, p. [121]-287.

An introductory history of England.

v. 1. From the earliest times to the close of the middle ages. [2d impression] 1904.--v. 2. From Henry VII to the restoration. 5th impression, 1922.--v. 3. From the restoration to the beginning of the great war. 5th impression. 1920.--v. 4. The great European war [1792-1815] 4th impression. 1929.--v. 5. From Waterloo to 1880. lst ed. [1923]

A history of England,

Two maps on end-papers.

A history of England.

Mode of access: Internet.

The lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England.

Vol. 8, edited after the author's death, by Mary Scarlett Campbell, 1869.