Contribución al estudio del criptoanálisis y diseño de los criptosistemas caóticos

The extraordinary increase of new information technologies, the development of Internet, the electronic commerce, the e-government, mobile telephony and future cloud computing and storage, have provided great benefits in all areas of society. Besides these, there are new challenges for the protection of information, such as the loss of confidentiality and integrity of electronic documents. Cryptography plays a key role by providing the necessary tools to ensure the safety of these new media. It is imperative to intensify the research in this area, to meet the growing demand for new secure cryptographic techniques. The theory of chaotic nonlinear dynamical systems and the theory of cryptography give rise to the chaotic cryptography, which is the field of study of this thesis. The link between cryptography and chaotic systems is still subject of intense study. The combination of apparently stochastic behavior, the properties of sensitivity to initial conditions and parameters, ergodicity, mixing, and the fact that periodic points are dense, suggests that chaotic orbits resemble random sequences. This fact, and the ability to synchronize multiple chaotic systems, initially described by Pecora and Carroll, has generated an avalanche of research papers that relate cryptography and chaos. The chaotic cryptography addresses two fundamental design paradigms. In the first paradigm, chaotic cryptosystems are designed using continuous time, mainly based on chaotic synchronization techniques; they are implemented with analog circuits or by computer simulation. In the second paradigm, chaotic cryptosystems are constructed using discrete time and generally do not depend on chaos synchronization techniques. The contributions in this thesis involve three aspects about chaotic cryptography. The first one is a theoretical analysis of the geometric properties of some of the most employed chaotic attractors for the design of chaotic cryptosystems. The second one is the cryptanalysis of continuos chaotic cryptosystems and finally concludes with three new designs of cryptographically secure chaotic pseudorandom generators. The main accomplishments contained in this thesis are: v Development of a method for determining the parameters of some double scroll chaotic systems, including Lorenz system and Chua’s circuit. First, some geometrical characteristics of chaotic system have been used to reduce the search space of parameters. Next, a scheme based on the synchronization of chaotic systems was built. The geometric properties have been employed as matching criterion, to determine the values of the parameters with the desired accuracy. The method is not affected by a moderate amount of noise in the waveform. The proposed method has been applied to find security flaws in the continuous chaotic encryption systems. Based on previous results, the chaotic ciphers proposed by Wang and Bu and those proposed by Xu and Li are cryptanalyzed. We propose some solutions to improve the cryptosystems, although very limited because these systems are not suitable for use in cryptography. Development of a method for determining the parameters of the Lorenz system, when it is used in the design of two-channel cryptosystem. The method uses the geometric properties of the Lorenz system. The search space of parameters has been reduced. Next, the parameters have been accurately determined from the ciphertext. The method has been applied to cryptanalysis of an encryption scheme proposed by Jiang. In 2005, Gunay et al. proposed a chaotic encryption system based on a cellular neural network implementation of Chua’s circuit. This scheme has been cryptanalyzed. Some gaps in security design have been identified. Based on the theoretical results of digital chaotic systems and cryptanalysis of several chaotic ciphers recently proposed, a family of pseudorandom generators has been designed using finite precision. The design is based on the coupling of several piecewise linear chaotic maps. Based on the above results a new family of chaotic pseudorandom generators named Trident has been designed. These generators have been specially designed to meet the needs of real-time encryption of mobile technology. According to the above results, this thesis proposes another family of pseudorandom generators called Trifork. These generators are based on a combination of perturbed Lagged Fibonacci generators. This family of generators is cryptographically secure and suitable for use in real-time encryption. Detailed analysis shows that the proposed pseudorandom generator can provide fast encryption speed and a high level of security, at the same time. El extraordinario auge de las nuevas tecnologías de la información, el desarrollo de Internet, el comercio electrónico, la administración electrónica, la telefonía móvil y la futura computación y almacenamiento en la nube, han proporcionado grandes beneficios en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad. Junto a éstos, se presentan nuevos retos para la protección de la información, como la suplantación de personalidad y la pérdida de la confidencialidad e integridad de los documentos electrónicos. La criptografía juega un papel fundamental aportando las herramientas necesarias para garantizar la seguridad de estos nuevos medios, pero es imperativo intensificar la investigación en este ámbito para dar respuesta a la demanda creciente de nuevas técnicas criptográficas seguras. La teoría de los sistemas dinámicos no lineales junto a la criptografía dan lugar a la ((criptografía caótica)), que es el campo de estudio de esta tesis. El vínculo entre la criptografía y los sistemas caóticos continúa siendo objeto de un intenso estudio. La combinación del comportamiento aparentemente estocástico, las propiedades de sensibilidad a las condiciones iniciales y a los parámetros, la ergodicidad, la mezcla, y que los puntos periódicos sean densos asemejan las órbitas caóticas a secuencias aleatorias, lo que supone su potencial utilización en el enmascaramiento de mensajes. Este hecho, junto a la posibilidad de sincronizar varios sistemas caóticos descrita inicialmente en los trabajos de Pecora y Carroll, ha generado una avalancha de trabajos de investigación donde se plantean muchas ideas sobre la forma de realizar sistemas de comunicaciones seguros, relacionando así la criptografía y el caos. La criptografía caótica aborda dos paradigmas de diseño fundamentales. En el primero, los criptosistemas caóticos se diseñan utilizando circuitos analógicos, principalmente basados en las técnicas de sincronización caótica; en el segundo, los criptosistemas caóticos se construyen en circuitos discretos u ordenadores, y generalmente no dependen de las técnicas de sincronización del caos. Nuestra contribución en esta tesis implica tres aspectos sobre el cifrado caótico. En primer lugar, se realiza un análisis teórico de las propiedades geométricas de algunos de los sistemas caóticos más empleados en el diseño de criptosistemas caóticos vii continuos; en segundo lugar, se realiza el criptoanálisis de cifrados caóticos continuos basados en el análisis anterior; y, finalmente, se realizan tres nuevas propuestas de diseño de generadores de secuencias pseudoaleatorias criptográficamente seguros y rápidos. La primera parte de esta memoria realiza un análisis crítico acerca de la seguridad de los criptosistemas caóticos, llegando a la conclusión de que la gran mayoría de los algoritmos de cifrado caóticos continuos —ya sean realizados físicamente o programados numéricamente— tienen serios inconvenientes para proteger la confidencialidad de la información ya que son inseguros e ineficientes. Asimismo una gran parte de los criptosistemas caóticos discretos propuestos se consideran inseguros y otros no han sido atacados por lo que se considera necesario más trabajo de criptoanálisis. Esta parte concluye señalando las principales debilidades encontradas en los criptosistemas analizados y algunas recomendaciones para su mejora. En la segunda parte se diseña un método de criptoanálisis que permite la identificaci ón de los parámetros, que en general forman parte de la clave, de algoritmos de cifrado basados en sistemas caóticos de Lorenz y similares, que utilizan los esquemas de sincronización excitador-respuesta. Este método se basa en algunas características geométricas del atractor de Lorenz. El método diseñado se ha empleado para criptoanalizar eficientemente tres algoritmos de cifrado. Finalmente se realiza el criptoanálisis de otros dos esquemas de cifrado propuestos recientemente. La tercera parte de la tesis abarca el diseño de generadores de secuencias pseudoaleatorias criptográficamente seguras, basadas en aplicaciones caóticas, realizando las pruebas estadísticas, que corroboran las propiedades de aleatoriedad. Estos generadores pueden ser utilizados en el desarrollo de sistemas de cifrado en flujo y para cubrir las necesidades del cifrado en tiempo real. Una cuestión importante en el diseño de sistemas de cifrado discreto caótico es la degradación dinámica debida a la precisión finita; sin embargo, la mayoría de los diseñadores de sistemas de cifrado discreto caótico no ha considerado seriamente este aspecto. En esta tesis se hace hincapié en la importancia de esta cuestión y se contribuye a su esclarecimiento con algunas consideraciones iniciales. Ya que las cuestiones teóricas sobre la dinámica de la degradación de los sistemas caóticos digitales no ha sido totalmente resuelta, en este trabajo utilizamos algunas soluciones prácticas para evitar esta dificultad teórica. Entre las técnicas posibles, se proponen y evalúan varias soluciones, como operaciones de rotación de bits y desplazamiento de bits, que combinadas con la variación dinámica de parámetros y con la perturbación cruzada, proporcionan un excelente remedio al problema de la degradación dinámica. Además de los problemas de seguridad sobre la degradación dinámica, muchos criptosistemas se rompen debido a su diseño descuidado, no a causa de los defectos esenciales de los sistemas caóticos digitales. Este hecho se ha tomado en cuenta en esta tesis y se ha logrado el diseño de generadores pseudoaleatorios caóticos criptogr áficamente seguros.

Fotodiodos basados en (Zn,Mg)O para la detección de luz ultravioleta

La presente tesis fue ideada con el objetivo principal de fabricar y caracterizar fotodiodos Schottky en capas de ZnMgO y en estructuras de pozo cuántico ZnMgO/ZnO para la detección de luz UV. La elección de este material semiconductor vino motivada por la posibilidad que ofrece de detectar y procesar señales simultáneamente, en un amplio margen de longitudes de onda, al igual que su más directo competidor el GaN. En esta memoria se da en primer lugar una visión general de las propiedades estructurales y ópticas del ZnO, prestando especial atención a su ternario ZnMgO y a las estructuras de pozo cuántico ZnMgO/ZnO. Además, se han desarrollado los conocimientos teóricos necesarios para una mejor compresión y discusión de los resultados alcanzados. En lo que respecta a los resultados de esta memoria, en esencia, estos se dividen en dos bloques. Fotodiodos desarrollados sobre capas delgadas de ZnMgO no-polar, y sobre estructuras de pozo cuántico de ZnMgO/ZnO no-polares y semipolares Fotodiodos de capas delgadas de ZnMgO. Es bien conocido que la adición de Mg a la estructura cristalina del ZnO desplaza el borde de absorción hacia energías mayores en el UV. Se ha aprovechado esto para fabricar fotodiodos Schottky sobre capas de ZnMgO crecidas por MOCVD y MBE, los cuales detecten en un ventana de energías comprendida entre 3.3 a 4.6 eV. Sobre las capas de ZnMgO, con diferentes contenidos de Mg(5.6-18.0 %), crecidas por MOCVD se han fabricado fotodiodos Schottky. Se han estudiado en detalle las curvas corrientevoltaje (I-V). Seguidamente, se ha realizado un análisis de la respuesta espectral bajo polarización inversa. Tanto los valores de responsividad obtenidos como el contraste UV/VIS están claramente aumentados por la presencia de ganancia. Paralelamente, se han realizado medidas de espectroscopia de niveles profundos (DLOS), identificándose la presencia de dos niveles profundos de carácter aceptor. El papel desempeñado por estos en la ganancia ha sido analizado meticulosamente. Se ha demostrado que cuando estos son fotoionizados son responsables directos del gran aumento de la corriente túnel que se produce a través de la barrera Schottky, dando lugar a la presencia de la ganancia observada, que además resulta ser función del flujo de fotones incidente. Para extender el rango detección hasta 4.6 eV se fabricaron fotodiodos sobre capas de ZnMgO de altísima calidad cristalina crecidas por MBE. Sobre estos se ha realizado un riguroso análisis de las curvas I-V y de las curvas capacidad-voltaje (CV), para posteriormente identificar los niveles profundos presentes en el material, mediante la técnica de DLOS. Así mismo se ha medido la respuesta espectral de los fotodetectores, la cual muestra un corte abrupto y un altísimo contraste UV/VIS. Además, se ha demostrado como estos son perfectos candidatos para la detección de luz en la región ciega al Sol. Por otra parte, se han fabricado fotodiodos MSM sobre estas mismas capas. Se han estudiado las principales figuras de mérito de estos, observándose unas corrientes bajas de oscuridad, un contraste UV/VIS de 103, y la presencia de fotocorriente persistente. Fotodiodos Schottky de pozos cuánticos de ZnO/ZnMgO. En el segundo bloque de esta memoria, con el objeto final de clarificar el impacto que tiene el tratamiento del H2O2 sobre las características optoelectrónicas de los dispositivos, se ha realizado un estudio detallado, en el que se han analizado por separado fotodiodos tratados y no tratados con H2O2, fabricados sobre pozos cuánticos de ZnMgO/ZnO. Se ha estudiado la respuesta espectral en ambos casos, observándose la presencia de ganancia en los dos. A través de un análisis meticuloso de las características electrónicas y optoeletrónicas de los fotodiodos, se han identificado dos mecanismos de ganancia internos diferentes en función de que la muestra sea tratada o no-tratada. Se han estudiado fotodetectores sensibles a la polarización de la luz (PSPDs) usando estructuras de pozo cuántico no-polares y semipolares sobre sustratos de zafiro y sustratos de ZnO. En lo que respecta a los PSPDs sobre zafiro, en los cuales el pozo presenta una tensión acumulada en el plano, se ha visto que el borde de absorción se desplaza _E _21 meV con respecto a luz linealmente polarizada perpendicular y paralela al eje-c, midiéndose un contraste (RE || c /RE c)max _ 6. Con respecto a los PSPDs crecidos sobre ZnO, los cuales tienen el pozo relajado, se ha obtenido un 4E _30-40, y 21 meV para las heteroestructuras no-polar y semipolar, respectivamente. Además el máximo contraste de responsividad fue de (RE || c /RE c)max _ 6 . Esta sensibilidad a la polarización de la luz ha sido explicada en términos de las transiciones excitónicas entre la banda de conducción y las tres bandas de valencia. ABSTRACT The main goal of the present thesis is the fabrication and characterization of Schottky photodiodes based on ZnMgO layers and ZnMgO / ZnO quantum wells (QWs) for the UV detection. The decision of choosing this semiconductor was mainly motivated by the possibility it offers of detecting and processing signals simultaneously in a wide range of wavelengths like its main competitor GaN. A general overview about the structural and optical properties of ZnO, ZnMgO layers and ZnMgO/ZnO QWs is given in the first part of this thesis. Besides, it is shown the necessary theoretical knowledge for a better understanding of the discussion presented here. The results of this thesis may be divided in two parts. On the one hand, the first part is based on studying non-polar ZnMgO photodiodes. On the other hand, the second part is focused on the characterization of non-polar and semipolar ZnMgO / ZnO QWs Schottky photodiodes. ZnMgO photodiodes. It is well known that the addition of Mg in the crystal structure of ZnO results in a strong blue-shift of the ZnO band-gap. Taking into account this fact Schottky photodiodes were fabricated on ZnMgO layers grown by MOCVD and MBE. Concerning ZnMgO layers grown by MOCVD, a series of Schottky photodiodes were fabricated, by varying the Mg content from 5.6% to 18 %. Firstly, it has been studied in detail the current-voltage curves. Subsequently, spectral response was analyzed at reverse bias voltage. Both the rejection ratio and the responsivity are shown to be largely enhanced by the presence of an internal gain mechanism. Simultaneously, measurements of deep level optical spectroscopy were carried out, identifying the presence of two acceptor-like deep levels. The role played for these in the gain observed was studied in detail. It has been demonstrated that when these are photoionized cause a large increase in the tunnel current through the Schottky barrier, yielding internal gains that are a function of the incident photon flux. In order to extend the detection range up to 4.6 eV, photodiodes ZnMgO grown by MBE were fabricated. An exhaustive analysis of the both I-V and CV characteristics was performed. Once again, deep levels were identified by using the technique DLOS. Furthermore, the spectral response was measured, observing sharp absorption edges and high UV/VIS rejections ratio. The results obtained have confirmed these photodiodes are excellent candidates for the light detection in the solar-blind region. In addition, MSM photodiodes have also been fabricated on the same layers. The main figures of merit have been studied, showing low dark currents, a large UV/VIS rejection ratio and persistent photocurrent. ZnMgO/ZnO QWs photodiodes. The second part was focused on ZnMgO/ ZnO QWs. In order to clarify the impact of the H2O2 treatment on the performance of the Schottky diodes, a comparative study using treated and untreated ZnMgO/ZnO photodiodes has been carried out. The spectral response in both cases has shown the presence of gain, under reverse bias. Finally, by means of the analysis of electronic and optoelectronic characteristics, two different internal gain mechanisms have been indentified in treated and non-treated material. Light polarization-sensitive UV photodetectors (PSPDs) using non-polar and semipolar ZnMgO/ZnO multiple quantum wells grown both on sapphire and ZnO substrates have been demonstrated. For the PSPDs grown on sapphire with anisotropic biaxial in-plain strain, the responsivity absorption edge shifts by _E _21 meV between light polarized perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis, and the maximum responsivity contrast is (RE || c /RE c)max _ 6 . For the PSPDs grown on ZnO, with strain-free quantum wells, 4E _30-40, and 21 meV for non-polar and semipolar heterostructures, and maximum (R /R||)max _10. for non-polar heterostructure was achieved. These light polarization sensitivities have been explained in terms of the excitonic transitions between the conduction and the three valence bands.

Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on all-fiber multimode interference device for DPSK signal demodulation

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) modulation format has been shown as a robust solution for next-generation optical transmission systems. One key device enabling such systems is the delay interferometer, converting the signal phase information into intensity modulation to be detected by the photodiodes. Usually, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is used for demodulating DPSK signals. In this paper, we developed an MZI which is based on all-fiber Multimode Interference (MI) structure: a multimode fiber (MMF) located between two single-mode fibers (SMF) without any transition zones. The standard MZI is not very stable since the two beams go through two different paths before they recombine. In our design the two arms of the MZI are in the same fiber, which will make it less temperature-sensitive than the standard MZI. Performance of such MZI will be analyzed from transmission spectrum. Finally such all-fiber MI-based MZI (MI-MZI) is used to demodulate 10 Gbps DPSK signals. The demodulated signals are analyzed from eye diagram and bit error rate (BER).

Inception of debris avalanches: remarks on geomechanical modelling

Debris avalanches are complex phenomena due to the variety of mechanisms that control the failure stage and the avalanche formation. Regarding these issues, in the literature, either field evidence or qualitative interpretations can be found while few experimental laboratory tests and rare examples of geomechanical modelling are available for technical and/or scientific purposes. As a contribution to the topic, the paper firstly highlights as the problem can be analysed referring to a unique mathematical framework from which different modelling approaches can be derived based on limit equilibrium method (LEM), finite element method (FEM), or smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH). Potentialities and limitations of these approaches are then tested for a large study area where huge debris avalanches affected shallow deposits of pyroclastic soils (Sarno-Quindici, Southern Italy). The numerical results show that LEM as well as uncoupled and coupled stress–strain FEM analyses are able to individuate the major triggering mechanisms. On the other hand, coupled SPH analyses outline the relevance of erosion phenomena, which can modify the kinematic features of debris avalanches in their source areas, i.e. velocity, propagation patterns and later spreading of the unstable mass. As a whole, the obtained results encourage the application of the introduced approaches to further analyse real cases in order to enhance the current capability to forecast the inception of these dangerous phenomena.

DPSK signals demodulation based on a multimode fiber with a central dip

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) modulation format has been shown as a robust solution for next-generation optical transmission systems. One key device enabling such systems is a delay interferometer, converting the phase modulation signal into the intensity modulation signal to be detected by the photodiodes. Usually, a standard Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is used for demodulating a DPSK signal. In this paper, we develop an MZI which is based on all-fiber Multimode Interference (MI) structure: a multimode fiber (MMF) with a central dip, located between two single-mode fibers (SMFs) without any transition zones. The MI based MZI (MI-MZI) is more stable than the standard MZI as the two arms share the same MMF, reducing the impact of the external effects, such as temperature and others. Performance of this MI-MZI is analyzed theoretically and experimentally from transmission spectrum. Experimental results shows that high interference extinction ratio is obtained, which is far higher than that obtained from a normal graded-index based MI-MZI. Finally, by software simulation, we demonstrate that our proposed MI-MZI can be used for demodulating a 40 Gbps DPSK signal. The performance of the MI-MZI based DPSK receiver is analyzed from the sensitivity. Simulation results show that sensitivity of the proposed receiver is about -22.3 dBm for a BER of 10-15 and about -23.8 dBm for a BER of 10-9.

Pseudo-random single photon counting for space-borne atmospheric sensing applications

The ability to accurately observe the Earth's carbon cycles from space gives scientists an important tool to analyze climate change. Current space-borne Integrated-Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) Iidar concepts have the potential to meet this need. They are mainly based on the pulsed time-offlight principle, in which two high energy pulses of different wavelengths interrogate the atmosphere for its transmission properties and are backscattered by the ground. In this paper, feasibility study results of a Pseudo-Random Single Photon Counting (PRSPC) IPDA lidar are reported. The proposed approach replaces the high energy pulsed source (e.g. a solidstate laser), with a semiconductor laser in CW operation with a similar average power of a few Watts, benefiting from better efficiency and reliability. The auto-correlation property of Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) and temporal shifting of the codes can be utilized to transmit both wavelengths simultaneously, avoiding the beam misalignment problem experienced by pulsed techniques. The envelope signal to noise ratio has been analyzed, and various system parameters have been selected. By restricting the telescopes field-of-view, the dominant noise source of ambient light can be suppressed, and in addition with a low noise single photon counting detector, a retrieval precision of 1.5 ppm over 50 km along-track averaging could be attained. We also describe preliminary experimental results involving a negative feedback Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) single photon avalanche photodiode and a low power Distributed Feedback laser diode modulated with PRBS driven acoustic optical modulator. The results demonstrate that higher detector saturation count rates will be needed for use in future spacebourne missions but measurement linearity and precision should meet the stringent requirements set out by future Earthobserving missions.

Optical properties of ZnMgO films grown by spray pyrolysis and their application to UV photodetection

This work presents a comprehensive optical characterization of Zn1−xMgxO thin films grown by spray pyrolysis (SP). Absorption measurements show the high potential of this technique to tune the bandgap from 3.30 to 4.11 eV by changing the Mg acetate content in the precursor solution, leading to a change of the Mg-content ranging from 0 up to 35%, as measured by transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The optical emission of the films obtained by cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence spectroscopy shows a blue shift of the peak position from 3.26 to 3.89 eV with increasing Mg incorporation, with a clear excitonic contribution even at high Mg contents. The linewidth broadening of the absorption and emission spectra as well as the magnitude of the observed Stokes shift are found to significantly increase with the Mg content. This is shown to be related to both potential fluctuations induced by pure statistical alloy disorder and the presence of a tail of band states, the latter dominating for medium Mg contents. Finally, metal–semiconductor–metal photodiodes were fabricated showing a high sensitivity and a blue shift in the cut-off energy from 3.32 to 4.02 eV, i.e., down to 308 nm. The photodiodes present large UV/dark contrast ratios (102 − 107), indicating the viability of SP as a growth technique to fabricate low cost (Zn, Mg)O-based UV photodetectors reaching short wavelengths.

A detector based on silica fibers for ion beam monitoring in a wide current range

A detector based on doped silica and optical fibers was developed to monitor the profile of particle accelerator beams of intensity ranging from 1 pA to tens of µA. Scintillation light produced in a fiber moving across the beam is measured, giving information on its position, shape and intensity. The detector was tested with a continuous proton beam at the 18 MeV Bern medical cyclotron used for radioisotope production and multi-disciplinary research. For currents from 1 pA to 20 µA, Ce3+ and Sb3+ doped silica fibers were used as sensors. Read out systems based on photodiodes, photomultipliers and solid state photomultipliers were employed. Profiles down to the pA range were measured with this method for the first time. For currents ranging from 1 pA to 3 µA, the integral of the profile was found to be linear with respect to the beam current, which can be measured by this detector with an accuracy of ∼1%. The profile was determined with a spatial resolution of 0.25 mm. For currents ranging from 5 µA to 20 µA, thermal effects affect light yield and transmission, causing distortions of the profile and limitations in monitoring capabilities. For currents higher than ∼1 µA, non doped optical fibers for both producing and transporting scintillation light were also successfully employed.

COMMAD 04 proceedings

The following topics were dealt with: semiconductor growth (MBE, PECVD, MOCVD, MOVPE) and characterizations; high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs); microcavity organic light emitting diode (MOLED); semiconductor superlattices; photodiode arrays; MEMS structures; lithography;semiconductor lasers; semiconductor optical amplifiers; surface treatment and annealing

A CONCEPÇÃO SOBRE SER HUMANO PARA O DISCENTE DO CURSO DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO: APROXIMAÇÕES COM A FENOMENOLOGIA DE EDITH STEIN

As grandes Revoluções que a história oficial relata apresentam um aspecto comum: a evolução do processo de comunicação aliada à evolução tecnológica. A partir do Século XX, as informações passaram a circular em número e em velocidade escalares. A interdependência e a interligação dos países, nações e pessoas estreitaram-se, pois a mobilidade no espaço virtual, progressivamente, relativiza as distâncias e os espaços geofísicos. Todavia, a avalanche de conhecimento, de aprimoramento científico e de desenvolvimento econômico parece não ser suficiente para responder, concretamente, as questões que ainda assolam a humanidade. Neste cenário, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo aproximar a concepção de ser humano para discentes do curso de administração com as categorias existenciais presentes no pensamento de Edith Stein, por meio dos objetivos específicos: Compreender o que é ser humano para o discente do curso de administração em uma IES Confessional do ABC Paulista; descrever o que é ser humano a partir do pensamento fenomenológico de Edith Stein; buscar convergências, divergências e/ou idiossincrasias entre os relatos de discentes do curso de administração em uma IES Confessional do ABC Paulista e o pensamento de Edith Stein. Para tal, foram colhidos cinco relatos de discentes de administração, por meio dos quais foram feitas aproximações, convergências-divergências com as categorias analíticas da concepção de ser humano no pensamento de Edith Stein para cada sujeito, tendo como questão norteadora: o que é ser humano para você ? Após a coleta, as entrevistas foram analisadas tendo como referência os trabalhos de Edith Stein (fenomenologia eidética), Castro (2003), Flauzino (2012) e Estanislau (2010), cumprindo as seguintes etapas: literalização dos relatos ingênuos, levantamento das unidades de sentido, levantamento e análise fenomenológica das categorias, as quais possibilitaram o diálogo intersubjetivo e objetivo com os pressupostos teóricos sobre o tema em pauta. Categorias estas denominadas de: 1. Corpo Físico e Corpo Vivente; 2. Espírito; Sujeito Psicofísico; 3. Comunidade. A partir da análise das categorias, observou-se que a concepção de ser humano conflui para a unidade do ser, ser este que é composto por corpo vivente, psique e espírito, de forma a possibilitar relações com o outro e com o ambiente. Não é possível ser humano sem um encontro com o outro, sem o respeito mútuo, sem a liberdade de ser o que se é. Emerge a dos relatos a dimensão comunitária, somente na qual se é possível realizar a humanidade, por meio de atos de liberdade, respeito e de compaixão. Desvelou-se também dentro destes relatos, que quando se é humano, a vida em seu todo é realizada de forma harmoniosa. Poder-se-á, então, por meio do revelar-se do fenômeno, obter uma nova forma de olhar, de pensar e questionar as práticas vivenciadas na Administração, contribuindo com a formação de uma massa crítica para as ciências sociais aplicadas da administração, ao refletir sobre o que há de mais estruturante e nuclear no discente de administração.

Pedagogia da Autonomia: Os Limitadores da Docência no Exercício da Autonomia na Instituição Escolar

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é identificar se existem elementos presentes nas atividades diárias do professor que interferem em seu ministério e quantificar sua influência, utilizando como referencial teórico o livro A Pedagogia da Autonomia de Paulo Freire e as bases conceituais da pedagogia freiriana. Foi feito um levantamento da rotina das instituições para comprovar a existência e a extensão do que chamaremos aqui limitadores da autonomia do trabalho docente responsáveis pela redução da capacidade do docente em seu trabalho junto aos alunos. Dessa forma, eventos cuja origem se acha fora da ação do professor, muitas vezes, distante mesmo do ambiente escolar, em um contexto em que a própria instituição se insere, têm sua participação na redução dessa autonomia. Outros limitadores têm sua gênese dentro do próprio ambiente educacional, dificultando e às vezes impedindo, essa ação. São limitadores que por sua ligação intrínseca com a instituição, do ponto de vista de contexto, neste ensaio classifico como institucionais. O excesso de atividades a que o professor se encontra sujeito, bem como a avalanche burocrática obrigando-o por vezes a levar parte de suas atividades para dentro de sua vida pessoal, aparecem aqui como limitadores funcionais, por estarem intimamente ligados aos aspectos da própria prática do docente. Mesmo as barreiras físicas e assecuratórias da tranqüilidade do ambiente escolar, como: crachás, portões, catracas e outros, são tratados aqui como limitadores físicos, compondo com os demais as categorias em torno das quais o tema aqui tratado se desenvolve. Existem de fato, limitadores da ação educacional? Em que medida produzem seus efeitos e em que proporção são sentidos pelos profissionais da educação? São questões cujas análises se embasarão em respostas dadas por professores da Educação Infantil, do Ensino Fundamental I e II além do Ensino Médio, a um questionário, que compiladas e estatisticamente tratadas, desembocarão na conclusão hipótese deste ensaio: A atividade educacional padece dos efeitos provocados pelos limitadores da ação docente . Para tanto faremos o estabelecimento das bases referenciais no capítulo primeiro, recortando da obra do eminente educador os elementos que servirão para seu embasamento teórico. Partindo dos aspectos mais genéricos para os mais específicos, que têm conotação com o presente tema, passamos no capítulo segundo ao levantamento das diversas atividades próprias da prática educativa, das quais o professor não tem como se eximir, classificando-as didaticamente, em uma preparação para um momento posterior de levantamento de dados. No capítulo terceiro é apresentado o questionário e seus resultados; a metodologia estatística empregada foi a qualitativa, porém com avaliações que permitem mensurar o grau de interferência de cada categoria presente no resultado final. Desta forma concluí, de acordo com a hipótese inicial, pela existência dos limitadores como fatores inerentes à prática educacional e sua relevância como agentes inibidores da ação docente dentro do universo estudado.(AU)

Tactile sensing with fibre Bragg gratings and neural networks

Fibre Bragg grating sensors are usually expensive to interrogate, and part of this thesis describes a low cost interrogation system for a group of such devices which can be indefinitely scaled up for larger numbers of sensors without requiring an increasingly broadband light source. It incorporates inherent temperature correction and also uses fewer photodiodes than the number or sensors it interrogates, using neural networks to interpret the photodiode data. A novel sensing arrangement using an FBG grating encapsulated in a silicone polymer is presented. This sensor is capable of distinguishing between different surface profiles with ridges 0.5 to 1mm deep and 2mm pitch and either triangular, semicircular or square in profile. Early experiments using neural networks to distinguish between these profiles are also presented. The potential applications for tactile sensing systems incorporating fibre Bragg gratings and neural networks are explored.

Investigation of EDFA power transients in circuit-switched and packet-switched optical networks

Erbium-doped fibre amplifiers (EDFA’s) are a key technology for the design of all optical communication systems and networks. The superiority of EDFAs lies in their negligible intermodulation distortion across high speed multichannel signals, low intrinsic losses, slow gain dynamics, and gain in a wide range of optical wavelengths. Due to long lifetime in excited states, EDFAs do not oppose the effect of cross-gain saturation. The time characteristics of the gain saturation and recovery effects are between a few hundred microseconds and 10 milliseconds. However, in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks with EDFAs, the number of channels traversing an EDFA can change due to the faulty link of the network or the system reconfiguration. It has been found that, due to the variation in channel number in the EDFAs chain, the output system powers of surviving channels can change in a very short time. Thus, the power transient is one of the problems deteriorating system performance. In this thesis, the transient phenomenon in wavelength routed WDM optical networks with EDFA chains was investigated. The task was performed using different input signal powers for circuit switched networks. A simulator for the EDFA gain dynamicmodel was developed to compute the magnitude and speed of the power transients in the non-self-saturated EDFA both single and chained. The dynamic model of the self-saturated EDFAs chain and its simulator were also developed to compute the magnitude and speed of the power transients and the Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). We found that the OSNR transient magnitude and speed are a function of both the output power transient and the number of EDFAs in the chain. The OSNR value predicts the level of the quality of service in the related network. It was found that the power transients for both self-saturated and non-self-saturated EDFAs are close in magnitude in the case of gain saturated EDFAs networks. Moreover, the cross-gain saturation also degrades the performance of the packet switching networks due to varying traffic characteristics. The magnitude and the speed of output power transients increase along the EDFAs chain. An investigation was done on the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) or the WDM Internet protocol (WDM-IP) traffic networks using different traffic patterns based on the Pareto and Poisson distribution. The simulator is used to examine the amount and speed of the power transients in Pareto and Poisson distributed traffic at different bit rates, with specific focus on 2.5 Gb/s. It was found from numerical and statistical analysis that the power swing increases if the time interval of theburst-ON/burst-OFF is long in the packet bursts. This is because the gain dynamics is fast during strong signal pulse or with long duration pulses, which is due to the stimulatedemission avalanche depletion of the excited ions. Thus, an increase in output power levelcould lead to error burst which affects the system performance.

Identification of DNA-binding proteins by incorporating evolutionary information into pseudo amino acid composition via the top-n-gram approach

DNA-binding proteins are crucial for various cellular processes and hence have become an important target for both basic research and drug development. With the avalanche of protein sequences generated in the postgenomic age, it is highly desired to establish an automated method for rapidly and accurately identifying DNA-binding proteins based on their sequence information alone. Owing to the fact that all biological species have developed beginning from a very limited number of ancestral species, it is important to take into account the evolutionary information in developing such a high-throughput tool. In view of this, a new predictor was proposed by incorporating the evolutionary information into the general form of pseudo amino acid composition via the top-n-gram approach. It was observed by comparing the new predictor with the existing methods via both jackknife test and independent data-set test that the new predictor outperformed its counterparts. It is anticipated that the new predictor may become a useful vehicle for identifying DNA-binding proteins. It has not escaped our notice that the novel approach to extract evolutionary information into the formulation of statistical samples can be used to identify many other protein attributes as well.

InP-based active and passive components for communication systems at 2 μm

Progress on advanced active and passive photonic components that are required for high-speed optical communications over hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber at wavelengths around 2 μm is described in this paper. Single-frequency lasers capable of operating at 10 Gb/s and covering a wide spectral range are realized. A comparison is made between waveguide and surface normal photodiodes with the latter showing good sensitivity up to 15 Gb/s. Passive waveguides, 90° optical hybrids, and arrayed waveguide grating with 100-GHz channel spacing are demonstrated on a large spot-size waveguide platform. Finally, a strong electro-optic effect using the quantum confined Stark effect in strain-balanced multiple quantum wells is demonstrated and used in a Mach-Zehnder modulator capable of operating at 10 Gb/s.