Importance of interhabitat gaps and stepping-stones for lesser woodcreepers (Xiphorhynchus fuscus) in the Atlantic forest, Brazil

Translocation experiments showed that a woodcreeper bird species is able to move between isolated forest fragments, but this ability is limited by increasing interpatch distances. Larger distances (> 100 m) were overcome by using small stepping-stones (isolated trees), which enhance connectivity and are useful for the species conservation in fragmented landscapes.

Within-canopy sesquiterpene ozonolysis in Amazonia

Through rapid reactions with ozone, which can initiate the formation of secondary organic aerosols, the emission of sesquiterpenes from vegetation in Amazonia may have significant impacts on tropospheric chemistry and climate. Little is known, however, about sesquiterpene emissions, transport, and chemistry within plant canopies owing to analytical difficulties stemming from very low ambient concentrations, high reactivities, and sampling losses. Here, we present ambient sesquiterpene concentration measurements obtained during the 2010 dry season within and above a primary tropical forest canopy in Amazonia. We show that by peaking at night instead of during the day, and near the ground instead of within the canopy, sesquiterpene concentrations followed a pattern different from that of monoterpenes, suggesting that unlike monoterpene emissions, which are mainly light dependent, sesquiterpene emissions are mainly temperature dependent. In addition, we observed that sesquiterpene concentrations were inversely related with ozone (with respect to time of day and vertical concentration), suggesting that ambient concentrations are highly sensitive to ozone. These conclusions are supported by experiments in a tropical rain forest mesocosm, where little atmospheric oxidation occurs and sesquiterpene and monoterpene concentrations followed similar diurnal patterns. We estimate that the daytime dry season ozone flux of -0.6 to -1.5 nmol m(-2) s(-1) due to in-canopy sesquiterpene reactivity could account for 7%-28% of the net ozone flux. Our study provides experimental evidence that a large fraction of total plant sesquiterpene emissions (46%-61% by mass) undergo within-canopy ozonolysis, which may benefit plants by reducing ozone uptake and its associated oxidative damage.

Aerosol properties, in-canopy gradients, turbulent fluxes and VOC concentrations at a pristine forest site in Amazonia

Aerosol physical and chemical properties were measured in a forest site in central Amazonia (Cuieiras reservation, 2.61S; 60.21W) during the dry season of 2004 (Aug-Oct). Aerosol light scattering and absorption, mass concentration, elemental composition and size distributions were measured at three tower levels (Ground: 2 m; Canopy: 28 m, and Top: 40 m). For the first time, simultaneous eddy covariance fluxes of fine mode particles and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were measured above the Amazonian forest canopy. Aerosol fluxes were measured by eddy covariance using a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) and a sonic anemometer. VOC fluxes were measured by disjunct eddy covariance using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS). At nighttime, a strong vertical gradient of phosphorus and potassium in the aerosol coarse mode was observed, with higher concentrations at Ground level. This suggests a source of primary biogenic particles below the canopy. Equivalent black carbon measurements indicate the presence of light-absorbing aerosols from biogenic origin. Aerosol number size distributions typically consisted of superimposed Aitken (76 nm) and accumulation modes (144 nm), without clear events of new particle formation. Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes reached respectively 7.4 and 0.82 mg m(-2) s(-1) around noon. An average fine particle flux of 0.05 +/- 0.10 10(6) m(-2) s(-1) was calculated, denoting an equilibrium between emission and deposition fluxes of fine mode particles at daytime. No significant correlations were found between VOC and fine mode aerosol concentrations or fluxes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Using Spatiotemporal Methods to Fill Gaps In Energy Usage Interval Data

Researchers analyzing spatiotemporal or panel data, which varies both in location and over time, often find that their data has holes or gaps. This thesis explores alternative methods for filling those gaps and also suggests a set of techniques for evaluating those gap-filling methods to determine which works best.

Análise dos GAPS de percepção dos atores envolvidos no transporte urbano de carga em Porto Alegre

O transporte de carga é um importante setor da logística e da economia. Em áreas urbanas, a movimentação de bens por caminhões e a necessidade de estacionar os veículos nas vias para realizar as atividades de carga e descarga tendem a potencializar os problemas de tráfego para a cidade. Os problemas de tráfego incluem o agravamento dos níveis de congestionamento, deterioração da infra-estrutura viária e problemas ambientais. Este trabalho levanta e prioriza os problemas relacionados ao processo de distribuição de bens em parte da área central da cidade de Porto Alegre, conforme as visões dos diferentes atores envolvidos na atividade. O ponto de vista das empresas transportadoras de carga, dos estabelecimentos comerciais, da administração pública municipal através da Empresa Pública de Transporte e Circulação (EPTC) e dos consumidores e moradores da região são levantados através de uma pesquisa de mercado. Os dados obtidos são confrontados e analisados, evidenciando diferenças significativas de percepção quanto à importância e relevância dos itens avaliados. Além disso, a dissertação analisa as lacunas ou gaps de percepção entre a oferta, representada pelas empresas transportadoras, e a demanda, representada pelos estabelecimentos comerciais. Uma contribuição deste trabalho está relacionada com a análise das atividades de distribuição de bens que podem ser regulamentadas pela EPTC no centro da cidade de Porto Alegre. Algumas restrições de acesso e normas para a circulação e estacionamento dos veículos de carga são apontadas.

Responsabilidade social corporativa e gaps de percepção: um estudo de caso

A disseminação do termo Responsabilidade Social Corporativa e de suas respectivas ações demonstra o grande potencial que as empresas possuem para atenuar ou agravar problemas sociais e ambientais. Hoje, existem diversas métricas que permitem medir a efetividade das ações de Responsabilidade Social praticadas pelas organizações e assim divulgar os feitos em RSC tanto em relatórios para investidores e quanto em outros meios. Esta pesquisa propõe analisar o desempenho em Responsabilidade Social de uma empresa do segmento de logística, pela percepção dos seus funcionários, confrontando-a com o discurso da empresa procurando identificar gaps de percepção. À luz de teorias da Escola de Frankfurt e de estudos em Responsabilidade Social, são analisadas possíveis causas para a existência de gaps entre a percepção dos funcionários e o discurso da empresa. Para delimitar o escopo da pesquisa, dada a amplitude do tema, foram utilizados os Indicadores Ethos de Responsabilidade Social Empresarial para identificar o desempenho em RSC da empresa analisada.