The effect of 2 weeks vitamin C supplementation on immunoendocrine responses to 2.5 h cycling exercise in man

Davison G, Gleeson M, 2006. The effect of 2 weeks vitamin C supplementation on immunoendocrine responses to 2.5 h cycling exercise in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 97(4): 454-461 RAE2008

THE IMPACT OF VIRUS INFECTION IN DEREGULATION OF CYTOKINE PRODUCTION UPON SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTION

Dendritic cells (DCs) secrete cytokines such as interleukin-23 (IL-23) when stimulated with certain Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and infected with pathogens such as P. aeruginosa. IL- 23 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the proliferation and differentiation of the IL-17 producing Th17- CD4 T helper cells. The lack of efficient cytokine production from antigen-presenting cells, such as DCs, can impact CD4 differentiation and thus impair the immune responses against pathogens. Clearance of some bacterial infections, such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to be dependent on the induction of IL-23 and therefore, deregulation of these cytokines as a direct result of virus infection may impede immune responses to secondary infections. Here, an inhibition of TLR ligand or P. aeruginosa-induced IL- 23 expression in Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV)-infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) has been demonstrated, indicating that an important function of these cells is disrupted during virus/bacterial coinfection. While production of TNF-α was unaffected in LPS stimulated cells, TNF-α was significantly inhibited in bacterium infected cells by LCMV. Type I IFN in LPS or LCMV infected cell was not detected and therefore, ruling out the possibility of cytokine suppression by Type I IFN. The production of IL-10 was high in BMDCs infected with LCMV and stimulated with LPS or bacteria. Analysis of multiple cytokines produced in this coinfection model demonstrated that LCMV infection impacts specific cytokine production upon LPS or bacterium infection, which may be important for bacterial clearance. This data is important for future immunotherapy use in viral/bacterial coinfection scenarios.

An essential role for NOD1 in host recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan containing diaminopimelic acid

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 (NOD1) belongs to a family that includes multiple members with NOD and leucine-rich repeats in vertebrates and plants. NOD1 has been suggested to have a role in innate immune responses, but the mechanism involved remains unknown. Here we report that NOD1 mediates the recognition of peptidoglycan derived primarily from Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemical and functional analyses using highly purified and synthetic compounds indicate that the core structure recognized by NOD1 is a dipeptide, gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP). Murine macrophages deficient in NOD1 did not secrete cytokines in response to synthetic iE-DAP and did not prime the lipopolysaccharide response. Thus, NOD1 mediates selective recognition of bacteria through detection of iE-DAP-containing peptidoglycan.

Control of cutaneous antimicrobial peptides by vitamin D3

Constant exposure to a wide variety of microbial pathogens represents a major challenge for our skin. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are mediators of cutaneous innate immunity and protect primarily against microbial infections. Cathelicidins were among the first AMPs identified in human skin and recent evidence suggests that they exert a dual role in innate immune defense: At first, due to their antimicrobial activity they kill pathogens directly. In addition, these peptides initiate a potent host response to infection resulting in cytokine release, inflammation and a cellular response. Disturbed cathelicidin expression and function was observed in several common inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis where cathelicidin peptide converts inert self-DNA and self-RNA into an autoimmune stimulus. In atopic dermatitis decreased levels of cathelicidin facilitating microbial superinfections have been discussed. Furthermore, abnormally processed cathelicidin peptides induce inflammation and a vascular response in rosacea. Until recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying cathelicidin regulation were unknown. Recently, the vitamin D3 pathway was identified as the major regulator of cathelicidin expression. Consequently, vitamin D3 entered the spotlight as an immune modulator with impact on both innate and adaptive immunity. Therapies targeting vitamin D3 signaling may provide new approaches for infectious and inflammatory skin diseases by affecting both innate and adaptive immune functions.

Effect of vitamin D on Epstein-Barr (EBV)-specific CD8+T cells in patients with early multiple sclerosis (MS)

Background: Infection with EBV and a lack in vitamin D may be important environmental triggers of MS. 1,25-(OH)2D3 mediates a shift of antigen presenting cells (APC) and CD4+ T cells to a less inflammatory profile. Although CD8+ T cells do express the vitamin D receptor, a direct effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on these cells has not been demonstrated until now. Since CD8+ T cells are important immune mediators of the inflammatory response in MS, we examined whether vitamin D directly affects the CD8+ T cell response, and more specifically if it modulates the EBV-specific CD8+ T cell response. Material and Methods: To explore whether the vitamin D status may influence the pattern of the EBV-specific CD8+ T cell response, PBMC of 10 patients with early MS and 10 healthy controls (HC) were stimulated with a pool of immunodominant 8-10 mer peptide epitopes known to elicit CD8+ T cell responses. PBMC were stimulated with this EBV CD8 peptide pool, medium (negative control) or anti- CD3/anti-CD28 beads (positive control). The following assays were performed: ELISPOT to assess the secretion of IFN-gamma by T cells in general; cytometric beads array (CBA) and ELISA to determine whichcytokines were released by EBV-specific CD8+ T cells after six days of culture; and intracellular cytokine staining assay to determine by which subtype of T cells secreted given cytokines. To examine whether vitamin D could directly modulate CD8+ T cell immune responses, we depleted CD4+ T cells using negative selection. Results: We found that pre-treatment of vitamin D had an antiinflammatory action on both EBV-specific CD8+ T cells and on CD3/ CD28-stimulated T cells: secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNgamma and TNF-alpha) was decreased, whereas secretion of antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-5 and TGF-beta) was increased. At baseline, CD8+ T cells of early MS patients showed a higher secretion of TNFalpha and lower secretion of IL-5. Addition of vitamin D did not restore the same levels of both cytokines as compared to HC. Vitamin D-pretreated CD8+T cells exhibited a decreased secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, even after depletion of CD4+ T cells from culture. Conclusion: Vitamin D has a direct anti-inflammatory effect on CD8+ T cells independently from CD4+ T cells. CD8+ T cells of patients with earlyMS are less responsive to the inflammatory effect of vitamin D than HC, pointing toward an intrinsic dysregulation of CD8+ T cells. The modulation of EBV-specific CD8+T cells by vitaminDsuggests that there may be interplay between these twomajor environmental factors of MS. This study was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Foundation (PP00P3-124893), and by an unrestricted research grant from Bayer to RDP.

Étude des interactions entre Haemophilus parasuis et des cellules endothéliales et épithéliales porcines: implications d’une composante bactérienne, le lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

Haemophilus parasuis est un pathogène porcin causant la maladie de Glässer caractérisée par de la polysérosite fibrineuse, polyarthrite, méningite et septicémie. La pathogenèse de l’infection et les facteurs de virulence sont encore mal connus. Le site de colonisation de Haemophilus parasuis dans le tractus respiratoire supérieur est controversé. Pour accéder à la circulation sanguine, H. parasuis doit envahir la muqueuse. H. parasuis adhère à des cellules épithéliales porcines de trachée (NPTr). Pour accéder au système nerveux central et causer la méningite, H. parasuis doit traverser la barrière hémato-méningée. H. parasuis adhère à et envahit des cellules endothéliales porcines de microvaisseaux cérébraux (PBMEC) provenant de la BBB. Le but de cette étude était d’étudier certaines interactions entre H. parasuis et son lipooligosccharide (LOS), et des cellules endothéliales et épithéliales porcines. Les résultats démontrent que l’adhésion de H. parasuis Nagasaki aux NPTr et aux PBMEC est en partie médiée par son LOS. H. parasuis induit l’apoptose des NPTr et des PBMEC, mais le LOS ne semble pas impliqué. H. parasuis, et à un niveau moindre son LOS, stimulent la sécrétion d’interleukine- (IL) 6 et d’IL-8. Différentes souches de H. parasuis sérotypes 4 et 5 (sérotypes les plus prévalents en Amérique du Nord) stimulent également les NPTr et PBMEC à produire IL-6 et IL-8. Les résultats suggèrent que le LOS de H. parasuis joue un certain rôle dans la pathogenèse de l’infection, mais d’autres composantes bactériennes sont également impliquées.

Rôle essentiel des cellules dendritiques dans l'immunité innée face a des streptocoques encapsulés

Streptococcus du Groupe B (GBS) et Streptococcus suis sont deux pathogènes encapsulés qui induisent des pathologies similaires dont la méningite et la septicémie chez les animaux et/ou les humains. Les sérotypes III et V du GBS et les sérotypes 2 et 14 du S. suis (utilisés dans cette étude) sont parmi les plus prévalents et/ou les plus virulents. La capsule polysaccharidique (CPS) définit le sérotype et est considérée comme un facteur de virulence essentiel pour les deux espèces bactériennes. Malgré que plusieurs études aient été réalisées au niveau des interactions entre ces streptocoques et les cellules de l’immunité innée, aucune information n’est disponible sur la régulation de la réponse immunitaire contre ces pathogènes par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) et leur interactions avec d’autres cellules, notamment les cellules ‘natural killer’ (NK). Dans cette étude, différentes approches (in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo) chez la souris ont été développées pour caractériser les interactions entre les DCs, les cellules NK et GBS ou S. suis. L’utilisation de mutants non encapsulés a permis d’évaluer l’importance de la CPS dans ces interactions. Les résultats in vitro avec les DCs infectées par GBS ou S. suis ont démontré que ces deux pathogènes interagissent différemment avec ces cellules. GBS est grandement internalisé par les DCs, et ce, via de multiples mécanismes impliquant notamment les radeaux lipidiques et la clathrine. Le mécanisme d’endocytose utilisé aurait un effet sur la capacité du GBS à survivre intracellulairement. Quant au S. suis, ce dernier est très faiblement internalisé et, si le cas, rapidement éliminé à l’intérieur des DCs. GBS et S. suis activent les DCs via différents récepteurs et favorisent la production de cytokines et chimiokines ainsi que l’augmentation de l’expression de molécules de co-stimulation. Cette activation permet la production d’interferon-gamma (IFN-y) par les cellules NK. Cependant, GBS semble plus efficient à activer les DCs, et par conséquent, les cellules NK que S. suis. La production d’IFN-y, en réponse à la stimulation bactérienne, est principalement assurée par un contact direct entre les DCs et les cellules NK et ne dépend qu’en partie de facteurs solubles. De plus, nos résultats in vivo ont démontré que ces deux streptocoques induisent rapidement la libération d'IFN-y par les cellules NK lors de la phase aiguë de l'infection. Ceci suggère que les interactions entre les DCs et les cellules NK pourraient jouer un rôle dans le développement d’une réponse immune T auxiliaire de type 1 (T ‘helper’ 1 en anglais; Th1). Cependant, la capacité de S. suis à activer la réponse immunitaire in vivo est également plus faible que celle observée pour GBS. En effet, les CPSs de GBS et de S. suis jouent des rôles différents dans cette réponse. La CPS de S. suis empêche une activation optimale des DCs et des cellules NK alors que c’est l’opposé pour la CPS de GBS, indépendamment du sérotype évalué. En résumé, cette étude adresse pour la première fois la contribution des DCs et des cellules NK dans la réponse immunitaire innée lors d’une infection à GBS ou à S. suis et, par extension, dans le développement d’une réponse Th1. Nos résultats renforcent davantage le rôle central des DCs dans le contrôle efficace des infections causées par des bactéries encapsulées.

Rôle des cellules dendritiques dans la modulation de la réponse immunitaire de l'hôte contre Streptococcus suis

Streptococcus suis est un important pathogène porcin et agent zoonotique responsable de méningites et de septicémies. À ce jour, les mécanismes impliqués dans la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte lors de l’infection par S. suis sont peu connus; et il en est de même pour les stratégies utilisées par S. suis afin de déjouer cette réponse. L’augmentation de l’incidence et de la sévérité des cas humains souligne le besoin d’une meilleure compréhension des interactions entre S. suis et le système immunitaire afin de générer une réponse immunitaire efficace contre ce pathogène. Les cellules dendritiques (DCs) sont de puissantes cellules présentatrices d’antigènes qui stimulent les lymphocytes T et B, assurant la liaison entre l’immunité innée et l’immunité adaptative. L’objectif principal de ce projet était d’évaluer le rôle joué par différents facteurs de virulence de S. suis sur la modulation de la fonction des DCs et de la réponse T-dépendante. Nous avons examiné l’effet des facteurs clés pour la virulence de S. suis, dont la capsule polysaccharidique (CPS), les modifications de la paroi cellulaire (D-alanylation de l’acide lipotéichoïque et N-déacétylation du peptidoglycane) et la toxine suilysine, sur l’activation et la maturation de DCs murines dérivées de la moelle osseuse (bmDCs). Suite à l’infection par S. suis, les bmDCs sont activées et subissent un processus de maturation caractérisé par l’augmentation de l’expression de molécules de co-stimulation et la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. La CPS est le principal facteur interférant avec la production de cytokines, même si les modifications de la paroi cellulaire et la suilysine peuvent également moduler la production de certaines cytokines. Enfin, la CPS, les modifications de la paroi cellulaire et la suilysine interfèrent avec la déposition du complément à la surface des bactéries et, en conséquence, avec le « killing » dépendant du complément. Les résultats ont été confirmés à l’aide de bmDCs porcines. Nous avons aussi voulu identifier les récepteurs cellulaires impliqués dans la reconnaissance de S. suis par les DCs. Nous avons démontré que la production de cytokines et l’expression des molécules de co-stimulation par les DCs sont fortement dépendantes de la signalisation par MyD88, suggérant que les DCs reconnaissent S. suis et deviennent activées majoritairement via la signalisation par les récepteurs de type Toll (TLRs). En effet, on remarque une diminution de la production de plusieurs cytokines ainsi que de l’expression de certaines molécules de co-stimulation chez les DCs TLR2-/- ou TLR2-/- et TLR9-/- double négatives. Finalement, le récepteur NOD2 semblait jouer un rôle partiel dans l’activation des DCs suite à une infection par S. suis.Enfin, nous avons évalué les conséquences de la modulation des fonctions des DCs sur le développement de la réponse T-dépendante. Les splénocytes totaux produisent plusieurs cytokines en réponse à S. suis. Des analyses in vivo et ex vivo ont permis d’observer l’implication des cellules T CD4+ et le développement d’une réponse de type « T helper » 1 (TH1) bien que la quantité de cytokines TH1 produites lors de l’infection in vivo par S. suis demeure assez basse. La CPS de S. suis interfère avec la production de plusieurs cytokines par les cellules T in vitro. Expérimentalement, l’infection induite par S. suis résulte en de faibles niveaux de production d’anticorps anti-S. suis, mais aussi d’anticorps dirigés contre l’ovalbumine utilisée comme antigène rapporteur. Cette interférence est corrélée avec la sévérité des signes cliniques, suggérant que S. suis interfère avec le développement d’une réponse immunitaire adaptative appropriée qui serait requise pour contrôler la progression de l’infection. Les résultats de cette étude mèneront à une meilleure compréhension de la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte lors de l’infection par S. suis.

The effect of copper(II), iron(II) sulphate and vitamin C combinations on the weak antimicrobial activity of (+)-catechin against Staphylococcus aureus and other microbes

Few attempts have been made to improve the activity of plant compounds with low antimicrobial efficacy. (+)-Catechin, a weak antimicrobial tea flavanol, was combined with putative adjuncts and tested against different species of bacteria. Copper(II) sulphate enhanced (+)-catechin activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis or Escherichia coli. Attempts to raise the activity of (+)-catechin against two unresponsive species, S. aureus and E. coli, with iron(II) sulphate, iron(III) chloride, and vitamin C, showed that iron(II) enhanced (+)-catechin against S. aureus, but not E. coli; neither iron(III) nor combined iron(II) and copper(II), enhanced (+)-catechin activity against either species. Vitamin C enhanced copper(II) containing combinations against both species in the absence of iron(II). Catalase or EDTA added to active samples removed viability effects suggesting that active mixtures had produced H2O2via the action of added metal(II) ions. H2O2 generation by (+)-catechin plus copper(II) mixtures and copper(II) alone could account for the principal effect of bacterial growth inhibition following 30 minute exposures as well as the antimicrobial effect of (+)-catechin–iron(II) against S. aureus. These novel findings about a weak antimicrobial flavanol contrast with previous knowledge of more active flavanols with transition metal combinations. Weak antimicrobial compounds like (+)-catechin within enhancement mixtures may therefore be used as efficacious agents. (+)-Catechin may provide a means of lowering copper(II) or iron(II) contents in certain crop protection and other products.

Intermittent Therapy with 1,25 Vitamin D and Calcitonin Prevents Cyclosporin-Induced Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats

Bone loss associated with cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy can result in serious morbidity to patients. Intermittent administration of 1,25 Vitamin D and calcitonin reduces osteopenia in a murine model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of this therapeutic approach on CsA-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. Forty male Wistar rats were allocated to four experimental groups according to the treatment received during 8 weeks: (1) CsA (10 mg/kg/day, s.c.); (2) 1,25 Vitamin D (2 mu g/kg, p.o.; in weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7) plus calcitonin (2 mu g/kg, i.p.; in weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8); (3) CsA concurrently with intermittent 1,25 Vitamin D and calcitonin administration; and (4) the control treatment group (vehicle). At the end of the 8-week treatment period, serum concentrations of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP-5b), osteocalcin, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured and an analysis of bone volume, bone surface, number of osteoblasts, and osteoclasts was performed. CsA administration resulted in significant alveolar bone resorption, as assessed by a lower bone volume and an increased number of osteoclasts, and increased serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, TRAP-5b, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha concentrations. The intermittent administration of calcitriol and calcitonin prevented the CsA-induced osteopenic changes and the increased serum concentrations of TRAP-5b and inflammatory cytokines. Intermittent calcitriol/calcitonin therapy prevents CsA-induced alveolar bone loss in rats and normalizes the production of associated inflammatory mediators.

In depression, bacterial translocation may drive inflammatory responses, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) and autoimmune responses directed against O&NS- damaged neoepitopes

Objective: Depression is accompanied by activation of immuno-inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways, and increased IgM/IgA responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative commensal bacteria. The latter suggests that bacterial translocation has caused IgM/IgA responses directed against LPS. Bacterial translocation may drive IO&NS responses.

Method: To examine the associations between IgM/IgA responses to LPS and IO&NS measurements, including plasma/serum interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, neopterin, lysozyme, oxidized LDL (oxLDL) antibodies, peroxides, and IgM (auto)immune responses against malondialdehyde (MDA), azelaic acid, phophatidyl inositol (Pi), NO-tryptophan and NO-tyrosine in depressed patients and controls.

Results: We found significant positive associations between IgM/IgA responses to LPS and oxLDL antibodies, IgM responses against MDA, azelaic acid, Pi, NO-tryptophan, and NO-tyrosine. The IgA responses to LPS were correlated with lysozyme. There were no significant positive correlations between the IgM/IgA responses to LPS and IL-1 and neopterin.

Conclusion: The findings show that in depression there is an association between increased bacterial translocation and lysozyme production, an antibacterial compound, O&NS processes, and autoimmune responses directed against O&NS generated neoantigenic determinants. It is suggested that bacterial translocation may drive IO&NS pathways in depression and thus play a role in its pathophysiology.

Prevention of bacterial translocation using β-(1-3)-D-glucan in small bowel ischemia and reperfusion in rats

To investigate the role of β-(1-3)-D-glucan on 99mTc labelled Escherichia coli translocation and cytokines secretion in rats submitted to small bowel ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: Five groups (n=10 each) of Wistar rats were subjected to control(C), sham(S), group IR subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R), and group I/R+glucan subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R) and injected with 2mg/Kg intramuscular. Translocation of labelled bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung and serum was determined using radioactivity/count and colony forming units/g(CFU/g). Serum TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Results: CFU/g and radioactivity/count were higher in I/R than in I/R+glucan rats. In C, S and S+glucan groups, bacteria and radioactivity/count were rarely detected. The I/R+glucan rats had enhancement of IL-10 and suppressed production of serum TNFα, IL-1β and, IL-6, compared to I/R untreated animals. Conclusion: The β-(1-3)-D-glucan modulated the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during bowel ischemia/reperfusion, and attenuated translocation of labelled bacteria

Prevention of bacterial translocation using β-(1-3)-D-glucan in small bowel ischemia and reperfusion in rats

To investigate the role of β-(1-3)-D-glucan on 99mTc labelled Escherichia coli translocation and cytokines secretion in rats submitted to small bowel ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: Five groups (n=10 each) of Wistar rats were subjected to control(C), sham(S), group IR subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R), and group I/R+glucan subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R) and injected with 2mg/Kg intramuscular. Translocation of labelled bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung and serum was determined using radioactivity/count and colony forming units/g(CFU/g). Serum TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Results: CFU/g and radioactivity/count were higher in I/R than in I/R+glucan rats. In C, S and S+glucan groups, bacteria and radioactivity/count were rarely detected. The I/R+glucan rats had enhancement of IL-10 and suppressed production of serum TNFα, IL-1β and, IL-6, compared to I/R untreated animals. Conclusion: The β-(1-3)-D-glucan modulated the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during bowel ischemia/reperfusion, and attenuated translocation of labelled bacteria

Análise da Expressão de APE1 após Estresse Oxidativo Induzido em Células Proficientes e Deficientes na Via de Reparo por Excisão de Nucleotídeos

Riboflavin is a vitamin very important in aerobic organisms, as a precursor of many coenzymes involved in the electron transporter chain. However, after photosensitization of riboflavin with UV or visible light, it generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can oxidize the DNA. The repair of oxidative lesions on DNA occurs through the base excision repair pathway (BER), where APE1 endonuclease plays a central role. On the other hand, the nucleotide excision repair pathway (NER) repairs helix-distorting lesions. Recently, it was described the participation of NERproteins in the repair of oxidative damage and in stimulation of repair function fromAPE1. The aim of this research was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of photosensitized riboflavin (RF*) in cells proficient and deficient in NER, correlating with APE1 expression. For this propose, the cells were treated with RF* and it was performed the cell viability assay, extraction of whole proteins, cells fractionation, immunoblotting, indirect immunofluorescence and analysis of polymorphisms of BER gens. The results evidenced that cells deficient in XPA and CSB proteins were more sensitive to RF*. However, XPC-deficient cells presented similar resistance to MRC5- SV cells, which is proficient in NER. These results indicate that XPA and CSB proteins have an important role on repair of oxidative lesions induced by RF*. Additionally, it was evidenced that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BER enzymes may influence in sensitivity of NER-deficient cell lines. Concerning the APE1 expression, the results showed that expression of this protein after treatment with RF* only changed in XPC-deficient cells. Though, it was observed that APE1 is recruited and is bound to chromatin in MRC5-SV and XPA cells after treatment with RF*. The results also showed the induction of DNA damage after treatment with RF*, through the analysis of-H2AX, since the treatment promoted an increase of endogenous levels of this phosphorylated protein, which acts signaling double strand-break on DNA. On the other hand, in XPC-deficient cells, regardless of resistance of RF*, the endogenous levels of APE1 are extremely reduced when compared with other cell lines and APE1 is not bound to chromatin after treatment with RF*. These results conclude that RF* was able to induce cell death in NERdeficient cells, where XPA and CSB cells were more sensitive when compared with MRC5-SV and XPC-deficient cells. This last result is potentially very interesting, since XPC-deficient cell line presents low levels of APE1. Additionally, the results evidenced that APE1 protein can be involved in the repair of oxidative damage induced by RF*, because APE1 is recruited and bound strongly to chromatin after treatment.