A longitudinal investigation of maternal influences on the development of child hostile attributions and aggression

Aggression in children is associated with an enhanced tendency to attribute hostile intentions to others. However, limited information is available regarding the factors that contribute to the development of such hostile attribution tendencies. We examined factors that contribute to individual differences in child hostile attributions and aggression, focusing on potential pathways from maternal hostile attributions via negative parenting behavior. We conducted a longitudinal study of 98 mothers and children (47 male, 51 female), recruited from groups experiencing high and low levels of psychosocial adversity. Maternal hostile attributions, observed parenting, and child behaviour were assessed at 18 months and 5 years child age, and child hostile attributions were also examined at 5 years. Independent assessments of maternal and child processes were utilized where possible. Analyses provided support for a direct influence of maternal hostile attributions on the development of child hostile attributions and aggressive behaviour. Maternal hostile attributions were also associated with negative parenting behaviour, which in turn influenced child adjustment. Even taking account of possible parenting influences and preexisting child difficulties, hostile attributions in the mother showed a direct link with child aggression at 5 years. Maternal hostile attributions were themselves related to psychosocial adversity. We conclude that maternal hostile attributions are prevalent in high-risk samples and are related to less optimal parenting behaviour, child hostile attributions, and child aggression. Targeting hostile maternal cognitions may be a useful adjunct to parenting programs

Causal relationships vs. emergent patterns in the global controls of fire frequency

Global controls on month-by-month fractional burnt area (2000–2005) were investigated by fitting a generalised linear model (GLM) to Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) data, with 11 predictor variables representing vegetation, climate, land use and potential ignition sources. Burnt area is shown to increase with annual net primary production (NPP), number of dry days, maximum temperature, grazing-land area, grass/shrub cover and diurnal temperature range, and to decrease with soil moisture, cropland area and population density. Lightning showed an apparent (weak) negative influence, but this disappeared when pure seasonal-cycle effects were taken into account. The model predicts observed geographic and seasonal patterns, as well as the emergent relationships seen when burnt area is plotted against each variable separately. Unimodal relationships with mean annual temperature and precipitation, population density and gross domestic product (GDP) are reproduced too, and are thus shown to be secondary consequences of correlations between different controls (e.g. high NPP with high precipitation; low NPP with low population density and GDP). These findings have major implications for the design of global fire models, as several assumptions in current models – most notably, the widely assumed dependence of fire frequency on ignition rates – are evidently incorrect.

A causal role for posterior medial prefrontal cortex in choice-induced preference change

After a person chooses between two items, preference for the chosen item will increase and preference for the unchosen item will decrease because of the choice made. In other words, we tend to justify or rationalize our past behavior by changing our attitude. This phenomenon of choice-induced preference change has been traditionally explained by cognitive dissonance theory. Choosing something that is disliked or not choosing something that is liked are both cognitively inconsistent, and in order to reduce this inconsistency, people tend to change their subsequently stated preference in accordance with their past choices. Previously, neuroimaging studies identified posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) as a key brain region involved in cognitive dissonance. However, it still remains unknown whether the pMFC plays a causal role in inducing preference change following cognitive dissonance. Here, we demonstrate that 25-min 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied over the pMFC significantly reduces choice-induced preference change compared to sham stimulation, or control stimulation over a different brain region, demonstrating a causal role for the pMFC.

HR attributions and the dual commitment of outsourced IT workers

Purpose – Outsourced information technology (IT) workers establish two different employment relationships: one with the outsourcing company that hires them and another with the client organization where they work daily. The attitudes that an employee has towards both organisations may be influenced by the interpretations or attributions that employees make about the reasons behind the human resource (HR) management practices implemented by the outsourcing company. This paper aims to propose that commitment‐focused HR attributions are positively and control‐focused HR attributions are negatively related to the affective commitment to the client organization, through the affective commitment to the outsourcing company. Design/methodology/approach – These hypotheses were tested with a sample of 158 highly skilled outsourced employees from the IT sector. Data were analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings – The paper's hypotheses were supported. It can conclude that, if an employee interprets the HR practices as part of a commitment‐focused strategy of the outsourcing company, it has clear attitudinal benefits. The study found that the relationship between HR attributions and the commitment to the client organization is mediated by the commitment to the outsourcing company. Practical implications – These findings hint at the critical role of outsourcing companies in managing the careers of these highly marketable employees. Originality/value – This paper is the first to apply the concept of HR attributions to contingent employment literature in general and to outsourced IT workers in particular.

Causation, complexity, and the concert: the pragmatics of causal explanation in international relations

A causal explanation provides information about the causal history of whatever is being explained. However, most causal histories extend back almost infinitely and can be described in almost infinite detail. Causal explanations therefore involve choices about which elements of causal histories to pick out. These choices are pragmatic: they reflect our explanatory interests. When adjudicating between competing causal explanations, we must therefore consider not only questions of epistemic adequacy (whether we have good grounds for identifying certain factors as causes) but also questions of pragmatic adequacy (whether the aspects of the causal history picked out are salient to our explanatory interests). Recognizing that causal explanations differ pragmatically as well as epistemically is crucial for identifying what is at stake in competing explanations of the relative peacefulness of the nineteenth-century Concert system. It is also crucial for understanding how explanations of past events can inform policy prescription.

Extracting Causal Graphs from an Open Provenance Data Model

The open provenance architecture (OPA) approach to the challenge was distinct in several regards. In particular, it is based on an open, well-defined data model and architecture, allowing different components of the challenge workflow to independently record documentation, and for the workflow to be executed in any environment. Another noticeable feature is that we distinguish between the data recorded about what has occurred, emphprocess documentation, and the emphprovenance of a data item, which is all that caused the data item to be as it is and is obtained as the result of a query over process documentation. This distinction allows us to tailor the system to separately best address the requirements of recording and querying documentation. Other notable features include the explicit recording of causal relationships between both events and data items, an interaction-based world model, intensional definition of data items in queries rather than relying on explicit naming mechanisms, and emphstyling of documentation to support non-functional application requirements such as reducing storage costs or ensuring privacy of data. In this paper we describe how each of these features aid us in answering the challenge provenance queries.

The causal effect of family size on child labor and education

This paper investigates the causal relationship between family size and child labor and education among brazilian children. More especifically, it analyzes the impact of family size on child labor, school attendance, literacy and school progression. It explores the exogenous variation in family size driven by the presence of twins in the family. The results are consistent under the reasonable assumption that the instrument is a random event. Using the nationally representative brazilian household survey (Pnad), detrimental effects are found on child labor for boys. Moreover, significant effects are obtained for school progression for girls caused by the exogenous presence of the young siblings in the household.

As controvérsias na investigação da relação nexo-causal de distúrbios osteomusculares e o trabalho realizado

Atualmente, discute-se muito que em todas as áreas onde se desenvolvem atividades laborais, sempre existem riscos presentes. De fato, a observação estatística tem mostrado que através de algum agente nocivo, tanto pela sua natureza química, física ou biológica como pela sua origem mecânica ou ergonômica, a saúde dos trabalhadores sempre pode sofrer agressões. Tais condições podem ser legalmente identificadas com a denominação de acidentes do trabalho ou como doenças ocupacionais. A nocividade desencadeada pelos riscos ergonômicos, assim denominados pela legislação trabalhista e pela legislação previdenciária, criaram – no Brasil – um contexto que favorece um amplo questionamento. Esta condição parte do princípio da busca de uma relação entre a sintomatologia dos envolvidos e o trabalho executado e depende de múltiplos fatores existentes na sua origem e no seu desencadeamento. Este estudo tem por objetivo a proposição de uso de um protocolo – já existente na legislação aplicável ao caso – para a avaliação da referida relação nexo-causal. Para isso, foi escolhido um protocolo proposto pelo Ministério da Saúde, que serviu de base para a normatização efetuada pelo Ministério da Previdência através de um dispositivo legal recentemente publicado. A escolha do método mostrou-se adequada, uma vez que tais recursos de conhecimento desses distúrbios, quando observados em uma empresa de envasamento e comercialização de gás liqüefeito do petróleo (GLP), permitiram verificar que, após implementadas as ações propostas, foi possível constatar-se a existência ou não de uma relação nexo-causal mais evidente. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se creditar que a aplicação do método, de modo mais aprofundado em outras situações, deve possibilitar uma melhoria das condições de saúde e de trabalho dos envolvidos.

Variáveis explicativas da internacionalização de franquias brasileiras: um estudo causal à luz das teorias da agência e da escassez de recursos

Este trabalho objetiva entender o processo de internacionalização de franquias brasileiras, fenômeno de importância teórica e prática, através do estudo do grau de associação entre uma série de variáveis organizacionais e a internacionalização de franquias. Para tanto efetuou-se uma revisão bibliográfica visando colher subsídios para a formulação de onze hipóteses envolvendo às variáveis acima mencionadas. Tais hipóteses foram testadas a partir de dados provenientes de 293 franquias que participaram da publicação - 500 Franquias para Você Investir edição 2009/10. O estudo adotou como base teórica principal às teorias da Agência e da Escassez de Recursos. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a não existência de correlação das variáveis crescimento do faturamento e do número de unidades ano contra ano e a internacionalização de franquias, indicando que um crescimento interno acentuado diminui as vantagens relativas de se internacionalizar. Argumentos semelhantes podem ser utilizados para explicar a não correlação entre as variáveis financeiras e o processo de internacionalização. A variável faturamento apresentou uma correlação significativa com a internacionalização, o que sugere que o acúmulo de recursos permite desenvolver novos e mais efetivos mecanismos de controle, permite o acesso a novos e mais baratos mecanismos de financiamento e dá um indicativo importante da razoável exploração dos mercados internos e necessidade de busca de novos mercados. Contudo, foram as variáveis idade da empresa e número de unidades franqueadas as características com maior poder explicativo no estudo, o que revela comportamentos peculiares do mercado brasileiro como uma baixa diferença entre o tempo de fundação da empresa e da entrada no sistema de franquias e a opção por crescer através de franquias ao invés de unidades próprias, mais rentáveis, mesmo quando a franquia atinge a maturidade.

Modelo causal explicativo para o formalismo: um estudo de caso do Banco Central do Brasil

Sendo um dos objetivos básicos do Banco Central do Brasil a produção de normas visando o controle da política econômica, creditícia e cambial, e tendo esta organização um caráter estritamente normativo, esta dissertação estuda, a partir de um modelo causal explicativo, as formas em que se apresenta o fenômeno denominado formalismo, buscando retratar as discrepâncias existentes entre o que está escrito nas leis e normas e o que é, de fato, realizado na prática.

Nexo causal em matéria penal: análise da jurisprudência dos tribunais de justiça

Este artigo discute uma pesquisa empírica apresentada em 2009 como trabalho de conclusão de curso na DIREITO GV sobre a definição da causalidade para responsabilização criminal nos tribunais de justiça. Foram analisadas 84 apelações criminais julgadas entre 2007 e 2008 e extraídos resultados quantitativos e qualitativos relacionados aos dados do processo, ao resultado da decisão e à argumentação. A análise desses resultados levou a cinco principais constatações: (1) a discussão sobre nexo causal ocorre quase exclusivamente em casos de crimes culposos; (2) muitas vezes, apesar de discutido pelas partes, a existência de nexo causal não é afirmada no acórdão; (3) o nexo causal é frequentemente afirmado com pouca fundamentação e, em geral, com menos argumentos do que a afirmação de culpa; (4) a teoria mais utilizada pelos tribunais é a da equivalência das condições; e (5) o nexo causal é frequentemente afirmado como decorrência da culpa.